Use of the revised Beck Depression Inventory with intravenous drug users not in treatment.

Administered the revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to 1,290 iv drug users who were not currently enrolled in a treatment program. A principal-components analysis indicated that the cognitive–affective and somatic–performance components found in psychiatric patients were also present in iv drug users, and subscales based on the compositions of these 2 components were derived. The correlations of the BDI total and 2 subscale scores with 25 of the iv drug users' background characteristics were calculated, and stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to identify the most meaningful correlates. Self-reported poor health was the most important correlate. The usefulness of the BDI for measuring self-reported depression in iv drug users who are not in treatment is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A sensitive assay of 5-fluorouracil in plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

1 A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for determining 5-fluorouracil in plasma, using methylated thymine as an internal standard. 2 5-fluorouracil was extracted from plasma by a novel procedure which removed plasma components interferring with the sensitivity of the assay. The method included heating the plasma, washing with ether and extracting the drug under optimum conditions. 3 The sensitivity of the assay was 10 ng/ml plasma, sufficient to determine the low concentrations of 5-fluorouracil found in plasma during continuous infusion of the drug in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer.     

Effect of fibronectin amount and conformation on the strength of endothelial cell adhesion to HEMA/EMA copolymers

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) are plasma membrane associated proteins which can confer multidrug resistance (MDR) to cancer cells by lowering the intracellular amount of drug. Although clinical trials with MDR-reverting agents have been initiated, not much attention has been paid to blood components which may modulate the activity of P-gp or MRP. The present investigation was performed to identify and characterize blood components which may influence the drug content and the drug cytotoxicity of MDR cells. Human plasma, from healthy volunteers, was tested for its effects on the daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation and cytotoxicity in the MDR cell lines SW-1573/2R160 (2R160) and GLC4/ADR containing P-gp and MRP, respectively. The data were compared to the effects observed in wild-type cells. MDR-modifying plasma components were isolated by extraction procedures and characterized using ultrafiltration, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry. An increase in the proportion of plasma in the culture medium led to a reduction of the ratio between the DNR content of wild-type and corresponding MDR cells. At 100% plasma we observed an increase in the cellular DNR content of 2R160 cells, which was 10-30% (median 18%) of the maximum possible increase induced by well-known MDR-reverting agents, such as verapamil (for GLC4/ADR cells: 10-20%, median 15%). The DNR cytotoxicity in MDR cells also increased with an increasing amount of plasma included in the culture media. There was neither an increase in the cellular DNR content nor an effect on the DNR cytotoxicity in wild-type cells. Plasma extract analysis by HPLC showed a major peak which increased the DNR content of MDR cells. The HPLC column retention time of this fraction was identical to that of a standard of cortisol and it was further confirmed to be cortisol using mass spectrometry. Moreover, inclusion of a standard of cortisol in culture media induced a similar effect. We analyzed the data for one of the plasma pools and found that blood cortisol was responsible for the MDR-modulating effect only for 35% of the effect of 100% plasma. Other plasma components were responsible for the remaining modulation effect on MDR cells. In conclusion, the DNR pumping activity of P-gp and MRP is inhibited by human plasma, resulting in 10-30% of the maximum possible increase in cellular drug content. Based on cellular pharmacokinetic calculations this percentage will most likely increase at clinical levels of drug resistance (reaching 40-50%). In one sample blood cortisol accounted for 35% of the effect of plasma on the DNR content in MDR 2R160 cells. These data show the need for additional studies to test plasma samples for their MDR modulating effects before the administration of MDR-reverting agents in chemotherapy. The data suggest that the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs may be enhanced when administered in accordance with the circadian peak of endogenous corticoids.     

Syringe pumps for infusion of vasoactive drugs: mechanical idiosyncrasies and recommended operating procedures

Syringe pumps for vasoactive infusions have the advantages of small size and weight, portability, and low cost of the disposable components. However, limited syringe capacity necessitates the use of high drug concentrations, and the accidental delivery of even a small volume of infusate could seriously alter the patient's hemodynamics. To determine the circumstances under which drug delivery might be delayed, or inadvertent boluses could be delivered into the manifold, two brands of commercially available clinical syringe pumps were connected to a stopcock manifold via small-bore tubing and a series of tests were performed. When the syringe pumps were operated at 3 mL/h against a closed stopcock, the pumps' occlusion alarms did not sound for 18-22 min, and when the stopcock subsequently was opened, 0.6-0.9 mL of infusate was delivered as a bolus. Elevating the syringe pump by 120 cm resulted in the delivery of up to 0.5 mL of infusate with the pump turned off. When a syringe pump operating at 6 mL/h was turned off, typically an additional 0.05 mL was delivered during the ensuing 2-3 min. Depending upon the method used to flush the tubing prior to use, delays in drug delivery of 2-3 min occurred at an infusion rate of 3 mL/h. These observations emphasize the need for careful equipment setup and proper use of the manifold stopcocks to avoid unintended drug administration or delay in drug administration.     

Controlled multiplex PCR of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens strains in food samples

Developing rats between 5 and 44 days of age as well as rats about 2 months old were anesthetized with urethane. Spontaneous activities and muscle potentials to sciatic stimuli were recorded from their exposed medial gastrocnemius muscles using concentric electrodes. Neostigmine of 0.12-0.40 mg/kg was injected into the contralateral muscles. Regardless of age, spontaneous activities were not observed and muscle potentials were evoked by single stimuli primarily in a biphasic wave (main component) before the drug treatment. Developmental differences were revealed in the presence of the drug. 1) Spontaneous activities were detected only in single spikes around postnatal 10 days. Single or double spikes were often found in rats of about two weeks. Burst discharges such as seen in adult rats were observed immediately before weaning. 2) In rats of 2 weeks or so, one or more components were observed obscurely following the main component of muscle potentials, which appeared definitely at the preweaning period. 3) When double shocks with the interval of 2 sec were delivered in the presence of the drug, the second potential was greatly depressed in rats older than two weeks as well as in adult rats. The potential was only slightly reduced in rats around 10 days. Thus, an adult pattern as to impulse transmission was observed immediately before weaning. These alterations would, at least in part, reflect the maturation of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.     

Ca2+ and the regulation of neurotransmitter secretion

A new binary polymer matrix tablet for oral administration was developed. The system will deliver drug at variable rates according to zero-order kinetics for total drug content and is manufactured by direct compression technology. Highly methoxylated pectin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) at different ratios were used as major formulation components, and prednisolone was used as the drug model. The results indicate that by increasing pectin:HPMC ratios, release rates are increased, but zero-order kinetics prevail throughout the dissolution period (e.g., 3-22 h). Different pectin:HPMC ratios provide a range of viscosities that modulates drug release and results in rapid hydration/gelation in both axial and radial directions, as evidenced by photomicrographic pictures. This hydration-gelation contributes to the development of swelling/erosion boundaries and consequently to constant drug release. Combination of these particular polymers facilitates rapid formation of necessary boundaries (i.e., gel layer and solid core boundaries) to control overall mass transfer processes. The drug fraction released (Mt/M infinity), release kinetics, and mechanism of release were analyzed by applying the simple power law expression Mt/M infinity = kt(n), where k is a kinetic constant and the exponent n is indicative of the release mechanism. The calculated n values for pectin:HPMC ratios of 4:5, 3:6, and 2:7 were >0.95, which is indicative of a Case II transport mechanism (polymer relaxation/dissolution). The achievement of total zero-order kinetics is due to the predictable swelling/erosion and final polymer chain deaggregation and dissolution that is regulated by the gelling characteristics of polymers in the formulation.     

Pharmacokinetics of 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo [3,4, 5-kl]acridine-2(6H)-propanamine (PZA, PD 115934, NSC 366140) in mice: guidelines for early clinical trials1

Pharmacokinetic studies that consisted of measuring the plasma drug profile, tissue drug distribution, and elimination in urine and feces were performed in female C57BL/6 x DBA/2 (hereafter called B6D2F1) and male B6D2F1A/2 and C57BL/6 x CH3 (hereafter called B6C3F1) mice following treatment with a 1-h i.v. infusion of the PZA, PD115934 (NSC 366140). This drug is the first of a new class of cytotoxic agents and was selected for clinical trials because of both its broad antitumor activity in vivo against murine solid tumors and human xenografts, and its in vivo toxicity profile that was predictable based on drug dose and schedule of administration. The pharmacokinetic results obtained here in mice have been used to facilitate the dose escalations during the Phase I trial and to determine pharmacokinetic drug exposure targets for its acute and sub-acute toxic effects. Plasma samples from three to four mice per time point were pooled, and then individual tissue samples from the same mice were collected at specified times following treatment. All samples were prepared using solid-phase extraction and assayed using high pressure liquid chromatography. The acute dose-limiting toxicity was neurological and occurred immediately after treatment at 300 mg/m2. The peak plasma level range at the acute maximum tolerated dose was 1040-1283 ng/ml. Thus, peak plasma levels <1000 ng/ml were the acute toxicity target. Variations in the area under the plasma drug concentration x the time curve were observed that did not appear to be related to sex or age. The previously defined subacute dose-limiting toxicity was myelosuppression that occurred at a maximum tolerated dose of 600 mg/m2 (300 mg/m2 x 2) in B6D2F1 females. Thus, the area under the plasma drug concentration x the time curve in B6D2F1 females at this dose (1048 microg/ml x min) was the area under the plasma drug concentration x the time curve target. Drug levels were detected at 60 min following treatment in all tissues examined with a plasma:tissue ratio as high as 1:500. The organs with the highest levels were kidney, pancreas, liver, lung, and brain. Fecal excretion was low (range, 0.04-0.20% of the dose administered) and was not clearly different between males and females. Urinary excretion was higher (range, 5-28% of the dose administered) and did show evidence of sex-related differences, with male urinary drug excretion being higher than female urinary drug excretion. The drug was >/=95% protein bound. Preliminary evidence for drug metabolism was found in urine and feces and will be further explored.     

Differential in vitro hepatic and intestinal metabolism of ifosfamide in the rat

Influence of chitosan molecular weight on drug loading and drug release of drug-loaded chitosan microspheres was studied. Chitosans of 70,000 (LC), 750,000 (MC), and 2,000,000 (HC) molecular weight were employed alone or as mixtures (HC/LC 1:1-1:2 w/w). Ketoprofen (ket) was chosen as the model drug to be encapsulated. Microspheres characterized by different theoretical polymer/drug ratios were prepared (2:1, 1:1, 1:2 w/w). Satisfactory ket contents were obtained for all batches of chitosan microspheres with the theoretical polymer/drug ratio 1:2 w/w; microspheres made of HC/LC (1:2 w/w) were characterized by good drug content and encapsulation efficiency independent by polymer/drug ratio. Prepared chitosan microparticulate delivery systems can modulate ket release within 48 hr. Microspheres consisting of HC/LC (1:2 w/w) were the most suitable formulation in controlling drug release.     

A procedure for the determination of 5-fluorouracil in tissue using microbore HPLC and fluorescence detection

For the determination of the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil in tissue, a sensitive and selective assay has been developed based on microbore high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection after pre-column derivatization with 4-bromomethyl-7-methoxycoumarin. 5-Chlorouracil was found to be an appropriate internal standard. A column switching protocol has been devised to separate the analyte from late eluting matrix components and the natural uracil. The drug can be determined at concentrations in the low ng/g wet tissue range with a detection limit of 3 ng/g; furthermore, the same protocol can be applied to analyze serum and plasma samples. The procedure was employed to determine the drug in samples taken from human liver tumors and metastases after an intra-arterial bolus administration and from epithelial carcinomas after systemic continuous application.     

Gonadotropin response to naloxone in the mare: effect of time of year and reproductive status

Effects of a novel dihydropyridine type of antihypertensive drug, cilnidipine, on the regulation of the catecholamine secretion closely linked to the intracellular Ca2+ were examined using nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. By measuring catecholamine secretion with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector, we showed that high K+ stimulation evoked dopamine release from PC12 cells both before and after NGF treatments. Cilnidipine depressed dopamine release both from NGF-treated and untreated PC12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, inhibition by nifedipine was markedly decreased in the differentiated PC12 cells. With intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) measurements using fura 2, the elevation of high K+-evoked [Ca2+]i was separated into nifedipine-sensitive and -resistant components. The nifedipine-resistant [Ca2+]i increase was also blocked by cilnidipine, as well as omega-conotoxin-GVIA. By the use of the conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique, the compositions of the high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents in the NGF-treated PC12 cells were divided into types: L-type, N-type, and residual current components. It was also estimated that cilnidipine at 1 and 3 micromol/L strongly blocked the N-type current without affecting the residual current. These results suggest that cilnidipine inhibits catecholamine secretion from differentiated PC12 cells by blocking Ca2+ influx through the N-type Ca2+ channel, in addition to its well-known action on the L-type Ca2+ channel.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定金红石中主次组分

评价金红石品位时,常需要知道金红石的主次组分含量。金红石样品中二氧化钛含量很高,属于难熔化合物,在采用熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定时熔融片容易破碎和炸裂。实验在对稀释比和熔融温度进行优化的基础上,通过加入合适质量的玻璃成型剂二氧化硅,成功地制备了金红石熔融片,实现了X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对金红石样品中Fe₂O₃、TiO₂、MnO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、K₂O等主次组分的测定。采用钛铁矿标准样品、辉长岩标准物质及高纯试剂二氧化钛按一定比例研磨后混合均匀,配制成具有一定含量梯度的10个金红石合成样品绘制校准曲线,采用数学校正公式进行基体效应和谱线重叠校正,各主次组分校准曲线的相关系数均大于0.9979。按照实验方法对由钛铁矿标准样品和高纯试剂二氧化钛按比例混合配制得到的金红石合成样品中的主次组分进行测定,计算测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.22%~1.6%。采用实验方法测定由钛铁矿标准样品和高纯试剂二氧化钛按比例混合配制得到的2个金红石合成样品,主次组分的测定结果与理论值(由标准样品认定值计算得到)基本一致。     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定磷矿石中主次组分

磷矿石是一种不可再生资源,其伴生组分F等也有较高的利用价值,熔片法处理样品后以X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定磷矿石中难挥发组分具有精密度高、准确度好的特点,但组分F在高温条件下易挥发,检出限偏高。文章重点研究了F组分高温挥发特性,建立了熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱仪测定磷矿石中P_2O_5、F、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、MgO、CaO、Na_2O、K_2O、TiO_2、MnO和SrO等12种组分的分析测试方法。通过试验确定的分析条件为:稀释比为1∶15,预氧化温度为700℃,熔样温度为1 050℃,熔样时间为4 min。方法中,F、MgO、K_2O为造岩轻组分,无须基体校正;SrO采用Rhα-c作内标;P_2O_5、SiO_2、Al_2O_3、Fe_2O_3、CaO、Na_2O、TiO_2和MnO组分采用理论系数法校正基体效应。方法检出限在0.000 2%~0.042%之间,特别是F组分的检出限可达到0.042%。以GBW07210和GBW07212为对象考察方法精密度,各组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)在0.07%~5.1%之间;采用实验方法分析磷矿石标国家标样,及由标准样品合成的样品,测定值与认定值或理论值吻合良好。     

Multivariate analysis of personality correlates of alcohol and drug abuse in a prison population.

Degree of alcohol and drug abuse among 215 prisoners (mean age 26.5 yrs) was analyzed in relation to MMPI scales by means of bivariate, multiple, and canonical correlational procedures. The canonical correlational analysis identified a 1st dimension in which increasing levels of both alcohol and drug use were associated with a generalized propensity for social nonconformity, coupled with a noteworthy anxiety component (F, Pd, and Pt), and a 2nd dimension relating alcohol use alone to neurotic hypochondriacal features (Hs) and drug use alone to psychopathic characteristics (L, Pd, and Ma). Methodological considerations are discussed, emphasizing the advantages of an approach that simultaneously treats alcohol and drug use as continuous variables and seeks to identify the magnitude and nature of the independent components of personality test score variance associated with them. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Full and partial 5-HT1A receptor agonists disrupt learning and performance in rats

As a means of characterizing the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A) receptors in learning, a full 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), was administered both alone and in combination with two partial agonists (buspirone and 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido)butyl] piperazine hydrobromide (NAN-190)) and a 5-HT1A receptor antagonist (p-MPPI) to rats responding under a multiple schedule of repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences. In addition, the effects of another 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (LY228729), were also studied under this same procedure. When administered alone, both 8-OH-DPAT (0.1-3. 2 mg/kg) and LY228729 (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) dose dependently decreased overall response rate and increased the percentage of errors in the acquisition and performance components. At the doses of each drug tested, both buspirone (0.32 or 1 mg/kg) and NAN-190 (1 or 3.2 mg/kg) also decreased overall response rate and increased the percentage of errors. However, the effects of these drugs differed across behavioral components and dependent measures. The effects of buspirone and NAN-190 on rate and accuracy were also different when they were administered in combination with 8-OH-DPAT. In contrast, p-MPPI (3.2 or 10 mg/kg) had little or no effect when administered alone and antagonized the effects of 8-OH-DPAT; shifting the dose-effect curves for both response rate and the percentage of errors in both components to the right. Taken together, these results indicate that complex behaviors in rats are sensitive to disruption by drugs with both full and partial 5-HT1A receptor agonist properties, and that the effects of partial 5-HT1A receptor agonists on learning may be different depending on their efficacy at pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定除尘灰中10种组分

由于除尘灰组分复杂,逐一分析难度较大,因此,采用熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)测定除尘灰中多种组分。实验采用在950℃除C,选择质量比为2∶1的Li₂B₄O₇-LiBO₂为熔剂,LiNO₃为氧化剂,LiBr溶液为脱模剂进行熔融制样,采用铁矿石标样绘制校准曲线,并通过在含锌矿标样加入ZnO基准试剂的方法扩大了Zn的分析范围,以满足不同类型除尘灰中Zn含量差别的要求。各组分校准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9981~0.9999。实验方法用于测定1个除尘灰中TFe、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、MnO、P、Na₂O、K₂O、Zn,各组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)为0.071%~1.7%;按照实验方法测定5个除尘灰样品(包括高炉除尘灰、转炉除尘灰和污泥等)中10种组分,并与化学湿法进行比较,测定结果相符。     

高灵敏度单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定铜精矿中16种组分

铜精矿技术条件中要求的组分覆盖范围从主量、常量、微量到痕量,要使用一种检测技术同时测定这些组分是铜精矿测定的难题。单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,采用双曲弯晶全聚焦技术,将X射线连续谱单色化,降低了连续谱背景,改善检出限,提高灵敏度,对组分的检测范围可覆盖主量到痕量。实验基于高灵敏度单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(HS-EDXRF)结合快速基本参数法建立了铜精矿中主量组分Cu、S、Fe、SiO₂,常量组分CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃,微量和痕量组分Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Sb、Cl、Ag、As、Bi等16种组分的分析方法。采用实验方法测定铜精矿样品,结果与标准方法或经典分析方法结果对比,无显著性差异(t_0.05,82值均小于1.98)。此外,主量组分Cu、S、Fe、SiO₂测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)不大于0.70%,常量组分CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃的RSD小于1.6%,微量组分Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Sb、Cl的RSD不大于3.3%,痕量组分Ag、As、Bi等的RSD均小于10%。方法可满足铜冶炼工艺对铜精矿中16种组分的检测需求。     

高灵敏度单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定铜精矿中16种组分

铜精矿技术条件中要求的组分覆盖范围从主量、常量、微量到痕量,要使用一种检测技术同时测定这些组分是铜精矿测定的难题。单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪,采用双曲弯晶全聚焦技术,将X射线连续谱单色化,降低了连续谱背景,改善检出限,提高灵敏度,对组分的检测范围可覆盖主量到痕量。实验基于高灵敏度单波长激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(HS-EDXRF)结合快速基本参数法建立了铜精矿中主量组分Cu、S、Fe、SiO₂,常量组分CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃,微量和痕量组分Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Sb、Cl、Ag、As、Bi等16种组分的分析方法。采用实验方法测定铜精矿样品,结果与标准方法或经典分析方法结果对比,无显著性差异(t_0.05,82值均小于1.98)。此外,主量组分Cu、S、Fe、SiO₂测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=7)不大于0.70%,常量组分CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃的RSD小于1.6%,微量组分Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Sb、Cl的RSD不大于3.3%,痕量组分Ag、As、Bi等的RSD均小于10%。方法可满足铜冶炼工艺对铜精矿中16种组分的检测需求。     

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定硅藻土中6种主次组分

硅藻土是一种重要的非金属矿产,其主次组分的测定一般采用重量法、滴定法等,操作过程繁琐、化学试剂用量大、分析周期长。实验采用熔融法制样,X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)同时测定硅藻土中SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO、TiO₂等主次组分。选择高纯试剂人工合成校准样品系列,用测定烧失量后的样品制备玻璃熔片,克服了缺少硅藻土标准物质及烧失量对测定结果的影响。样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂-氟化锂混合熔剂(质量比为4.5∶1∶0.4)的稀释比为1∶10,LiBr溶液作为脱模剂,在1050℃熔融9min制备熔融片。各组分校准曲线的线性相关系数在0.9962~0.9999之间;方法检出限在18~266μg/g之间。按照实验方法测定硅藻土样品中SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃、CaO、MgO、TiO₂,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=8)在0.25%~1.4%之间。所建方法应用于相近标准物质(GBW03103软质粘土和GBW03114硅质砂岩)和4种不同品位的硅藻土样品中各组分的测定,测定结果与标准物质认定值或实际样品湿法测定值基本一致。     

Absorption of the anxiolytic pazinaclone in animals as a criterion for species selection for toxicity studies

In rats, mice, hamsters, and guinea pigs given a 5 mg/kg oral dose of pazinaclone (CAS 103255-66-9), unchanged drug concentration in plasma was highest in mice (AUC; 90 ng.h/ml), followed in decreasing order by guinea pigs (AUC; 41 ng.h/ml), hamsters (AUC; 18 ng.h/ml), and rats (AUC; 17 ng.h/ml). In terms of plasma drug concentrations and toxicological background data, there was no better alternative rodents than mice and rats for the toxicity studies. Among rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, the dogs had the highest plasma drug concentrations: AUCs of pazinaclone in dogs and monkeys were 1035 and 458 ng. h/ml, respectively (drug concentration in rabbit plasma was very low). Of the two polymorphs, forms 1 and 2 with particle size of < or = 5 microns, the oral absorption of form 2 in rats was more efficient than that of form 1 at 1000 mg/kg: AUCs of pazinaclone after dosing of form 1 and 2 were 489 and 965 ng.h/ml, respectively. However, form 1 was selected for the toxicity studies because of the poor physico-chemical properties of forms 2. Form 3 was not included in this study, because this form was relatively unstable and contained relatively large amount of impurities. The absorption of pazinaclone in dogs was improved by decreasing its particle size: AUCs of pazinaclone after dosing of the drug having particle size of 5.5, 20.8, and 79.3 microns were 1361, 822, and 297 ng.h/ml, respectively. Since large-scale preparation of bulk pazinaclone with a particle size of 5 microns or smaller was not feasible, the drug having a particle size of about 20 microns was used in the toxicity studies. The absorption of pazinaclone was more extensive when the drug was given to fed animals as suspension. Thus, the toxicity studies were performed using form I of pazinaclone with a particle size of about 20 microns primarily in rats, mice, and dogs.     

X射线荧光光谱扩展基本参数法解析不锈钢炉渣成分

针对复杂的不锈钢炉渣成分解析问题,实验采用Li₂B₄O₇-LiBO₂(m∶m=67∶33)为混合熔剂,NH₄NO₃做氧化剂,LiBr溶液(500g/L)做脱模剂,制备玻璃熔片;应用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析软件UniQuant扩展基本参数法,建立并校正不锈钢炉渣的背景形状、杂质因子,以谱线灵敏度系数和光谱重叠系数校正光谱干扰和基体效应,对不锈钢渣中可能存在的20余种成分进行解析,实现了不锈钢渣系中CaO、MgO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TiO₂、MnO、Fe₂O₃、P₂O₅、SO₃、F、Cr₂O₃、NiO、V₂O₅、BaO共14种成分的定量分析及其他成分的定性半定量分析。对不锈钢工艺炉渣进行制样方法精密度考察,各组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.15%~11%;对标样JKS11进行精密度测试,各组分测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.030%~12%;对不锈钢炉渣标样和不锈钢工艺炉渣试样进行分析,14种主要组分的测定值与认定值或湿法值比对一致性好。