Importance of rectal extirpation for the therapy concept of low rectal cancers]

INTRODUCTION: The main objective of surgery of rectal carcinomas is to avoid a permanent colostomy by sphincter-sparing surgical procedures. A variety of different abdominoperineal resection rates is described in the literature. MATERIAL/METHOD: The study was performed in 2000 within the framework of a multicentric study including 282 hospitals.The purpose of the study was to document the quality of diagnosis and therapy for colorectal carcinomas.A total of 9477 patients were included in this study: 3402 suffering from a rectal carcinoma and 6075 suffering from a colon carcinoma. RESULTS: A total of 866 abdominoperineal resections was performed. This corresponds to an abdominoperineal resection rate of 27.4%. In 30.4% of all men and in 23.0% of all women an abdominoperineal resection was performed.Of all tumor patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection, 8.3% had a pT4 carcinoma and 57.5% a pT3 carcinoma.Adapted to the localization of the tumor in the rectum, i.e., the distance of the aboral tumor margin to the anal verge, the following abdominoperineal resection rates were found: <4 cm from the anal verge 84.6%, 4-7.9 cm 43.9%, 8-11.9 cm 5.8%, and 12-16 cm 0.5%.Intraoperative complications occurred in 11.8%, specific postoperative complications in 33.1%, and general postoperative complications in 27.4% of the patients.The postoperative lethality was 2.8%. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 21.7 days.Logistic regression identified the body mass index, gender, the distance of the carcinoma from the anal verge, and the T category as independent factors influencing the abdominoperineal resection rate. DISCUSSION: Despite an overall decrease in use, abdominoperineal resection will continue to play an important role for the surgical treatment of low rectal cancers in routine clinical practice in Germany.It will remain an individual decision for each patient whether the tumor and the patient allow sphincter preservation or whether abdominoperineal resection seems to be necessary.According to the results of the present study,a general definition of an abdominoperineal resection rate in an unselected group of patients should be viewed critically.     

Stellenwert der Rektumexstirpation im Therapiekonzept des tief sitzenden Rektumkarzinoms

Introduction. The main objective of surgery of rectal carcinomas is to avoid a permanent colostomy by sphincter-sparing surgical procedures. A variety of different abdominoperineal resection rates is described in the literature. Material/method. The study was performed in 2000 within the framework of a multicentric study including 282 hospitals.The purpose of the study was to document the quality of diagnosis and therapy for colorectal carcinomas.A total of 9477 patients were included in this study: 3402 suffering from a rectal carcinoma and 6075 suffering from a colon carcinoma. Results. A total of 866 abdominoperineal resections was performed. This corresponds to an abdominoperineal resection rate of 27.4%. In 30.4% of all men and in 23.0% of all women an abdominoperineal resection was performed.Of all tumor patients who underwent abdominoperineal resection, 8.3% had a pT4 carcinoma and 57.5% a pT3 carcinoma.Adapted to the localization of the tumor in the rectum, i.e., the distance of the aboral tumor margin to the anal verge, the following abdominoperineal resection rates were found: <4 cm from the anal verge 84.6%, 4–7.9 cm 43.9%, 8–11.9 cm 5.8%, and 12–16 cm 0.5%.Intraoperative complications occurred in 11.8%, specific postoperative complications in 33.1%, and general postoperative complications in 27.4% of the patients.The postoperative lethality was 2.8%. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 21.7 days.Logistic regression identified the body mass index, gender, the distance of the carcinoma from the anal verge, and the T category as independent factors influencing the abdominoperineal resection rate. Discussion. Despite an overall decrease in use, abdominoperineal resection will continue to play an important role for the surgical treatment of low rectal cancers in routine clinical practice in Germany.It will remain an individual decision for each patient whether the tumor and the patient allow sphincter preservation or whether abdominoperineal resection seems to be necessary.According to the results of the present study,a general definition of an abdominoperineal resection rate in an unselected group of patients should be viewed critically.     

Sphincter-saving resection for all rectal carcinomas: the end of the 2-cm distal rule

OBJECTIVE: To assess oncologic outcome of patients treated by conservative radical surgery for tumors below 5 cm from the anal verge. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Standard surgical treatment of low rectal cancer below 5 cm from the anal verge is abdominoperineal resection. METHODS: From 1990 to 2003, patients with a nonfixed rectal carcinoma at 4.5 cm or less from the anal verge and without external sphincter infiltration underwent conservative surgery. Surgery included total mesorectal excision with intersphincteric resection, that is, removal of the internal sphincter, to achieve adequate distal margin. Patients with T3 disease or internal sphincter infiltration received preoperative radiotherapy. RESULTS: Ninety-two patients with a tumor at 3 (range 1.5-4.5) cm from the anal verge underwent conservative surgery. There was no mortality and morbidity was 27%. The rate of complete microscopic resection (R0) was 89%, with 98% negative distal margin and 89% negative circumferential margin. In 58 patients with a follow-up of more than 24 months, the rate of local recurrence was 2% and the 5-year overall and disease-free survival were 81% and 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of intersphincteric resection permits us to achieve conservative surgery in patients with a tumor close to or in the anal canal without compromising local control and survival. Tumor distance from the anal verge is no longer a limit for sphincter-saving resection.     

Risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal cancer depending on the distance between the tumour lower edge and anal verge

The distance between the anal verge and lower edge of rectal cancer is one of the most important factors affecting the feasibility of sphincter-preserving resection.The aim of the study was to assess the risk of permanent stoma after resection of rectal tumour depending on the distance between the tumour and the anal verge.Material and methods. The retrospective analysis covered 884 patients after resection of rectal cancer. The distance between the anal verge and the lowest edge of the tumour was measured during endoscopic examination. Surgical technique was similar in all cases. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used.Results. The overall rate of sphincter-preserving procedures was 71.8%, 90.1% of which were anterior resections. The greatest differences between the rate of anterior resections were noted for the segment between the 4th and the 5th centimetres: 30.1% for 4 cm vs 66.7% for 5 cm, p = 0.005. Overall, in 328 patients (37.1%) surgical treatment resulted in a permanent stoma. The number included: 246 (75.0%) patients after abdominosacral resection, 44 (13.4%) patients after the Hartmann procedure, three (0.9%) patients after proctocolectomy, and 28 (8.5%) patients after anterior resection, with a permanent stoma as a result of anastomotic leak. The overall rate of anastomotic leak was 11.7%. Formation of a defunctioning stoma in patients with a low-lying (6 cm from the anal verge) tumour reduced the risk of symptomatic anastomotic leak: 6.3% vs 20.5%; p = 0.049.Conclusions. Anterior resection of tumours located 6 cm from the anal verge is feasible in 90%. Anastomotic leak that requires reoperation increases the risk of permanent colostomy. In selected cases, formation of a defunctioning stoma after resection of low-lying rectal cancer can reduce the risk of permanent colostomy.     

Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection and anterior resection with curative intent for carcinoma of the rectum

BACKGROUND: Within a 5-year period, 380 rectal carcinoma patients undergoing laparoscopic abdominoperineal excision or laparoscopic anterior resection were recruited to a multicenter study by 23 institutions in Germany and Austria. This study was initiated by the Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery Study Group. RESULTS: One hundred forty-nine patients (39.2%) underwent abdominoperineal resection (APR), and 231 patients (60.8%) were treated by anterior resection (AR). The mean operating time was 208 min, and the conversion rate was 6.1%. Intraoperative complications, mostly vascular or bowel injuries, were observed in 22 patients (5.8%). Overall, a total of 257 postoperative complications and problems occurred in 143 patients, resulting in a morbidity rate of 37.6%. In the AR group, the anastomotic leakage rate increased as the distance of the tumor from the anal verge decreased. The perioperative mortality rate was low (6/1.6%). Most of the patients received a high transsection of the inferior mesenteric artery with radical lymph node dissection (342/90.0%); the mean number of recovered lymph nodes was 13.0, with considerable variation among the individual institutions. Intraoperative tumor cell spillage was reported in 12 patients (3.2%). Sufficient follow-up findings are available for 288 (77%) patients. To date, 19 patients have sustained a local recurrence (6.6%), and 30 (10.4%) have developed distant metastases. Within the (admittedly limited) mean follow-up of 24.8 months, the overall survival rate is 86.6%, the disease-free survival (freedom from both local recurrence and distant metastases) rate is 62.4% for APR, with the corresponding rates for AR being 71.7 and 54.8%, respectively, as established by the Kaplan-Meier function. These data show no alarmingly high recurrence rates at this time. CONCLUSION: In principle, laparoscopic anterior resection with curative intent generates considerably more reservations than laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection, which is technically much easier to perform.     

直肠拖出双吻合器超低位直肠癌保肛术：附46例报告

目的：评价以直肠拖出和双吻合器技术实施超低位直肠癌保肛手术的疗效。方法：1997年12月—2005年12月利用直肠拖出和双吻合器保肛技术，对46例超低位直肠癌患者行癌肿切除术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～7 cm，平均5.5 cm。Dukes分期：A期26例，B期16例，C期4例。结果：46例均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2.2％），吻合口狭窄4例（8.7％）。全组平均随访54个月，其中有2例（4.3％）局部复发。5年生存率为81.3％;无发生排尿功能障碍者;82.4%的男性患者和83.3％女性患者术后性功能良好。结论：直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的，为超低位直肠癌患者提供了新的保肛术式选择。     

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for excision of rectal lesions: technique and initial results

The aim of this study was to review experience with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and to assess its applicability to an existing practice of colorectal surgeons. Patients undergoing TEM excision of rectal lesions from March 1997 through May 1999 were selected for this study. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively to obtain pertinent data, including indications for TEM, tumor size, distance from anal verge, duration of operation, completeness of tumor resection, postoperative complications, duration of stay and follow-up, and recurrence. Thirty-one patients underwent TEM during the 2-year period. Indications for TEM included benign disease in eight patients and cancer in 23 patients. Mean distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 8.3 cm. Mean size of the lesion was 2.8 cm, and mean specimen size was 4.5 cm. Larger specimen sizes allowed for tumors to be removed with negative margins (97%) in all cases but one. Mean duration of operation was 140 minutes (including set-up time), and mean duration of hospital stay was 1.2 days. Major postoperative complications occurred in one patient. Mean duration of follow-up was 15 months, and recurrence developed in two patients during this period. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery excision of rectal lesions with negative margins was possible in 97% of cases with minimal morbidity and a short-duration hospital stay. Follow-up was too brief to evaluate recurrence, but the thoroughness of resection of tumor in a high proportion of cases is promising.     

低位直肠癌的手术治疗和吻合器的应用体会：附47例病例分析

目的 通过４７例距肛缘５～７ｃｍ低位直肠癌的分析,对距肛缘５～７ｃｍ的你位直肠癌保肛手术的理论依据、术式选择、吻合器应用的优越性和吻合器在保肛手术中的运用体会及主要并发症的防治进行了探讨。１９９４年７月至１９９７年８月作根治性手术的距肛缘５～７ｃｍ的低位直肠癌患者４７例。结果：４０例行Ｄｉｘｏｎ术式,７例行Ｍｉｌｅｓ术式。３８／４０例Ｄｉｘｉｏｎ术式应用管状端端吻合器（ＥＥＡ）,其中发生直肠阴道瘘     

Concept de conservation sphinct��rienne dans la chirurgie du bas et du moyen rectum

Objective

To assess oncologic outcome of patients treated by conservative radical surgery for tumors below 5 cm from the anal verge.

Summary background data

Standard surgical treatment of low rectal cancer below 5 cm from the anal verge is abdominoperineal resection.

Methods

From 1990 to 2003, patients with a nonfixed rectal carcinoma at 4.5 cm or less from the anal verge and without external sphincter infiltration underwent conservative surgery. Surgery included total mesorectal excision with intersphincteric resection, that is, removal of the internal sphincter, to achieve adequate distal margin. Patients with T3 disease or internal sphincter infiltration received preoperative radiotherapy.

Results

Ninety-two patients with a tumor at 3 cm (range 1.5?C4.5) from the anal verge underwent conservative surgery. There was no mortality and morbidity was 27%. The rate of complete microscopic resection (R0) was 89%, with 98% negative distal margin and 89% negative circumferential margin. In 58 patients with a follow-up of more than 24 months, the rate of local recurrence was 2%, and the 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 81% and 70%, respectively.

Conclusion

The technique of intersphincteric resection allows us to achieve conservative surgery in patients with a tumor close to or in the anal canal without compromising local control and survival. The distance of tumor from the anal verge is no longer a limit for sphincter-saving resection.     

肛门内括约肌切除套入式吻合保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌61例

目的探讨经腹经肛门行肛门内括约肌切除套入式吻合保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌的安全性和临床效果。方法回顾性分析北京军区北京总医院收治的61例超低位直肠癌（距肛缘4－5cm）患者接受经腹肛门内括约肌切除套入式吻合保肛术治疗的临床资料。结果61例患者中男34例,女27例;平均年龄56．7岁。癌灶下缘距肛缘4cm者21例,5cm者40例：病理诊断直肠腺癌55例,其中高分化者24例,中分化者29例,低分化者2例;腺瘤癌变6例;TNM分期：T1N0M0为36例,T2N0M0为23例,T3N1M0为2例。术后1-3个月排粪自控能力明显改善,6-12个月时肛门排粪控制功能基本恢复正常。术后发生吻合口瘘2例（3.3％）,吻合口狭窄3例（4．9％）。54例（88．5％）患者接受了术后随访,中位随访时间为6．2年。术后复发3例（5．6％）,5年生存率73．5％。结论肛门内括约肌切除套人式吻合保肛术治疗超低位直肠癌是一种安全、有效的保肛术式。     

直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘的危险因素与临床对策.方法 回顾分析1997～2008年1123例女性直肠癌手术患者的临床资料,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用X2检验.结果 34例(3.03%,34/1123)术后出现直肠阴道瘘.直肠阴道瘘发生与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关(P<0.05),而与患者年龄、肿瘤T分期、术前放疗、预防性造口等无明显相关.34例患者中12例经保守治疗后自愈,余22例患者均在瘘后3月局部炎症消退后行修补术,在修补直肠阴道瘘的同时行近端肠造口使粪便转流.结论 直肠癌术后直肠阴道瘘与患者有无绝经、肿瘤距肛缘的距离、肿瘤位于直肠壁的部位、吻合方式密切相关.熟悉其病因,加强围手术前准备,选择正确的手术时机和手术方式可降低直肠阴道瘘的发生率.     

Results of long-term follow-up for transanal excision for rectal cancer

Low anterior resection and abdominoperineal resection are the surgical techniques used most frequently in the treatment of rectal cancer. It is our hypothesis that selected patients with early T stage, well or moderate grade of differentiation, and small tumor size are good candidates for transanal excision in terms of minimal morbidity, low recurrence rate, and sphincter preservation. From January 1993 until August 2001 30 patients underwent transanal excision; three patients were excluded because they had histology other than adenocarcinoma. Factors analyzed included those related to the patient [age (years), gender, race, body mass index, and anal tone], tumor [size (cm), distance from the anal verge (cm), differentiation, and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage], and additional treatment. Median follow-up of the group was 40.7 months (range 0.6-99) and the primary end points were local and distant recurrence. Data are presented as mean (range). The median age of the group was 58.9 years (range 27-94); 52 per cent were female and 48 per cent were male. The mean body mass index was 25.9 (range 22.7-36.7). Preoperatively 81, 11, and 4 per cent of the patients had stage I, II, and III/IV cancer, respectively. Preoperative size of the tumor was 2.0 cm (1-3 cm), and distance from the anal verge was 5.0 cm (3-15 cm). Blood loss was 50 cm3 (5-200 cm3), and there were no operative complications. Tumor differentiation levels were well (37%) and moderate (63%). All patients had negative margins. Additional treatment consisted of radiation therapy in seven patients (six postoperative and one preoperative). Chemotherapy was given to seven patients (six postoperative and one preoperative). The local recurrence rate was 7.4 per cent (two patients), and 3.7 per cent recurred distantly (one patient). Transanal excision of low rectal cancer in selected patients is an acceptable alternative to formal resection. Important selection criteria include early T stage, well or moderate differentiation, relatively small tumor size, and negative microscopic margins. The roles of radiation and chemotherapy remain controversial.     

直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术后吻合口漏的危险因素分析

目的 探讨直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)后吻合口漏的危险因素.方法 对498例直肠癌全直肠系膜切除(TME)术患者的资料进行回顾性分析,应用SPSS软件对数据进行统计处理,采用x2检验.结果 36例(7.2%,36/498)术后出现吻合口漏.发生吻合口漏与患者的性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关(P＜0.05或0.01),而与年龄、糖尿病、高血压病、预防造瘘、脉管癌栓、吻合方式等无明显关系.37例手术同时即行预防性造瘘的患者,仍有3例发生吻合口漏,未经特殊处理后自愈.另外33例吻合口漏的患者中10例经保守治疗痊愈,23例行近端肠造瘘粪便转流术,吻合口漏愈合后二期还纳治愈.结论 直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(TME)后吻合口漏的发生与性别、肿瘤距肛缘距离、术前放疗密切相关;控制好围手术期血糖可以明显降低吻合口漏的发生.     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口瘘发生率的比较

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口瘘发生率的差异。方法2000年9月至2005年12月由同一组医师连续对距肛缘5～8cm的直肠癌患者实施腹腔镜下根治术(LP术组)53例及传统开腹根治术135例,比较两组和两组内患者造口与未造口者发生吻合口瘘的差异。结果LP术组造口与未造口者吻合口瘘的发生率分别为4.6%(1/22)与6.5%(2/31),χ~2=0.088,P>0.05;差异无统计学意义。OP术组造口与未造口者吻合口瘘的发生率分别为2.3% (1/43)与8.7%(8/92),χ~2=1.024,P>0.05;差异无统计学意义。LP术组与OP术组行造口的患者吻合口瘘发生率比较,P=0.455,差异无统计学意义;LP术组与OP术组未行造口者的吻合口瘘发生率比较,P=0.288,差异也无统计学意义。结论腹腔镜行直肠癌低位前切除术与开腹手术相比,不会增加吻合口痿的发生率。     

直肠前切除术后吻合口狭窄影响因素分析

目的 探讨直肠前切除术后发生吻合口狭窄的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月间就诊于中国医科大学附属盛京医院结直肠肿瘤外科收治并行直肠前切除术的760例直肠恶性肿瘤病人的临床资料，采用Logistic回归分析发生吻合口狭窄的原因。 结果 111例（14.6%）病人发生吻合口狭窄。单因素分析中，性别（χ2=6.978，P=0.008）、术中保护性造口（χ2=4.015，P=0.045）、肿瘤下缘与肛缘距离（t=3.239，P=0.001）和术后是否发生吻合口漏（χ2=9.721，P=0.002）差异有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示，性别（OR=1.776，95%CI 1.128~2.796，P=0.013）、肿瘤下缘与肛缘距离（OR=0.907，95%CI 0.855~0.961，P=0.001）和术后发生吻合口漏（OR=2.255，95%CI 1.293~3.932，P=0.004）为发生吻合口狭窄的独立影响因素。结论 性别为男性、肿瘤下缘与肛缘距离较近及术后发生吻合口漏的病人更易发生吻合口狭窄。     

Pelvic drainage and other risk factors for leakage after elective anterior resection in rectal cancer patients: a prospective study of 978 patients

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate prophylactic pelvic drainage and other factors that might be associated with anastomotic leakage after elective anterior resection of primary rectal cancer. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anastomotic leak after anterior resection for primary rectal cancer leads to significant postoperative morbidity and mortality. The role of pelvic drainage in the prevention of anastomotic leakage is controversial. METHODS: We investigated 978 consecutive patients undergoing elective anterior resection for primary rectal cancer between February 1995 and December 1998 in a single institution. Use of a drain and type of drainage were at the surgeon's preference. Data were prospectively collected during hospitalization. Twenty-five independent tumor-, patient-, and treatment-related variables were analyzed. The dependent variable was clinical anastomotic leakage. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the independent association of variables with the dependent variable. RESULTS: The clinical anastomotic leakage rate was 2.8%. Independent risk factors for anastomotic leakage were use of an irrigation-suction drain (odds ratio [OR], 9.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-71.76), blood transfusion, poor colon preparation (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.10-5.88), and anastomotic level 5 cm or less from the anal verge (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.03-5.46). CONCLUSIONS: Routine use of pelvic drainage is not justified and should be discouraged. In cases in which pelvic drainage is required such as in difficult operations or to prevent pelvic hematoma, pelvic drainage other than irrigation-suction should be considered.     

Preoperative Radiochemotherapy and Sphincter-Saving Resection for T3 Carcinomas of the Lower Third of the Rectum

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complications and oncologic and functional results of preoperative radiochemotherapy and sphincter-saving resection for T3 cancers of the lower third of the rectum. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Carcinomas of the lower third of the rectum (i.e., located at or below 6 cm from the anal verge) are usually treated by abdominoperineal resection, especially for T3 lesions. Few data are available evaluating concomitant chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy for increasing sphincter-saving resection in low rectal cancer. METHODS: Between 1995 and 1999, 43 patients underwent preoperative radiochemotherapy with conservative surgery for a low rectal tumor located a mean of 4.5 cm from the anal verge (range 2-6); 70% of the lesions were less than 2 cm from the anal sphincter. There were 40 T3 and 3 T4 tumors. Patients received preoperative radiotherapy with a mean dose of 50 Gy (range 40-54) and concomitant chemotherapy with 5-FU in continuous infusion (n = 36) or bolus (n = 7). Sphincter- saving resection was performed 6 weeks after treatment, in 25 patients by using intersphincteric resection. Coloanal anastomoses were associated with a colonic pouch in 86% of the patients, and all patients had a protecting stoma. RESULTS: There were no deaths related to preoperative radiochemotherapy and surgery. Acute toxicity was mainly due to diarrhea, with 54% of grade 1 to 2. Four anastomotic fistulas and two pelvic hematomas occurred; all patients but one had closure of the stoma. Distal and radial surgical margins were respectively 23 +/- 8 mm (range 10-40) and 8 +/- 4 mm (range 1-20) and were negative in 98% of the patients. Downstaging (pT0-2N0) was observed in 42% of the patients (18/43) and was associated with a greater radial margin (10 vs. 6 mm; P =.02). After a median follow-up of 30 months, the rate of local recurrence was 2% (1/43), and four patients had distal metastases. Overall and disease-free survival rates were both 85% at 3 years. Functional results were good (Kirwan continence I, II) in 79% of the available patients (n = 37). They were slightly altered by intersphincteric resection (57 vs. 75% of perfect continence; NS) but were significantly improved by a colonic pouch (74 vs. 16%; P =.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that preoperative radiochemotherapy allowed sphincter-saving resection to be performed with good local control and good functional results in patients with T3 low rectal cancers that would have required abdominoperineal resection in most instances.     

低位直肠癌前切除术后早期腹泻与吻合口瘘的关系

目的探讨低位直肠癌前切除术后早期腹泻（术后1～7d）与吻合口瘘的关系。方法回顾性分析河南省肿瘤医院2004年5月至2007年5月间行低位直肠癌（肿瘤距肛缘4～7cm）前切除术的192例（A组）和2007年7月至2010年1月间行低位直肠癌前切除术的236例（B组）患者的临床资料。结果A组患者术后早期腹泻发生率为19．3％（37／192）．其中9例予止泻药物治疗;早期腹泻和无早期腹泻患者吻合口瘘发生率分别为16．2％（6／37）和5．2％（8／155）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。B组患者术后早期腹泻发生率为16．5％（39／236）,均予以止泻药物治疗,其中3例患者接受肛门蕈状双套管冲洗引流：早期腹泻和无早期腹泻患者吻合口瘘发生率分别为5．1％（2／39）和4．1％（8／197）,差异无统计学意义（Х^2=0．02,P〉O．05）。A组与B组早期腹泻发生率的比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但早期腹泻患者中吻合口瘘发生率B组明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。结论低位直肠癌前切除术后早期腹泻提示可能存在吻合口瘘．积极治疗术后早期腹泻可一定程度预防吻合口瘘的发生。     

Long-term follow-up of mechanical anastomoses in surgery of the large intestine. Prospective study of 683 patients

The long-term results of colorectal and coloanal anastomoses using the EEA, SPTU and ILS circular staplers are reviewed. Anastomoses with these stapling devices were performed in 683 patients between September 1978 and April 1982. 91% of patients with rectal carcinoma underwent rectal resection and restoration of bowel continuity. All patients were operated on for the same way. We used a cancericidal rectal irrigation with 5.0% Sublimate (HgCl2) regularly in all patients with carcinoma. The inferior mesenteric artery is ligated and divided, preserving the arcade between the ascending and descending branch of the left colonic artery. The incidence of postoperative complications amounted to 17%. Intraoperative complications occurred in 12,7% (anastomotic leak 8%, difficult extraction 1,5%, bleeding 0,4%, instrument failure 2,8%). The incidence of dehiscence of anastomosis after low anterior resection (n = 422) was 15% and 3% after high anterior resection (n = 261). The clinical leakage in both groups was 4.2 and 2.3% respectively. Two of 23 patients died because of anastomotic leakage only .4 patients (1.3%) have been observed to develop a recurrent anastomotic tumour and 18 (5.8%) developed a recurrent pelvic tumour. To test the sphincter function after a very low colo-rectal anastomosis (3.5 to 5 cm from cutaneous-anal verge) 32 patients were examined by using manometric studies. There were no statistically differences between normal subjects and those patients in resting pressure, maximum squeeze pressure, and length of anal canal. A significantly lower rectal compliance and rectal capacity could be found.     

Influence of Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy on Anastomotic Leak After Restorative Resection for Rectal Cancer

Purpose

This study was undertaken to determine whether neoadjuvant radiotherapy is associated with an increased risk of anastomotic leak for rectal cancer patients undergoing restorative resection.

Methods

From 1980 to 2010, patients who underwent restorative resection for rectal cancer (tumors within 15?cm of anal verge) were identified from a prospective institutional database and grouped based on whether they received neoadjuvant radiotherapy (+RT) or not (?RT). The main outcome was anastomotic leak documented by imaging (contrast leak), intra-operative or clinical (signs of peritonitis) findings and confirmed by staff surgeon assessment. Using multivariate (MV) analysis risk factors for leak were identified, presented as OR (95?% CI).

Results

One thousand eight hundred sixty-two patients were included in the analysis, 28?% in the +RT group. Eighty-six percent of +RT patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The overall leak rate was 6.3?%, with no significant difference in +RT and ?RT groups (8?% vs 5.7?%, p?=?0.06). The +RT group had a lower mean age at surgery (58 vs 63?year, p?<?0.001), more male (75?% vs 62?%, p?<?0.001) and more ASA 3/4 (44?% vs 35?%, p?<?0.001) patients, greater use of defunctioning ostomy (87?% vs 44?%, p?<?0.001) and colo-anal anastomosis (77?% vs 34?%, p?<?0.001). Mean tumor distance from the anal verge was lower in +RT group (6.6 vs 9.7?cm, p?<?0.001). On MV analysis, male sex (OR 1.64 (1.03?C2.62), p?=?0.038), ASA 4 (OR 4.70 (2.07?C10.7), p?<?0.001), tumor distance from anal verge????5?cm (OR 2.49 (1.37?C4.52), p?=?0.003), and tumor size at surgery????4?cm (OR 1.75 (1.15?C2.65), p?=?0.009) were independently associated with leak. +RT was not independently associated with leak (OR 1.44 (0.85?C2.46), p?=?0.18), while defunctioning ostomy did not reduce leak occurrence (OR 0.75 (0.44?C1.28), p?=?0.29).

Conclusions

The findings suggest that neoadjuvant radiotherapy is not independently associated with an anastomotic leak for rectal cancer patients undergoing restorative resection and support a selective policy towards the use of a defunctioning ostomy on a case by case basis based on intra-operative judgment and consideration of tumor location, size, and patient characteristics.