河北平泉高于庄组凝块石的特征及其成因解析

微生物碳酸盐岩是微生物与环境相互作用的产物,它的发育对古环境与微生物群落有着重要的指示意义。河北省平泉县地区中元古代高于庄组四段发育有凝块石、纹理石、叠层石多种微生物碳酸盐岩。凝块石以其内部独特的凝块组构而显著区别于具纹层构造的叠层石等其它微生物岩类型。根据尺寸大小与排列特点可将高于庄组凝块石中的凝块组构分为3种类型：厘米级别、致密的中凝块,毫米级别、似层状的小凝块与微米级别、层状分布的微凝块。显微与超显微观察显示,所有的凝块组构均由内核与外壳两个结构单元组成。内核主要为丝状细菌、球状细菌等微生物或有机质残留,围绕内核的是呈放射状、扇状分布的方解石外壳,方解石颗粒之间可见有薄片状胞外聚合物（EPS）残留。凝块中微生物残余及EPS的大量发现,表明了凝块组构的形成与微生物密切相关。环境中海水碳酸盐初始饱和度的高低可能是形成不同类型的凝块组构的原因。     

河北承德寒武系凤山组叠层石生物丘中的沉积组构

河北承德路通沟剖面芙蓉统凤山组中部发育厚层块状叠层石生物丘,构成一个淹没不整合型层序的强迫型海退体系域,指示这些叠层石形成于中高能浅海环境。该生物丘宏观上主要由柱状叠层石组成,叠层石内部纹层较粗糙,在构成叠层石的致密泥晶和微亮晶组构中,还见到球粒、底栖鲕粒及凝聚颗粒等多种生物成因颗粒类型,代表着复杂的微生物活动特征,以此而区别于前寒武纪的叠层石。更为重要的是,叠层石生物丘中的致密泥晶基质中发育一些“石松藻(Lithocodium)”状的钙化蓝细菌菌落残余物,以及一些丝状钙化蓝细菌化石,指示了形成叠层石的微生物席为蓝细菌所主导的微生物席。因此,凤山组叠层石生物丘内复杂而特殊的碳酸盐岩沉积组构为研究叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物代谢活动所产生的钙化作用机制提供了一个宝贵的地质实例。     

从凝块石概念的演变论微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展

作为微生物碳酸盐岩的主要类型,凝块石与核形石曾经被统称为"微植石"而与"叠层石"平行使用;但是,鉴于叠层石也具有凝块状组构,所以凝块石又被译作"斑粒石",或被称作"花纹石",因此,凝块石这一概念还显得有些混乱.术语和概念的差异与混乱代表了地质学家们对微生物碳酸盐沉积作用不同阶段认识的升华和进步.近年来,将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石四大类,又将核形石作为"球状叠层石"而不与叠层石平行使用.尽管对微生物碳酸盐岩的研究已经取得了许多有意义的进展,如将微生物碳酸盐岩的地史演化归结为16个关键事件,总结了前寒武纪碳酸盐岩沉积相随着地球海洋和大气的长时间演变而产生的3种沉淀形式,将多年来形成叠层石的蓝绿藻归为细菌类称为"蓝藻菌"等.但目前还难以回答叠层石的确切生长机制,特别是前寒武纪叠层石;随着更老的地质时代中凝块石的发现,将凝块石理解为被生物扰动等作用所破坏的叠层石似乎与地质事实不完全相符;再者,凝块石的形成机制也还是一个谜.更重要的是,作为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种重要类型,凝块石这一术语的混乱以及对凝块石形成机制认识的变化,为窥视微生物碳酸盐岩的研究进展提供了一条重要的线索.     

北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系叠层石中的底栖鲕粒:基本特征和重要意义

鲕粒是碳酸盐岩中最普遍的包覆颗粒之一,其成因一直是地质学家们关注的重要科学问题之一,对解释沉积环境具有重要的意义。北京西郊下苇甸剖面寒武系发育多期叠层石生物丘(层),对其进行研究发现,在崮山组上部和凤山组下部叠层石生物丘(层)中发育有大量的底栖鲕粒。分析其产出特征及微观组构形态,认为底栖鲕粒的形成与微生物作用有密切的关系,更多地支持了鲕粒微生物成因的观点,同时也增加了碳酸盐颗粒的多样性。在前人研究的基础上,追索该发现的科学含义,为深入了解微生物碳酸盐岩的形成与微生物席沉积学提供有益的线索。     

光合作用生物膜建造的凝块:来自于辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组凝块石生物丘中的一些证据

作为一种以非纹层状组构而区别于叠层石的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,中凝块(mesoclots)是产生凝块石凝块组构关键的微结构。构成这种中凝块的离散性凝块状泥晶,似乎代表了细胞外聚合物质(EPS)复杂的钙化作用,但是,由于常常缺乏直接的微生物证据,造成其所涉及的准确成因和特殊过程还不太清楚。在辽东半岛大连金州湾和本溪田师傅剖面芙蓉统下部的长山组顶部,发育较为典型的凝块石生物丘,组成三级层序的强迫型海退体系域沉积,代表着较为壮观的沉积学现象;在这些凝块石生物丘中,毫米级别大小的暗色离散性凝块状泥晶是其最为基本的沉积组构,而且在这些凝块之中以较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石反映的微生物构成,意味着它们具有明显的光合作用生物膜成因。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代凝块石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些凝块石复杂的生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入的研究才能得到更好的了解,但是,辽东半岛芙蓉统长山组的凝块石,尤其是在凝块内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石所表征的直接的微生物活动证据,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造凝块的典型实例;再者,与凝块共生的三叶虫化石、底栖鲕粒和皮壳粒,以及围绕着这些多样化颗粒特别的放射纤维状方解石结壳,说明这些凝块石可能属于较厚的微生物席内多重状生物膜以及构成这些微生物席和微生物膜的细胞外聚合物质复杂的钙化作用建造物。     

寒武系凝块石生物丘的沉积组构:以鲁西地区张夏组为例

凝块石是一种不具纹层状组构的微生物碳酸盐岩,与纹层状组构的叠层石形成鲜明对照。鲁西地区寒武系张夏组中的凝块石生物丘主要由致密泥晶和微亮晶组成的团块构成,在团块中可见到细胞外聚合物质(EPS)钙化作用的残余物及钙化蓝细菌化石。在复杂的微观组构中,表现出球状结构、片状、席状及蜂窝状结构的EPS钙化残余物,说明凝块石中团块的形成是一个复杂的有机矿化作用过程。这些EPS钙化残余物与较为普遍的致密泥晶和钙化蓝细菌化石一起,为了解凝块石的形成机理提供了一些重要信息。因此,对凝块石生物丘的分析也为今后的深入研究提供了一个重要线索和思考途径。     

微生物碳酸盐岩分类体系的修订:对灰岩成因结构分类体系的补充

微生物沉积作用在前寒武纪地层中普遍发育,在显生宙的一些地层中也较为发育。在碳酸盐岩地层之中,以叠层石为代表的微生物岩尤为引人注目。经过长期研究,2000年Riding曾经将微生物碳酸盐岩分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石4大类型。实际上,核形石以其较为广泛的发育和特殊的微组构也应该作为一种典型的微生物碳酸盐岩类型而纳入微生物碳酸盐岩的分类体系之中,而不能简单地作为球状叠层石。而那些纹理石灰岩,较厚的纹理和较深的产出沉积环境与叠层石形成明显的区别,也应该作为一种微生物碳酸盐岩的类型。生物沉积作用所形成的碳酸盐岩,以生物礁岩最为典型,在20世纪70年代曾经被Embry和Kloven归为骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩三大类型,后来又增加了胶结岩,这是对20世纪50年代Folk、Dunham关于灰岩成因结构分类体系的良好补充。这些生物礁岩石以其高能量形成环境而有时又几乎见不到颗粒而与"颗粒含量越高沉积环境的能量越高"的基本理念不相符,所以Wright在1992年将它们归为生物作用类岩石,从而将灰岩划分为沉积作用、生物作用、成岩作用三大类。根据该分类,Folk和Dunham所描述的分类则属于沉积作用类灰岩,而Embry和Kloven所描述的生物礁岩石则归为生物作用类灰岩。微生物碳酸盐岩,总体上构成生物作用类碳酸盐岩中的粘结岩类,以其明显的微生物作用特点而具有自己的分类体系;它不但作为生物礁岩石的主要类型,而且也常常以生物礁、生物层和生物丘三种形式发育在地层之中。因此,上述概念和认识的进步,在强调微生物沉积作用的重要性的同时,有必要将微生物碳酸盐岩重新分为6大类:叠层石、凝块石、核形石、树形石、纹理石和均一石。     

肥城邓家庄剖面寒武系微生物碳酸盐岩沉积序列

山东肥城邓家庄剖面寒武系出露连续,构成了7个三级层序。微生物碳酸盐岩主要发育在高位体系域和强迫型海退体系域单元中,以徐庄组凝块石、张夏组核形石、长山组叠层石、凤山组均一石为代表,是研究早古生代微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期的良好实例。多样化的微生物碳酸盐岩中可见大量保存精美的附枝菌（Epiphyton）、葛万菌（Girvanella）以及肾形菌（Renalcis）等钙化微生物残余物,指示了微生物碳酸盐岩形成与蓝细菌为主导的微生物新陈代谢活动密切相关。此外,微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征反映了生长环境的分异性:均一石、凝块石分别生长在潮下带下部、上部;柱状叠层石主要发育在能量较高的潮间带环境;核形石指示了沉积环境浅且能量高的鲕粒滩相沉积环境。邓家庄寒武系剖面微生物碳酸盐岩为了解寒武纪地球微生物、古环境、古气候提供了重要的岩石记录。     

河南登封地区寒武系第三统张夏组米级旋回及其演化

河南登封地区寒武系第三统张夏组是一套167m厚的碳酸盐岩地层,出露连续且完整,发育以微生物岩主导和以后生动物扰动灰岩主导的两种米级旋回类型。通过对米级旋回的演化及其沉积学和古遗迹学特征分析,张夏组自下而上由以微生物岩主导的米级旋回逐渐让位于以后生动物扰动灰岩主导的米级旋回;沉积体系由无鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地逐渐向发育厚层鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地演化;沉积环境从潮下低能深水演变为开阔台地,并逐渐变浅形成鲕粒滩、局限台地;沉积岩类型从叠层石、凝块石灰岩等微生物岩逐渐变化为生物碎屑灰岩、生物扰动灰岩和含生物扰动鲕粒灰岩。     

辽东半岛复州湾剖面寒武系第二统光合作用生物膜建造的核形石

作为一种经常大于鲕粒的包覆颗粒类型,核形石以其不平滑的圈层被解释为微生物成因,区别于成因存在较大争议的鲕粒,而且常与鲕粒和其他类型的碳酸盐颗粒相互共生;作为一种在围绕着生物碎屑和非生物碎屑核心的序列式纹层化作用过程中形成的球形或假球型生物沉积构造,核形石还常常单独产出和分布,所以又被解释为微生物碳酸盐岩,或者被归为球状叠层石。在辽东半岛寒武系第二统碱厂组和馒头组之中,厘米级别大小的核形石密集发育在三级层序的顶部,成为一种时间特化的相。另外,以下重要特征将辽东半岛寒武系第二统的核形石特征化,包括:(1)与凝块和微凝块共生;(2)多为球状和椭球状;(3)由不均一的非纹层状致密泥晶和微亮晶构成;(4)核形石皮层以及核形石间凝块中发育特别的蓝细菌鞘钙化化石等。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石的复杂生物膜钙化作用细节需要更加深入地研究才能得到更好地了解,但是,辽东半岛第二统碱厂组和馒头组核形石中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是核形石内较为丰富的钙化蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)