不同技术类型光伏组件的户外发电性能及衰减分析

对在广东省顺德地区(属于亚热带季风气候)运行的异质结(HIT)光伏组件、铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜光伏组件、碲化镉(CdTe)薄膜光伏组件这3种不同技术类型的光伏组件的户外发电性能进行了比较,并对这3种光伏组件的功率衰减情况进行了定量分析。截至2019年12月,上述3种光伏组件的户外累计运行时间长达12年,其室内Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性的测试结果表明,HIT光伏组件、CIGS薄膜光伏组件、CdTe薄膜光伏组件的年均功率衰减率分别为0.32%、0.84%和1.72%。此外,采用系统能效比(performance ratio,PR)和PVUSA能效评定2种方法对3种光伏组件实证系统的发电性能进行了评估,2种评估方法的结果基本一致,均为HIT光伏组件实证系统的功率衰减最小;而造成CdTe光伏组件实证系统发电量损失较大的主要原因在于CdTe薄膜光伏组件本身的功率衰减。     

CIGS-BIPV示范建筑的日发电性能分析

以惠州市潼湖科技创新小镇的铜铟镓硒建筑光伏一体化(CIGS-BIPV)示范项目为例,对该示范项目中示范建筑不同朝向立面上的铜铟镓硒(CIGS)薄膜光伏组件在夏季、冬季典型日的发电量特点和变化规律进行分析,结果显示：1)初夏的5月12日,安装在东南侧、西南侧、东北侧的CIGS薄膜光伏组件的日发电量大体相当,西南侧安装的CIGS薄膜光伏组件与东南侧、东北侧安装的CIGS薄膜光伏组件的日发电量曲线大致呈镜像关系。2)初冬的11月22日,安装在东南侧、西南侧的CIGS薄膜光伏组件的日发电量大体相当,均是安装在东北侧的CIGS薄膜光伏组件的约3倍。3)安装在东南侧、西南侧的CIGS薄膜光伏组件在11月22日的高效率发电时长高于其在5月12日的,发电量更大;安装在东北侧的CIGS薄膜光伏组件在5月12日的发电量是在11月22日的2.5倍。该研究结果可为采用薄膜光伏组件的BIPV项目和低纬度沿海地区的光电建筑应用提供借鉴。     

上海地区各种光伏组件户外发电性能比较和衰减原因分析

主要利用中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所嘉定园区配置的光伏组件户外测试系统,针对各种光伏组件(类型包括:多晶硅、n型单面和双面、PERC单晶硅和多晶硅、12栅单晶硅、HIT单面和双面、CIGS组件、CdTe组件)在上海地区的应用,于2016年6月1日～2018年7月20日开展了户外实证监测。首先通过室内标定对比了各种光伏组件的衰减,然后利用户外实证发电量对比了各种光伏组件的户外发电性能,进而分析了各种光伏组件的衰减原因。     

非正常功率衰减光伏组件的发电量分析与研究

光伏组件是光伏电站的关键部件,其功率衰减将造成光伏电站的整体发电量下降,影响电站的效益。通过对连接有正常功率衰减光伏组件和非正常功率衰减光伏组件的2台逆变器的发电量数据进行分析,得出了非正常功率衰减光伏组件的衰减规律及衰减程度,可为以后深入研究提供参考。     

异质结光伏组件的发电效果研究

为研究异质结光伏组件的实际发电效果,收集某光伏发电站近两年的发电量数据,得到单块组件的月均发电量.通过对比分析,验证该异质结光伏组件相对于多晶光伏组件在发电效率方面的优越性,且与理论增益相符.通过计算冬夏两季的月均发电量和月均辐照度,证明相比多晶光伏组件,温度升高对该异质结光伏组件的功率影响更小,与理论上异质结光伏组件...     

分布式光伏电站系统效率模型分析与研究

基于常州某3.00 MW分布式光伏电站级平台和上海地区单块组件级实验平台的实测数据,建立光伏系统综合效率随辐射量变化的数学模型,得到该电站年综合效率值为59.45%,远低于工程经验值。并从逆变器转换效率、单块光伏组件以及整个阵列的转换效率方面入手分析研究,对光伏阵列工作电压与逆变器MPPT工作电压失配导致电站综合效率受损进行重点揭示,且据此对光伏阵列组件串联数进行优化设计。可为分布式光伏电站的效率分析、设计优化提供理论指导,有利于光伏电站发电量的准确预估。     

多因素耦合对光伏组件表面温度影响的试验研究

低温条件(0℃以下)对光伏发电量影响的相关研究较少,为进一步研究温度对发电量的影响,该文首先研究各个因素对光伏组件表面温度的影响。运用灰色关联分析定量分析影响光伏组件表面温度的多种因素,分析得到各影响因子与光伏组件表面温度的最佳关联顺序为太阳辐照度环境温度风速湿度。并采用多元线性回归方程分析各影响因素与光伏组件表面温度之间的关系,结果为太阳辐照度每升高1 W/m~2,光伏组件正面温度增加0.037℃;环境温度每升高1℃,光伏组件正面温度增加0.851℃;风速每升高1 m/s,光伏组件正面温度降低0.421℃;湿度每升高1%,光伏组件正面温度增加0.248℃。其次,根据太阳电池转换特性还研究了光伏组件表面温度对光伏组件输出电压、电流及发电量的影响,并采用一元线性回归方程分析其关系,结果为光伏组件正面温度每升高1℃,发电量增加0.016 Wh。     

n型高效光伏组件发电性能研究

该文基于海南某小型光伏电站测试项目,收集p型和n型2种光伏组件在2021年的发电量数据,对比分析这2种组件在不同月份下的单瓦日均发电量,验证n型光伏组件相较于p型组件发电效率方面的优越性。在光伏电站实际工作条件下测试辐照度和温度对2种组件发电性能的影响,结果表明：n型光伏组件弱光性能更好;在高温条件下有更多的发电量增益,证明n型光伏组件的热稳定性更好,与理论上n型光伏组件功率温度系数更小相符。通过研究2种组件在不同天气下的直流功率,发现n型光伏组件在辐照度突降的情况下也保持优越的发电性能。     

北京地区多种光伏组件发电性能对比实验研究

该课题组设计建造了一座光伏试验电站,对单晶硅光伏组件、多晶硅光伏组件、非晶硅光伏组件、铜铟镓硒光伏组件和碲化镉光伏组件进行长期监测,对监测数据进行统计并分析了温度、弱光和湿度对不同光伏组件的影响,设计了阴影遮挡试验和灰尘清洗试验。研究表明,薄膜光伏组件的温度效应优于晶硅光伏组件,其输出功率损失低于晶硅光伏组件;对于晶硅光伏组件由于表面积尘和阴影遮挡而引起的输出功率损失要高于薄膜光伏组件;而弱光和湿度对光伏组件发电性能的影响没有明显差异。通过分析试验电站的监测数据,发现铜铟镓硒光伏组件单位装机容量的发电量最高,其发电量高出多晶硅光伏组件5.72%,而次于铜铟镓硒光伏组件发电能力的是单晶硅光伏组件和多晶硅光伏组件。     

双面组件光伏电站最优容配比的研究

通过对采用双面光伏组件的光伏电站(以下简称"双面组件光伏电站")系统效率损失进行分析,发现在光伏组件-逆变器容配比(下文简称"容配比")变化的情况下,逆变器过载损失对此类光伏电站发电量的影响最大.提出了双面组件光伏电站容配比的优化方法,并以太阳能资源Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地区的典型城市为例,进行了不同容配比和背景反射率下双面组件...     

与景观结合的奥运森林公园并网光伏发电系统

并网光伏发电系统与奥运森林公园景观相结合,体现了"绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运"三大理念,是清洁能源技术在奥运会中的应用。并网光伏发电系统设计中采用了MPPT技术、防孤岛效应技术、逆功率反送保护技术和完善的并网光伏发电系统监控技术,提高了并网光伏发电系统运行的可靠性和电网的安全性。奥运期间奥运区域供电等级提升为特级,为满足供电可靠性,示范电站采用带功率流向检测的并网模式,当并网光伏发电系统的有功功率超过指定负载的有功功率时,切断并网光伏发电系统,防止电能馈入电网。     

太阳能烟囱发电和海水淡化综合系统的初步研究

提出了太阳能烟囱海水淡化及热风发电综合系统。以天津地区的气候条件为准,估算出此系统每平方米集热棚面积可年产1.0kWh的电量和0.74t的淡水。对建立的小型冷凝实验验证系统中的冷空气风速、冷凝水产量及温度场进行了测量,给出了高浓度不凝气体—水蒸气间壁冷凝换热的水蒸气冷凝速率模型和理论风速计算公式,用来关联不凝气体浓度、温度等对冷凝换热的影响,为将来综合系统的优化提供理论依据。并根据实验数据对冷凝系统进行了初步设计。     

Electricty generation from woody biomass fuels compared with other renewable energy options

The future New Zealand biomass resource from exotic plantation forest arisings could supply 970 GWh/year by the year 2002. Associated wood processing residues could supply 280 GWh/year. Purpose grown fuelwood plantations could supply 2060 GWh/year with potential to rise to 10,000 GWh/year by 2012.Currently the annual electricity demand is around 30,000 GWh 70% of which is generated by hydro power. Natural gas, a resource with estimated reserves of only approximately 14 years currently supplies 25% of generating capacity. This paper describes how part replacement of gas by biomass could be a feasible proposition for the future.Life cycle cost analyses showed electricity could be generated from arisings for (US)4.8–6 c/kWh; from residues for (US)2.4–4.8 c/kWh; and from plantations for (US)4.8–7.2 c/kWh. For comparison the current retail electricity price is around (US)4–5.5 c/kWh and estimates for wind power generation range from (US)5–10 c/kWh. Future hydropower schemes will generate power between (US)4–9 c/kWh depending on site suitability.     

In situ monitoring of the growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films

Thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ were grown by co-evaporation process in a conventional vacuum coating system at the base pressure of 10⁻⁵ mbar. The controllable of the two-stage growth process was developed. During the growth process, substrate temperature, graphite heater temperature, heating output power and temperature of the CIGS surface were monitored simultaneously. In this setup, we use the change in the thermal behavior of the substrate due to the variations in emissivity of CIGS film during the transition of Cu-rich to Cu-poor in the second stage corresponding to the change of power fed into the substrate heater as the control signal. By observing the variation of control signals, the desired final composition of the film can be obtained. Using our device fabrication, Al/ZnO(Al)/CdS/CIGS/Mo/SLG solar cells with efficiency over 14% (without AR) were achieved.     

Optimizing a microgrid photovoltaic-fuel cell energy system at the highest renewable fraction

The current research examined the usage of fuel cells as an energy storage unit to increase renewable energy self-consumption in microgrid energy system applications. The studied model is comprised of photovoltaic modules and a fuel cell that serves as the energy storage unit. The study was conducted in 2020, utilizing real-time weather and electrical load data with a one-minute temporal resolution. The daily average energy consumption for the analyzed household was 10.1 kWh, with a peak power output of 5.3 kW, and the yearly energy consumption was 3755 kWh. The investigated photovoltaic system has a capacity of 2.7 kWp (6 modules at 0.45 kWp/module), and the fuel cell capacity is in the range of 0–3 kW in order to obtain optimal integration with the photovoltaic system to get maximum renewable energy fraction utilization. The findings indicate that using fuel cells powered by hydrogen generated by renewable energy systems can significantly increase self-consumption and self-sufficiency. The annual results showed that the use of 2.5 kW fuel cells can increase renewable fraction utilization from 0.622 to 0.918 with a 2.5 kW fuel cell, and energy self-consumption can reach 3338.2 kWh/year, an increase of 98.4%, and energy self-sufficiency can reach 3218.8 kWh/year, an increase of 94.41%. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed photovoltaic fuel cell energy system provides a viable option to run semi-autonomous or fully autonomous applications in a self-sustaining medium at a percentage of 95%. Furthermore, the economic aspect is analysed for the optimal system configuration.     

Maximum power point tracking: A cost saving necessity in solar energy systems

A well engineered renewable remote energy system, utilizing the principal of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) can improve cost effectiveness, has a higher reliability and can improve the quality of life in remote areas. A high-efficient power electronic converter, for converting the output voltage of a solar panel, or wind generator, to the required DC battery bus voltage has been realized. The converter is controlled to track the maximum power point of the input source under varying input and output parameters. Maximum power point tracking for relative small systems is achieved by maximization of the output current in a battery charging regulator, using an optimized hill-climbing, inexpensive microprocessor based algorithm. Through practical field measurements it is shown that a minimum input source saving of between 15 to 25% on 3–5 kWh/day systems are easily be achieved. A total cost saving of at least 10–15% on the capital cost of these systems are achieveable for relative small rating Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems. The advantages at large temperature variations and high power rated systems are much higher. Other advantages include optimal sizing and system monitor and control.     

Return on capital and earned carbon credit by hybrid solar Photovoltaic—wind turbine generators

This paper presents a methodology to optimise a hybrid solar Photovoltaic—wind turbine generator for the villages situated in the remote areas, especially coastal regions of India. Owing to good insolation and wind density, the hybrid system composed of 6 photovoltaic (PV) modules, one wind turbine and 3 batteries are sufficient to fulfil all the necessary power demand without interruption for an Indian village. The analytical analysis shows that the system having lifespan of 30 years has return on capital, cost of power produced and cost of the hybrid solar-wind generators as 4.08%, € 0.155/kWh and € 4723.5/kWh respectively. The energy payback time is 2.47 years and will lead to earn € 28.52 every year of carbon credits.     

Performance analysis of a grid-connected photovoltaic system

Grid-connected photovoltaic systems are required to introduce photovoltaic solar energy into urban areas. To analyze these systems, a 2.0 kW_p power system has been installed at the University of Málaga, Spain. The array power output was estimated by using measured I–V curves for the installed modules with minimization of mismatch losses. The supplied grid energy and main performances are described. The effects on system yield of threshold-inverter and coupling losses of the inverter to the grid have been studied. During 1997, the system supplied 2678 kWh to the grid, i.e. the mean daily output, was 7.4 kWh. The annual performance ratio was 64.5% and the optimal value 67.9%.     

Performance of a 500 kWP grid connected photovoltaic system at Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand

This paper summarises the first eight months of monitoring of the PHA BONG photovoltaic generation project, a 500 kW_p photovoltaic pilot plant, in Mae Hong Son province, Thailand. The local grid in this remote area in the North West of Thailand is very limited in its capacity and cannot be enlarged. It has been in operation since 20 March 2004 by feeding into 400 V_AC, 22 kV medium voltage grid. The system consist of a photovoltaic array 1680 modules (140 strings, 12 modules/string; 300 W/module), power conditioning units and battery converter system. During the first eight months of this system's operation, the PV system generated about 383,274 kWh. The average of generating electricity production per day was 1695.9 kWh. It ranged from 1452.3 to 2042.3 kWh. The efficiency of the PV array system ranged from 9 to 12%. The efficiency of the power conditioning units (PCU) is in the range from 92 to 98%. The final yield (Y_F) ranged from 2.91 to 3.98 h/d and the performance ratio (PR) range from 0.7 to 0.9.     

Case study feasibility analysis of the Pelamis wave energy convertor in Ireland, Portugal and North America

The performance and economic viability of the Pelamis wave energy converter (WEC) has been investigated over a 20 year project time period using 2007 wave energy data from various global locations: Ireland, Portugal, USA and Canada. Previous reports assessing the Pelamis quote a disparate range of financial returns for the Pelamis, necessitating a comparative standardised assessment of wave energy economic indicators. An Excel model (NAVITAS) was created for this purpose which estimated the annual energy output of Pelamis for each location using wave height (H_s) and period (T_z) data, and produced financial results dependant on various input parameters. The economic indicators used for the analysis were cost of electricity (COE), net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR), modelled at a tariff rate of €0.20/kWh). Analysis of the wave energy data showed that the highest annual energy output (AEO) and capacity for the Pelamis was the Irish site, as expected. Portugal returned lower AOE similar to the lesser North American sites. Monthly energy output was highest in the winter, and was particularly evident in the Irish location. Moreover, the difference between the winter wave energy input and the Pelamis energy output for Ireland was also significant as indicated by the capture width, suggesting that Pelamis design was not efficiently capturing all the wave energy states present during that period. Modelling of COE for the various case study locations showed large variation in returns, depending on the number of WEC modelled and the initial cost input and learning curve. COE was highest when modelling single WEC in comparison to multiples, as well as when using 2004 initial costs in comparison to 2008 costs (at which time price of materials peaked). Ireland returned the lowest COE of €0.05/kWh modelling over 100 WEC at 2004 cost of materials, and €0.15/kWh at 2008 prices. Although favourable COE were recorded from some of the modelled scenarios, results indicated that NPV and IRR were not encouraging when using a €0.20/kWh tariff. It is recommended that a tariff rate of €0.30/kWh be considered for Ireland, and higher rates for other locations. In conclusion, Ireland had the most abundant wave energy output from the Pelamis. COE returns for Ireland were competitive for large number of WEC, even at peak costs, but it is recommended that careful analysis of NPV and IRR should be carried out for full economic assessment. Finally, a standardised method of COE reporting is recommended, using fixed WEC number or MW size, as well as standardised learning/production curves and initial costs, to facilitate confidence in investment decisions based on COE.