神经源性膀胱伴输尿管反流的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨有输尿管反流的神经源性膀胱(NB)患儿有或没有逼尿肌过度活动(DO)时的尿动力学差异,为临床治疗此类患儿提供理论参考依据.方法 选取2013～2015年就诊并经影像尿动力学检查发现膀胱输尿管反流的NB患儿68例,男30例,女38例,年龄4～12岁,平均7.5岁.按照充盈期有DO,将其分为DO组(n=20)与无DO组(n=48).观察记录两组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱灌注量、逼尿肌压并计算发生反流时的膀胱顺应性;记录两组充盈结束时最大膀胱测压容量、最大逼尿肌压、并计算充盈期膀胱顺应性.结果 DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(98.7±16.1)ml和(5.2±1.9) ml/cmH2O,无DO组发生膀胱输尿管反流时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(127.3±36.3)ml,(7.1±2.1)ml/cmH2O,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组的逼尿肌压分别为(21.6±9.2)cmH2O、(19.2±7.4)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义;DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量与顺应性分别为(182.7±31.2)ml、(5.4±1.7) ml/cmH2O,与无DO组充盈结束时的膀胱容量(230.6±34.6)ml与顺应性(6.5±1.1)ml/cmH2O相比,差异有统计学意义;两组尿动力学检查结束时逼尿肌压分别为(33.8±7.8)cmH2O、(36.4±8.1)cmH2O,差异没有统计学意义.结论 膀胱容量小,膀胱顺应性差是有输尿管反流的NB患儿伴发DO时的尿动力学特征.     

小儿后尿道瓣膜切除后合并排尿异常的尿动力学研究

目的 探讨经尿道镜后尿道瓣膜切除术后伴有排尿异常患儿上尿路、膀胱功能及预后.方法 回顾性分析2002年7月至2012年2月收治的行尿道镜电灼后尿道瓣膜术后获得随访的58例患儿的病例资料,归纳总结其存在的临床症状、影像学异常以及尿动力学检查结果,并将其分为排尿正常组(10例)和排尿异常组(48例),对其年龄分布、上尿路情况、尿动力学参数进行比较分析.结果 术后仍存在的临床症状有:尿失禁18例(31.0％),反复泌尿系感染8例(13.8％),排尿费力、滴尿15例(25.9％),尿频4例(6.9％),尿不尽5例(8.6％),无明显症状10例(17.2％),肾功能衰竭3例(5.2％).影像学检查示:术后仍存在双肾积水者50例91侧(86.2％),存在膀胱输尿管反流23例27侧(39.7％).58例患儿中56例(96.6％)存在不同程度的尿动力学异常.逼尿肌不稳定者占16例(27.6％％);逼尿肌收缩无力者6例(10.3％);残余尿量＞10 ml者25例(43.1％);腹压参与排尿者23例(39.7％).比较排尿正常组与排尿异常组单侧肾输尿管积水比例(11.1％ vs 88.9％)、双侧肾输尿管积水比例(9.8％ vs 90.2％)、单侧膀胱输尿管反流比例(6.7％ vs 93.3％)、双侧膀胱输尿管反流比例(12.5％ vs 87.5％),差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).排尿正常组与排尿异常组逼尿肌漏尿点压力[(29.1±5.5)CmH2O vs (50.4±4.8)CmH2O]、膀胱顺应性[(12.1±3.8)ml/cmH2O vs (4.0±0.1)ml/cmH2O]、残余尿量比较[(21.3±8.1)ml vs (45.7±9.6)ml],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 后尿道瓣膜患儿解除梗阻后多数患儿仍存在不同程度膀胱功能问题,排尿异常组膀胱功能及上尿路情况明显差于排尿正常组.后尿道瓣膜患儿术后应注意排尿情况,定期做尿动力学检查,对症处理,以更好的保护肾功能.     

托特罗定在小儿神经原性膀胱的应用评价

目的 评价托特罗定治疗小儿神经原性膀胱的有效性和安全性.方法 随访126例2002年1月至2009年9月收治的神经原性膀胱患儿,男71例,女55例,年龄(6.2±3.1)岁,全部病例行清洁间歇导尿,81例同时服用托特罗定(0.1 mg·kg-1·d-1,2次/d),45例未服用托特罗定.就诊时和治疗3个月后分别行尿动力学和临床评价.结果 导尿+药物组中8例因副作用终止治疗,其中3例出现口干,2例头晕,3例便秘加重,73例坚持服用托特罗定.就诊时导尿组膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.3±19.6)ml、(4.0±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(56.7±10.4)cmH2O.3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压压分别为(122.0±20.1)ml、(4.1±1.1)ml/cmH2O、(55.8±10.9)cmH2O,无明显变化.11例(24.4%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,13例(28.9%)漏尿分数下降.药物+导尿组就诊时膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(119.8±17.6)ml、(4.4±1.3)ml/cmH2O、(55.1±11.7)cmH2O,3个月后膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(149.6±23.1)ml、(7.5±2.3)ml/cmH2O、(38.4±11.6)cmH2O,膀胱容量、膀胱顺应性明显增加,膀胱内压降低.58例(79.5%)逼尿肌过度活动减轻,53例(73%)漏尿分数下降及家长表示满意.结论 托特罗定可抑制逼尿肌过度活动,降低膀胱内压,增加膀胱顺应性和膀胱容量,较少有副作用,有利于保护上尿路功能,并可减轻尿失禁的程度,对于反射亢进型小儿神经原性膀胱的治疗是安全、有效的.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of tolteroding to treat neurogenic bladder in children. Methods 126 patients (71 boys and 55 girls of 6. 2 ± 3. 1 years old) with hyperreflexia neurogenic bladder who were treated during January 2002 to September 2009 were followed up. All patients were performed clean intermittent catheterization. 81 patients took tolterodine(0. 1mg· kg-1 ·d-1 ,2 times/d) and 45 patients did not use tolterodine. Urodynamic and leakage score were evaluated before the treatment and 3 months later. Results 8 patients stopped tolterodine due to side effect,such as dry mouth in 3, dizziness in 2, sever constipation in 3. 73 patients took tolterodine all the time. Before treatment, the bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization group were 119. 3 ± 19. 6 ml、4. 0 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、56. 7 ± 10. 4 cmH2O, respectively. Three months after the treatment, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 122. 0 ± 20. 1 ml、4. 1 ± 1. 1ml/cmH2O 、 55. 8 ± 10. 9 cmH2O, respectively. There was no significant difference. Detrusor overactivity in 11 patients(24. 4％)and leakage score in 13 patients (28. 9％)decreased. Bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure in catheterization + tolterodine group in the beginning were 119. 8 ± 17. 6ml、4. 4 ± 1.3ml/cmH2O 、 55. 1 ± 11.7 cmH2O, respectively. 3 months later, bladder volume, compliance and detrusor pressure were 149. 6 ± 23. 1 ml、7. 5 ± 2. 3ml/cmH2O 、38. 4 ± 11.6 cmH2O, respectively. Bladder volume and compliance increased and detrusor pressure decreased significantly. Detrusor overactivity in 58 patients(79. 5％)and leakage score in 53 patients(73％)decreased. The parents satisfied with this result. Conclusions Tolterodine could inhibit the detrusor overactivity, so it could decrease detrusor pressure and increase bladder volume and compliance and protect kidney. It was effective to the children with hyperreflexia nerurogenic bladder.     

清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗中的价值

目的 评价清洁间歇导尿在小儿神经源性膀胱治疗巾的临床意义.方法 脊髓栓系综合征患儿64例.男49例,女15例,年龄3～13岁.均已行脊髓栓系松解手术.临床表现为尿失禁,611例合并大便失禁.52例合并足畸形.就诊时和就诊后1年分别行尿动力学和排泄件膀胱尿道造影以及超声检查,治疗期间36例坚持间歇导尿.28例未能坚持间歇导尿.结果 导尿组开始有9例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流.4例为单纯肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(176±34.5)ml、(3.5±0.6)ml/cmH2O、(54.6±13.2)cmH2O.1年后3例输尿管反流消失,2例肾积水减轻,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(188±30.3)ml、(3.7±0.9)ml/cmH2O、(50.6±11.8)cmH2O,4例发生尿路感染(11.1%).未导尿组开始有7例合并Ⅲ°以下输尿管反流,5例为单纯肾积水,膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(168±37.2)ml,(3.2±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(59.6±15.6)cmH2O.1年后13例合并输尿管反流.9例合并肾积水.膀胱容量、顺应性、逼尿肌压分别为(142±23.6)ml,(1.6±0.7)ml/cmH2O,(72.4±9.3)cmH2O.3例发生尿路感染(10.7%).结论清洁间歇导尿可保护膀胱功能.避免或减轻上尿路功能的损害,并不增加尿路感染的发生率.对于神经源性膀胱治疗有重要的应用价值.     

清洁间歇导尿联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路影响的研究

目的 探讨清洁间歇导尿(CIC)联合睡眠时留置导尿对神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路的影响.方法 选取2007年3月至2008年2月我院尿动力学中心确诊为神经原性膀胱的患儿53例,随机分为CIC组(对照组27例)和CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组(睡眠时留置尿管组26例).比较两组随访2年后膀胱尿路X线造影或影像尿动力学参数、尿路感染、肾积水的发生情况.结果 两组治疗后膀胱安全容量(SBC)分别为(213±24) ml和(190±21)ml、膀胱顺应性(BC)分别为(8.21±0.8)ml／cm H2O和(5.13±0.9) ml/cm H2O均有增加,膀胱漏尿点压(DLPP) (36.5±10.2)cm H2O和(42.9±11.3)cm H2O有所降低;CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管组随访时在SBC、BC和DLPP的改善方面明显高于单纯CIC组,差异有统计学意义.两组菌尿及尿路感染发生率差异无明显统计学意义(P＞0.05);肾积水、膀胱输尿管反流的改善差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 CIC联合睡眠时留置尿管未见增加尿路感染机会,有助于改善神经原性膀胱患儿上尿路损害,对上尿路有保护作用.     

影像尿动力学评估先天性膀胱输尿管返流患儿的膀胱功能障碍

目的 采用影像尿动力学评估小儿先天性膀胱输尿管返流(VUR)与膀胱功能障碍的关系.方法 选取2011年4月至2013年7月在郑州大学第一附属医院就诊的67例VUR患儿为研究对象.患儿经影像尿动力学、尿常规、排泄性尿路造影等检查,记录患儿尿路感染、逼尿肌过度活动、逼尿肌括约肌协同失调及VUR程度等情况,根据尿动力学表现的不同分为正常组、单纯逼尿肌过度活动组和逼尿肌括约肌协同失调组(伴或不伴逼尿肌过度活动的逼尿肌括约肌协同失调),另外按照返流级别将患儿分为低级别返流(Ⅰ～Ⅱ度)和高级别返流(Ⅲ～Ⅴ度),分析膀胱功能与VUR侧别、返流程度以及尿路感染的关系.结果 VUR患儿合并膀胱功能异常占73.1％(49/67例),其中膀胱过度活动症占49.3％(33/49例),逼尿肌括约肌协同失调占23.8％(16/49例).单纯膀胱过度活动患儿多为单侧,Ⅰ～Ⅱ度返流,且较少合并尿路感染.而逼尿肌括约肌协同失调的患儿多为双侧,Ⅲ～Ⅳ度返流,且较多见尿路感染.结论 影像尿动力学可以准确诊断VUR,同时对患儿膀胱功能的评估,及临床制定治疗方案提供重要参考.     

小儿膀胱输尿管反流87例相关尿动力学因素研究

目的 探讨小儿膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteric reflux,VUR)的尿动力学表现特点,为小儿VUR的诊断和治疗提供临床参考.方法 选取在郑州大学第一附属医院小儿尿动力学中心就诊的VUR患儿87例(男58例,女29例);年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.另选取因下尿路症状就诊而尿动力学检查无异常且无VUR小儿60例(男38例,女22例)作为对照组;年龄4～12岁,平均6岁.将VUR患儿依据反流的程度分为轻度(Ⅰ度,15例)、中度(Ⅱ度和Ⅲ度,33例)、重度(Ⅳ度和Ⅴ度,39例).尿动力观察参数包括:最大尿流率、残余尿量、最大逼尿肌收缩压力、最大膀胱容量和膀胱顺应性.结果 VUR组的最大尿流率和最大膀胱容量分别为(6.8±6.3)ml/s和(138.5±73.9)ml,均明显低于对照组(16.1±6.7)ml/s和(285.5±107.5)ml,组间比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组残余尿量为(95.9±103.4)ml明显高于对照组(9.6±13.9)ml,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VUR组最大逼尿肌压力为(41.6±22.2)cmH2O与对照组(35.1±13.0) cmH2O比较,差异无统计学意义(P-0.229).VUR组男、女童尿动力学参数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).VUR组轻度反流(15例)、中度反流(33例)和重度反流(39例)的最大膀胱容量分别为(121.83±69.94) ml、(163.73±80.81)ml和(123.58±68.70) ml,组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).轻度反流组顺应性正常12例(80％),中度反流组12例(36.4％),重度反流组9例(23.1％),三组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 最大尿流率降低、最大膀胱容量减少、残余尿量增多和膀胱顺应性差可能是VUR发生的相关因素.     

瓣膜膀胱综合征尿动力学研究

目的　探讨瓣膜膀胱综合征(VBS)患儿的尿动力学表现及其意义。方法　16 例男性后尿道瓣膜电切术后患儿,年龄平均(3.2±1.8)岁。分为2组,全部患儿均在2岁前行后尿道瓣膜电切术。第一组7例,平均年龄(1.6±0.3)岁,术后至尿动力学检查间隔时间小于1 年。第二组9 例,平均年龄(4.5±1.2)岁,间隔时间大于1年,平均(3.5±1.3)年。对比两组尿动力学结果。结果　第二组最大逼尿肌收缩压(Pdet.max)和膀胱顺应性(BC)分别为(56.2±14.1) cmH2 O和(12.5±7.4)ml/cmH2O,低于第一组Pdet.max(95.1±18.3 ) cmH2 O和BC(52.4±26.9) ml/cmH2 O;第二组残余尿量(PVR)和最大膀胱容量(MBC)分别为(96.6±52.4) ml 和(217.4±61.7) ml,大于第一组PVR(42.8±38.9) ml和MBC(138.1±20.1) ml,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组分别有4 例和2例有逼尿肌不稳定(DI),Fisher’s精确概率检验两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在第二组中2例逼尿肌无收缩,有4 例出现较特殊的排尿,表现为逼尿肌收缩波不光滑, 该4 例Pdet.max平均(62.3±9.1) cmH2O,PVR平均(87.5±41.9) ml。结论　VBS膀胱功能异常多发.年龄较大患儿逼尿肌功能较年龄较小患儿差。尿动力学检查能及时发现膀胱功能异常和指导下一步治疗。因此,所有PUV患儿均应行该检查以了解膀胱功能,     

超声测量膀胱壁厚度预测脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害

目的 通过超声测定膀胱壁厚度和尿动力学检查测定膀胱功能,评价隐形脊柱裂患儿膀胱厚度和功能及上尿路损害的相关性,探讨用膀胱壁厚度评估隐性脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害的可能性.方法 选取超声检查确诊上尿路扩张的隐性脊柱裂患儿22例,年龄(8.8±4.9)岁,并选择同期超声检查无上尿路扩张的隐性脊柱裂患儿29例作为对照组,年龄(9.3±5.3)岁.所有患儿均行尿动力学检查,记录最大膀胱容量,充盈期最大逼尿肌压力,逼尿肌漏尿点压和逼尿肌过度活动最高压力.在膀胱充盈至预测正常膀胱容量的60%时行超声检查测量逼尿肌厚度.同时根据超声检查是否扩张将患儿分为有和无上尿路损害组,比较两组膀胱壁厚度的差异,并分析膀胱厚度与尿动力学参数相关性,计算膀胱壁厚度预测上尿路损害统计学指标.结果 上尿路损害组平均膀胱壁厚度(3.4±0.25)mm,显著高于无上尿路损害组的(2.5±0.45)mm,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).膀胱壁厚度与逼尿肌过度活动最高压力、逼尿肌漏尿点压和充盈期最大逼尿肌压力均呈正相关(r=0.87、0.91和0.85,P＜0.0001,P＜0.0001和P=0.017).膀胱壁厚度≥3.0 mm预测上尿路损害的灵敏度为90.9%,特异性为79.4%,阳性预测值76.9%,阴性预测值为92.0%.受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)显示超声测量膀胱壁厚度能高度预测隐形脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害的发生,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.929.结论 超声测定隐形脊柱裂患儿膀胱壁厚度可以帮助预测上尿路损害,膀胱壁厚度大于3.0 mm提示隐性脊柱裂患儿上尿路损害可能性大.     

间歇性清洁导尿治疗神经源性膀胱的疗效和随访结果

目的 回顾性分析我院神经源性膀胱患儿经间歇性清洁导尿(CIC)治疗和长期随访的临床资料,总结这一方法 的治疗效果.方法 2001年1月至2006年5月共治疗57例.男38例,女19例,年龄3个月至17岁.反复尿路感染病例35例,尿失禁45例.上尿路扩张积水SFU分级3～4级38侧,0～2级39侧.尿动力检查逼尿肌无收缩或功能低下12例,逼尿肌过度活动10例,括约肌关闭功能不全39例.逼尿肌括约肌不协调或括约肌过度活动20例.结果 57例中36例获长期随访.完全采用CIC排尿27例,采用crede动作辅助排尿4例.两者均有5例.导尿2～3次2例,4～6次25例.6次以上5例.每次尿量80～400 ml.36例患儿中31例治疗前有反复发热性尿路感染,导尿后21例有菌尿,8例出现发热性尿路感染.治疗前尿失禁Likert评分平均为2.25,治疗后为4.04,t检验差别有统计意义.治疗前SFU分级2级以下为30侧,3级以上为42侧,治疗后2级以下40侧,3级以上32侧.卡方检验差别有统计学意义.结论CIC在神经源性膀胱的治疗中有重要意义,它对控制尿路感染.缓解尿失禁,改善上尿路扩张积水都有明显效果.     

Resilience in Families with a Child with Cancer

The aim of this study was to identify and explore resilience factors associated with family adaption after a child had been diagnosed with cancer. Using a cross-sectional survey research design, parents (n = 26), and children (n = 25) from the same families independently completed six self-report questionnaires, as well as responded to an open-ended question about those qualities that helped their family through the period following the diagnosis. The most significant results came from the children's data. According to these results, connectedness within the family, the experience of control over life events, family routines, positive, and supportive communication, redefinition of crisis situations, and lastly, a passive appraisal of crisis situations, were positively linked to better family adaptation. The identified factors should be strengthened and developed in families finding themselves in a similar situation.     

Colonization with Clostridium difficile in Children with Cancer

Objective

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus. Usually it does not cause disease unless a patient who is colonized with toxin-producing strains has been treated with antibiotics, particularly those that change the anaerobic flora of the large intestine.

Methods

We investigated in a prospective study intestinal colonization of C. difficile and its toxins in children with malignancy that used different antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs.

Findings

One hundred fifty-two patients were included in this prospective study. Stool samples were obtained within the first 48 hours after admission and cultured for C. difficile; cytopathic effect of C. difficile was detected on HELA cells, also ELISA test was performed for detection of toxins A and B. 25% of patients had positive culture for C. difficile; 36/38 (92%) revealed positive cytopathic effect on HELA cells. No significant relation was found between age, gender, history of antibiotic consumption and C. difficile positive culture and cytopathic effect on HELA cells. The only relation was seen between cotrimoxazol usage and cytopathic effect on HELA cells (P=0.03).

Conclusion

Although the rate of C. difficile colonization (25.6%) and toxigenic strains (23.7%) in admitted children in hematologic ward is high, the rate of ELISA positive test for toxin A+B was not correspond with culture and cytopatic effect on HELA cell. With respect to sensitivity and specificity of ELISA test, possibility for existence of toxin C with cytopathic effect is high in this type of patients.     

Treatment with Probucol of Children with Familial Hypercholesterolemia

ABSTRACT. Nine children with familial hypercholesterolaemia, age range 2 to 12 years, were treated with a low cholesterol diet and probucol (10 mg/kg/day). The year before, the children received, as only treatment, a low fat-cholesterol diet. During this period their mean plasma total cholesterol level fell from 8.2±1.45 mmol/l to 7.17±0.84 mmol/l (12.6%). This level was further reduced to 5.92±0.63 mmol/l (17.1%) after the addition of probucol. Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered in absolute terms but not in relation to total cholesterol. No apparent side effects were observed. However, the use of probucol should be restricted for the moment to severe cases of hypercholesterolaemia as the long-term excretion of the drug in children is not yet known.     

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia

Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia is defined as a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by leukoerythroblastosis, tear drop erythrocytes, extramedullary hematopoesis and varying degree of myelofibrosis. It may be idiopathic or secondary to a large number of conditions. Here is a rare case of myelofibrosis occurring in a patient with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.     

Therapeutic experience with hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18

Trisomy 18 is often fatal, but patients with this disease can now have longer survival due to proactive treatment intervention. However, hepatoblastomas may develop in these patients. In this study, we report four cases of hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18. All of the patients had congenital heart disease and three had undergone intracardiac surgical repair. Tumor growth was relatively slow in all cases, and there were no problems with chemotherapy tolerability and surgical resection. Three of the patients are currently disease‐free and the fourth is alive with remaining of the tumor. These cases suggest that combined chemotherapy and surgical resection may be an option to treat hepatoblastoma associated with trisomy 18 when cardiac pulmonary function is relatively stable.