连续4个生长季大气CO2升高与土壤铅(Pb)污染耦合下刺槐幼苗根际土壤微生物特征

阐明CO₂升高和土壤重金属污染耦合对植物根际微生物群落的影响对明确大气CO₂升高背景下土壤重金属污染的植物根际生态效应意义明显.利用开顶箱系统模拟了连续4个生长季大气CO₂浓度升高［（700±27）μmol·L^-1］与土壤Pb污染（15.6 mg·kg^-1和515.6 mg·kg^-1）耦合对刺槐幼苗根际土壤微生物群落的影响.结果表明,与Pb污染相比,高浓度CO₂提高了（P<0.05）Pb污染下幼苗根际土壤总N含量,同时也提高了根际土壤pH、总C和水溶性C含量及C/N,降低了（P<0.05）根际土壤总Pb和可溶性Pb含量.细菌丰富度和多样性在耦合条件下较Pb污染增加（P<0.05）,而真菌丰富度降低（P<0.05）和多样性增加（P<0.05）;细菌和真菌群落中相对丰度最高的前两位优势属变化不显著,但其它类群如Anaerolineaceae、Solirubrobacterales、Eurotiomycetes、Aspergillus和Trichocomaceae的相对丰度受大气CO₂浓度升高与土壤Pb污染耦合影响显著;相对丰度较高的前10位细菌和真菌优势属与根际土壤环境因子的冗余分析表明,根际土壤总C和可溶性Pb是显著（P<0.05）影响细菌优势属环境因子,总C对真菌优势属影响显著（P<0.05）.结果表明刺槐幼苗根际土壤总C和可溶性Pb是根际土壤细菌群落变化的显著影响因子,而真菌群落仅受总C的显著影响.     

氮添加对不同坡度退化高寒草甸土壤真菌多样性的影响

为明确不同坡度退化高寒草甸土壤真菌多样性对外源氮添加的响应规律,选取三江源区果洛州不同坡度退化程度相近的高寒草甸,进行外源氮添加试验,探讨不同氮添加水平：低等量氮添加（LN,2 g ·m^-2）、中等量氮添加（MN,5 g ·m^-2）和高等量氮添加（HN,10 g ·m^-2）对不同坡度退化草地土壤真菌多样性的影响.结果表明：①土壤中真菌分布类群集中于子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）和球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）,其中优势菌门为子囊菌门和担子菌门.子囊菌门、根肿黑粉门和油壶菌门等相对丰度在不同坡度间差异显著（P<0.05）.而同一坡度不同氮添加处理下真菌各门丰度变化差异均不显著.②优势属为被孢霉属和Archaeorhizomyces,它们对不同坡度和不同氮添加水平的响应无差异性.③已鉴定95个菌属在不同坡度间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.④一些相对丰度<1%的属在同一坡度不同水平氮添加间存在显著差异（P<0.05）.5 α和β多样性分析整体表现为在不同坡度和不同氮添加水平下土壤真菌群落无差异性.表明退化高寒草甸土壤真菌对外源氮添加的响应不敏感.     

青藏高原高寒湿地春夏两季根际与非根际土壤反硝化速率及nirS型反硝化细菌群落特征分析

反硝化是生态系统氮循环的关键过程.目前对于生态系统氮排放及反硝化细菌群落的研究大多基于人为影响显著的环境,对于人为干扰较低的自然生态系统的研究较少.本研究选取青藏高原黄河源区不同海拔（唐克、久治、玛多和达日）不同季节（春季和夏季）的高寒湿地植物根际与非根际土壤作为研究对象,采用¹⁵N同位素标记法测定反硝化速率,高通量测序技术测定nirS反硝化细菌群落组成及相对丰度,并探究环境因子（气温、海拔）和土壤理化性质（pH、土壤有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮）对nirS型反硝化细菌群落的影响.结果表明,高寒湿地土壤反硝化速率范围为0.80~14.98 nmol·（g·h）^-1,对总N₂释放的贡献率为11.23%~71.16%.唐克、久治和达日的土壤样品,均呈现出根际土壤反硝化速率高于非根际的趋势（P<0.05）.Proteobacteria是青藏高原高寒湿地植物根际和非根际土壤中主要的反硝化细菌门;在属水平上,各土壤样本中相对丰度最高的是一种未分类的变形杆菌（unclassified Proteobacteria,2.86%~29.41%）,这表明主导青藏高原高寒湿地反硝化作用的可能有一些独特的未被鉴定的反硝化菌属,相对丰度其次为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas,2.45%~26.52%）和贪铜菌属（Cupriavidus,0%~34.14%）.基于距离的冗余分析结果表明,高寒湿地的反硝化细菌群落结构主要受到海拔、pH、NO₂^-含量影响（P<0.05）;相关分析表明反硝化速率和Shannon指数与pH呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,且主要反硝化菌群相对丰度受到温度和pH的影响.本研究结果可为进一步了解青藏高原高寒湿地这一特殊生境中的氮循环提供参考依据.     

巢湖完全氨氧化细菌的丰度、群落结构及其影响因素研究

完全氨氧化过程（complete ammonia oxidation, comammox）的发现使研究者们对硝化作用和氮循环都有了新的认识.本研究选取巢湖冬夏季表层（0~10 cm）沉积物样品,运用高通量测序、实时定量PCR等分子生物学技术对comammox细菌的丰度和群落结构进行研究.结果表明：基于amoA基因的comammox细菌的丰度为（5.20±0.72）×10⁶~（4.06±1.23）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化古菌的丰度为（5.39±1.01）×10⁵~（1.60±0.18）×10⁷ copies·g^-1;氨氧化细菌的丰度为（6.16±1.57）×10⁵~（4.30±0.19）×10⁶ copies·g^-1.comammox细菌的绝对丰度显著高于氨氧化古菌和氨氧化细菌.多样性分析表明冬季巢湖表层沉积物中的comammox细菌的物种多样性大于夏季.其中Candidatus Nitrospira nitrificans、Candidatus Nitrospira nitrosa和Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度最高占比分别为78.72%、49.80%和6.28%,且夏季样点中Candidatus Nitrospira inopinata的相对丰度显著高于冬季样点.主坐标分析（Principle Coordinate Analysis, PcoA）结果表明,comammox细菌的群落结构具有明显的时间异质性.理化因子中,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-与comammox细菌的丰度呈负相关关系.本研究在一定程度上揭示了comammox细菌的丰度、群落组成、多样性及其与理化因子的关系.     

黄河源区斑块化退化高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性变化

为研究海拔变化和退化过程中高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性的变化规律,利用MiSeq高通量测序技术,分析不同海拔活动斑块、非活动斑块、恢复斑块和高寒草甸土壤细菌群落多样性,利用冗余分析对细菌多样性和环境因子进行分析.结果发现,3种类型斑块中主要的土壤细菌门均是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）.细菌优势属为RB 41 、鞘脂单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）和慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）.RB 41 和慢生根瘤菌属相对丰度随海拔升高而下降,随斑块演替而增加,但3种类型退化斑块相对丰度均显著低于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.退化斑块土壤碳固定功能的细菌丰度,大于健康高寒草甸.不同斑块的细菌Chao1指数和物种数显著高于高寒草甸（P<0.05）.冗余分析发现,生物结皮盖度和全氮是海拔4013 m处细菌优势门的主要影响因子;生物量、全氮和pH对高海拔4224 m细菌优势门影响较大.生物量和全钾显著影响海拔4013 m的细菌属分布,海拔4224 m地区莎草科盖度和速效氮为细菌优势属的主要影响因子.生物结皮和pH对细菌多样性影响较大.不同海拔地区细菌的影响因子发生着较大变化,在研究细菌多样性变化的过程中,不仅要关注高寒草地退化的影响,还应考虑海拔高度的作用.     

黄河兰州段河岸带土壤中微生物与耐药基因的赋存特征

河岸带土壤是流域的重要组成部分,生物污染物赋存特性影响了流域水环境的污染治理.以农田、周山和工业用地为代表性土壤,探究黄河兰州段河岸带土壤中微生物群落结构、抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）及其遗传原件（MGEs）的赋存特征.结果表明,变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门为黄河兰州段河岸带土壤的优势菌门.河岸带土壤的微生物种群结构与土地利用类型存在相关性（P<0.05）.细菌群落的α多样性指数由大到小依次为：农田>周山>工业.定量PCR结果表明,磺胺类ARGs为黄河流域兰州段土壤中的优势基因,其中sul1丰度最高,为其它检测ARGs的20~36 000倍.工业类型土壤的ARGs中的总绝对丰度最高.主坐标分析（PCoA）显示ARGs的赋存特性与土地类型也有显著性关联（P<0.05）,并且intl1与tnpA-04分别对磺胺类ARGs和四环素类ARGs的传播具有驱动效果.冗余分析（RDA）表明,黄河兰州段河岸带土壤中的无机盐离子和总磷的含量是改变微生物结构的主要理化因子,盐杆菌门和酸杆菌门是驱动ARGs结构变化的主要微生物菌群.     

不同形态氮添加对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

探究不同氮素形态对多年生高寒栽培草地土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响,以期为制定多年生高寒栽培草地氮添加方案提供科学依据.于2022年6月,在青海省海南藏族自治州共和县巴卡台农牧场以建植4龄的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis Qinghai）+青海中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis Qinghai）混播草地为研究对象,以不施肥为对照（CK）,设置3个不同形态氮素处理,分别为U:尿素（酰胺态氮）、A:硫酸铵（铵态氮）和N:硝酸钙（硝态氮）,各处理的氮素施用量均为67.5 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,对不同处理下土壤养分和微生物群落组成及多样性进行分析.结果表明,外源铵态氮输入显著提高了NH₄ ⁺-N含量、AP含量和EC,酰胺态氮输入显著提高了SOC含量和TN含量,硝态氮输入显著提高了NO₃ ^--N含量、AN含量和TC含量.外源氮输入改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及优势菌门和属的相对丰度,但对细菌和真菌群落的Alpha多样性没有显著影响.主坐标分析（PCoA）表明,不同形态氮添加对细菌群落的Beta多样性具有显著影响,而对真菌群落影响不显著.冗余分析（RDA）表明,氮添加主要通过土壤铵态氮来改变微生物群落组成和结构.综合而言,在青藏高原多年生栽培草地土壤修复过程中,应优先考虑铵态氮肥.     

稻田土壤氧化亚氮产生潜势、反硝化功能基因丰度和群落结构的垂向分布

土壤中氧化亚氮（N₂O）的释放量占全球N₂O释放总量的60%.其中，稻田土壤是N₂O最主要的释放源.反硝化过程是稻田土壤N₂O生成的主要微生物过程之一.本研究选取广东韶关稻田垂向土壤（0~100 cm）为研究对象，通过乙炔抑制剂法测定了N₂O产生潜势和反硝化潜势，并利用针对特异性功能基因的实时荧光定量和高通量测序技术分别分析反硝化功能基因丰度和反硝化微生物群落结构.结果显示：0~10 cm深度的土壤样品N₂O产生潜势最高，可达（0.020±0.0035）μg·g^-1·h^-1.反硝化功能基因中，nirK基因的丰度峰值（（1.51±0.0015）×10⁸ copies·g^-1）出现在0~10 cm深度，而nosZ和nirS基因的丰度峰值（（4.29±0.0015）×10⁷ copies·g^-1和（8.86±0.0010）×10⁷ copies·g^-1）均出现在10~20 cm深度.稻田垂向土壤中N₂O产生潜势和相关的反硝化功能基因（nosZ、nirK和nirS）丰度均随土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低.其中在所有深度的土壤样品中nirK基因的丰度均高于nirS.基于nirK基因的高通量测序结果发现慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）的相对丰度最高（44.06%±6.14%，n=6）.相关性分析表明，稻田土壤中N₂O产生潜势与环境因子（TN、TC和含水率）、反硝化功能基因丰度以及慢生根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium），罗河杆菌属（Rhodanobacter）和亚硝化螺菌属（Nitrosospira）的相对丰度呈正相关.上述结果表明稻田土壤中环境因子和反硝化功能基因丰度影响了N₂O产生潜势的垂向分布.     

酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%（MB₀）、0.5%（MB_0.5）、1.0%（MB_1.0）、2.0%（MB_2.0）和4.0%（MB_4.0）,研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮（TN）和硝态氮（NN）含量分别提高35.79%~365.26%和122.96%~171.80%,微生物量氮（MBN）含量降低34.10%~59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮（AN/TN）、硝态氮/全氮（NN/TN）和微生物量氮/全氮（MBN/TN）呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB₀处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）相对丰度提高了1.76~2.11倍,而酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）相对丰度均出现不同程度的降低,均以MB_4.0处理降幅最为显著.同时,酒糟生物炭的施用还增加了一些土壤功能细菌的相对丰度,如链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、极小单胞菌属（Pusillimonas）等,降低了溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）和芽孢杆菌属（Gemmatimonas）等优势菌属的相对丰度.此外,冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,MBN/TN、NN和MBN是引起土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要氮素环境因子,而且MBN/TN、MBN与奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）均呈显著正相关性,说明短期内酒糟生物炭的施用可以显著降低氨氧化古菌和硝化细菌的丰度,抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化速率,提高土壤氮素有效性.综上所述,短期内施用酒糟生物炭可以提高黄壤氮素养分,改变土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,并可以通过抑制土壤氨氧化作用和硝化作用有效阻控土壤氮素淋溶发生的风险,提高土壤氮素有效性.     

稻田硝酸盐异化还原成铵细菌群落结构的垂向分布特性

硝酸盐异化还原成铵（Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium，DNRA）过程，可将土壤中的NO₃^-/NO₂^-还原成NH₄⁺-N以被作物吸收利用，有助于土壤中氮素的保存.选择位于广东韶关市和吉林安图县的两块稻田为研究对象，通过分子生物学方法和高通量测序技术，深入探究了两种稻田土壤（0~1 m）中DNRA细菌丰度和群落结构的垂向分布特性.结果显示：两种稻田土壤中DNRA细菌更多的存在于表层土壤（0~20 cm）中，丰度最低值均出现在深层土壤（90~100 cm）中，且表层样品群落结构的多样性大于深层样品；两个稻田样品间的群落结构体现出明显的空间异质性，安图稻田样品DNRA细菌的丰度和群落结构多样性均大于韶关稻田样品；其中，相对丰度较高的Anaeromyxobacter（28.67%）、Caldimicrobium（19.49%）、Nitrospira（10.90%）和Chthoniobacter（9.15%）是两个稻田中DNRA细菌群落组成中的关键菌属.相关性分析表明，总硫（TS）、有机质（TOM）、含水率（MC）、碳氮比（C/N）与DNRA细菌丰度之间均有显著正相关性（p<0.01，n=20），偏碱性、有机质丰富、氮源缺乏、碳源丰富且C/N较高的环境及适宜的含水率是稻田垂向生态系统中DNRA细菌适宜的生存环境.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.