中国地方肉用鹅种种群的遗传变异

对我国18个地方肉用鹅品种资源的遗传多样性进行了31微卫星标记的研究。结果表明:总共检测到188个等位基因,其中等位基因数最多的位点为TTUCG5(12个);最少的位点为CKW19(2个);而且每个位点的等位基因分布并不均匀,都有一种或几种优势基因存在。18个品种中,平均杂合度最高的为乌棕鹅(0.6727),杂合度最低的为雁鹅(0.5010)。反映了各鹅种的遗传多样性水平都较丰富。通过计算DS遗传距离发现18个品种的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长。UPGMA聚类结果将18个地方肉用鹅品种聚为6类,聚类结果与各品种的生态地域分布和经济类型有一定的关系,尤其与生态地域的关系较为密切。该聚类结果对了解和获取各个品种内和品种间的遗传信息和遗传关系具有更准确更普遍性的依据。     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析。结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041~0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切。     

中国小型鹅种的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星标记技术对我国13个小型家鹅群体(莲花白鹅、永康灰鹅、太湖鹅、闽北白鹅、长乐鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、酃县白鹅、右江鹅、籽鹅、百子鹅、豁眼鹅、伊犁鹅)的遗传多样性进行了分析.结果表明:13个品种的平均杂合度都较高,平均杂合度最高的为太湖鹅,最低的为豁眼鹅,杂合度范围为0.5041～0.7145,13个鹅种资源群体平的均杂合度为0.6132,反映了各鹅种的杂合度都较高,遗传多样性丰富;通过计算DA遗传距离发现各群体的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长;NJ聚类结果将13个中型鹅种聚为三大类,NJ的聚类结果分析与几个鹅品种的地域分布和经济用途的关系并不密切.     

江西7个地方鸡品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

选用30个多态性较好的微卫星标记．检测了丝毛鸟骨鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡、余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡等江西省7个地方鸡品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算出各群体的平均遗传杂合度（h）、多态信息含量（PIC）、群体间的Nei氏标准遗传距离（Ds）和DA遗传距离。结果表明．30个微卫星位点中有24个微卫星位点在7个鸡群体中的多态信息含量均为高度多态．可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸡品种的遗传多样性和系统发生关系的分析；在7个品种中．杂合度最低的是余干乌骨鸡．为0．6155．杂合度最高的是崇仁麻鸡．为0．6525，各地方鸡品种的杂合度都偏高，反映了群体的遗传多样性非常丰富；7个鸡品种间的DA、Ds遗传距离远近关系一致．但DA距离均比Ds距离大；用UPGMA法对DA和Ds的聚类结果相同．7个鸡品种被聚为3类．余干乌骨鸡、瓦灰鸡、康乐鸡、宁都三黄鸡聚为一类．崇仁麻鸡、东乡绿壳蛋鸡聚为一类．丝毛乌骨鸡独自为一类。     

利用微卫星标记分析中国地方鹅品种遗传变异及分化

通过25个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测我国26个地方鹅品种1 560个个体,共检测到198个等位基因,每个位点平均为7.92个。有效等位基因数为1.307 0～5.795 5,平均3.066 2个。就全群而言,平均观察杂合度、期望杂合度、多态信息含量分别为0.668 6、0.457 7和0.564 0。对各个群体而言,观察杂合度、期望杂合度和多态信息含量变异范围分别是0.535 1～0.754 7、0.383 1～0.604 9、0.324 0～0.538 0。群体间存在明显的遗传分化,约有28%的遗传分化来自于群体间的变异。右江鹅与永康灰鹅之间的Reynolds遗传距离最大（0.522）,基因流值最小（0.365）,武冈铜鹅与豁眼鹅之间的Reynolds遗传距离最小（0.133）,基因流值最大（1.763）。在Reynolds遗传距离的基础上做品种的NJ聚类图,26个地方鹅资源群体分为5个类群。研究结果为我国地方鹅种种质特性研究提供基础数据,为我国地方鹅品种资源的合理保护和利用提供科学依据。     

中国华东区地方鹅种群体遗传多样性及遗传分化研究

利用25对微卫星引物对我国华东14个地方鹅种进行群体遗传多样性及遗传分化分析。通过计算多态信息含量、平均杂合度、有效等位基因数、遗传距离、基因流和F-统计量等参数,评估各品种遗传多样性和品种间遗传分化。结果表明：各座位的等位基因数为4～16。所有群体均显示较高水平的杂合度,其中,雁鹅最低,为0．5662,百子鹅最高,为0．7748。鹅品种间存在较大的遗传分化,27．5％的遗传变异来自于品种间的差异。基于DA遗传距离的NJ聚类法将14个群体划分为4类。分析遗传分化与地理距离的相关关系发现,华东地方鹅种的遗传分化与地理距离不存在显著相关。     

广东省四个家鹅群体的遗传变异研究

通过筛选31个多态性较好的微卫星标记检测了广东省狮头鹅、乌棕鹅、阳江鹅、马岗鹅4个家鹅的遗传变异。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数、群体间的Nei氏标准遗传距离DS和DA遗传距离,并采用邻近法(NJ)和类平均法(UMPGA)进行聚类。结果表明广东省4个家鹅群体的平均杂合度为0.652,遗传一致性较好,各品种间的遗传距离远近顺序在两种遗传距离DS和DA的结果中是完全一致的,以DA为基础得到的UPGMA和NJ的聚类结果都表明这4种鹅聚为两类,狮头鹅和乌棕鹅聚为一类,阳江鹅和马岗鹅聚为一类。同时表明以DA为基础得到的结果NJ的聚类结果更加准确。表明在应用微卫星标记分析品种的遗传多样性时,使用更多的微卫星位点,才可以获得更准确更具普遍性的结论。     

中国地方鸭品种资源的分子遗传多样性

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国24个地方鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离，采用邻接法构建了聚类图，并进行了系统发生分析。结果表明：28个微卫星座位在我国家鸭群体中的多态信息含量除APL23和APL79为中度多态外，其他座位均为高度多态座位，可以作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭种之间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系的分析；我国所有家鸭群体平均杂合度（0．569）低于国内的家鸡和家鹅，其遗传多样性相对贫乏；聚类结果分析表明了各家鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史、分化及地理分布比较一致。     

10个绵羊品种的微卫星DNA多态性研究

本研究利用FAO和ILRI推荐的21个微卫星引物,结合荧光标记PCR,检测了中国9个地方绵羊（Ovisaries）品种和1个外来绵羊品种的遗传多样性。21个微卫星座位均呈现出高度多态,多态性信息含量和杂合度均表明我国地方绵羊品种有着丰富的遗传多样性。本研究共检测到342个等位基因,有效等位基因数在2．1752～9．4997之间,座位平均杂合度在0．5248～0．8551之间,品种平均杂合度在0．633-0．761之间。聚类关系和主成分分析结果与其起源、育成历史及地理分布基本一致。     

5个安徽地方猪种和5个引进猪种微卫星标记遗传多样性分析

采用30个微卫星DNA标记检测5个安徽地方猪种(定远猪、圩猪、安庆六白猪、皖南黑猪、皖南花猪)和5个引进猪种(巴克夏、杜洛克、皮特兰、大约克夏、长白)的等位基因,并进行了遗传多样性、F统计量、Nei's遗传距离和UPGMA聚类分析。结果表明,30个微卫星座位共检测到380个等位基因,10个猪种的遗传多样性丰富:有效等位基因数2.274 2~4.513 1,期望杂合度范围为0.496 3~0.777 7,多态信息含量范围为0.466 8~0.750 4,安徽地方品种的有效等位基因数、期望杂合度和多态信息含量均高于引进品种。5个安徽地方品种和5个引进品种的遗传分化系数变化范围分别为0.059 1~0.239 4和0.113 1~0.407 5。地方品种和引进品种的基因流平均分别为1.418 7和0.887 3。10个品种之间的遗传距离和遗传相似系数分别为0.341 4~1.628 6和0.196 2~0.710 8。聚类分析显示,5个地方品种和5个引进品种分别聚为一类,地方品种中圩猪和安庆六白猪首先聚为一小类,再与定远猪聚为一小类,皖南黑猪和皖南花猪单独聚为一小类,最后聚为地方品种类中;引进品种中,杜洛克与大约克夏首先聚为一小类,再先后与长白、巴克夏聚为一小类,最后与皮特兰聚在引进品种类中。该研究中30个微卫星座位在10个品种猪中具有丰富的遗传多样性,客观地反映了5个安徽地方品和5个引进品种的遗传关系和遗传分化,为地方品种资源的保护和利用工作提供科学依据,也为研究引进品种的多样性提供基础数据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.