老年慢性病病人出院后连续护理需求调查分析

[目的]调查老年慢性病病人对出院后连续护理需求的服务内容。[方法]对156例住院的老年慢性病病人进行问卷调查。[结果]156例老年慢性病病人对出院后连续护理知识需求以疾病及相关护理知识为主,护理技术需求具有针对性、体现个体化。[结论]根据老年慢性病病人出院后护理需求情况制定出院后连续护理计划,针对护理知识需求的特点进行健康教育,对欠缺的护理服务技能进行全方位的指导,进行出院后连续护理服务,以保证老年慢性病病人出院后获得持续且完整的连续护理。     

首发老年脑卒中病人主要照顾者做好家庭护理的准备情况及其影响因素

[目的]探讨首发老年脑卒中病人出院时其主要照顾者做好家庭护理准备的情况及其影响因素。[方法]采用《护理结局分类》(第3版)中的照顾者做好家庭护理准备量表对准备出院的231例首发老年脑卒中病人及其主要照顾者进行调查。[结果]首发老年脑卒中病人主要照顾者做好家庭护理的准备结局总分为(52.58±11.69)分。多元线性回归分析显示,照顾者年龄、职业、家庭人均月收入、是否有照顾经验、是否有其他照顾者、自觉照顾病人的压力程度及病人的自理能力等级、居住地是否有方便就诊的医院是照顾者做好家庭护理的准备情况的主要影响因素(P0.05)。[结论]首发老年脑卒中病人主要照顾者做好家庭护理的准备度亟待提高,且受多种因素影响,医务人员对即将出院的首发老年脑卒中病人及其主要照顾者进行宣教时,应根据出院前评估的具体情况及时识别其危险因素,以为其制定个性化的延续护理干预措施。     

老年慢性病病人出院后连续护理需求调查分析

[目的]调查老年慢性病病人对出院后连续护理需求的服务内容.[方法]对156例住院的老年慢性病病人进行问卷调查.[结果]156例老年慢性病病人对出院后连续护理知识需求以疾病及相关护理知识为主,护理技术需求具有针对性、体现个体化.[结论]根据老年慢性病病人出院后护理需求情况制定出院后连续护理计划,针对护理知识需求的特点进行健康教育,对欠缺的护理服务技能进行全方位的指导,进行出院后连续护理服务,以保证老年慢性病病人出院后获得持续且完整的连续护理.     

出院老年慢性病患者生存质量及其影响因素分析

目的探讨出院老年慢性病患者的生存质量及其影响因素。方法采用WHO生存质量测定量表—老年人模块(WHO quality of life-old,WHOQOL-OLD)对广州市两家三级甲等医院及1家二级甲等医院的255例出院老年慢性病患者进行调查,了解出院老年患者生存质量状况及其影响因素。结果老年慢性病患者生存质量在中等水平;患慢性病数目不同的出院老年慢性病患者其生存质量在过去、现在和将来行为领域(past,presentand future activities field,PPFA)比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);是否患脑血管疾病的出院老年慢性病患者其生存质量在自主领域(autonomy field,A)、死亡观领域(deathdying field,DD)比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05);出院后是否需要照顾的老年慢性病患者生存质量在自主领域(autonomy field,A)、社会参与领域(social participation field,SP)、死亡观领域(deathdying field,DD)、亲密关系领域(intimacy field,I)比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论出院老年患者生存质量呈中等水平,患多种疾病、出院后需要照顾及患有脑血管疾病患者是影响患者生活质量的因素,出院时护士应为患者制订有针对性的出院指导计划,有意识指导患者增加自主性及社会参与性,提高患者出院后的适应能力,从而提高其生存质量。     

老年慢性病出院患者护理需求现状调查分析

目的了解老年慢性病出院患者的护理需求,为制订针对性的出院指导提供依据。方法采用老年慢性病患者护理需求调查问卷对2家三级甲等综合医院及1家二级甲等综合医院的250例出院老年慢性病患者进行调查,了解老年慢性病出院患者护理需求状况。结果出院老年慢性病患者的护理需求得分呈中等偏高水平;单项护理需求以疾病护理与预防方面为主;排在前5位的分别是出现紧急情况时医护人员的救护、护士定期提供体检、健康知识的宣教、安全用药指导及慢性病的长期护理;不同经济收入水平、患者出院后是否需要照顾在护理需求方面比较,均P〈0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论老年慢性病出院患者的护理需求是多方面的,护士在实施出院护理时,重点应关注患者不同护理需求,特别是经济条件差或出院后需要照顾的患者,并有针对性地做好出院指导,满足老年慢性病患者的护理需求。     

社区老年慢性病病人健康综合评价及影响因素分析

[目的]评估社区老年慢性病病人的健康状况,分析其影响因素,为合理利用医疗卫生资源提供理论参考。[方法]采用现况调查方法,应用自行研制的社区老年慢性病病人综合评价量表对西安市某社区440名老年慢性病病人进行调查。[结果]老年慢性病病人均存在不同程度的健康问题,以日常活动能力下降和躯体健康水平降低为主。慢性病数目、老年慢性病病人的婚姻状况、锻炼方式、年龄、吸烟、体重指数(BMI)及个人收入水平是影响老年慢性病病人健康状况的主要因素。[结论]在社区卫生服务中应加强对慢性病病人的关注与干预,提高老年慢性病病人的生活质量和生存率。     

以奥马哈系统为基础构建全髋关节置换术病人出院随访模式的效果观察

[目的]探讨以奥马哈系统为理论依据构建人工全髋关节置换(THA)病人出院随访模式对提高病人自理能力、减轻照顾者负担、改善病人护理结局的效果。[方法]将2013年THA术后病人40例作为观察组,分别在病人出院后7d、1个月、3个月使用奥马哈系统出院随访模式对观察组进行持续性定向评估、干预及评价。将2012年THA术后病人38例作为对照组,分别在病人出院后7d、1个月、3个月行常规随访。比较两组病人的自理能力(ADL)、照顾者护理负担、病人护理结局。[结果]两组病人ADL比较差异无统计学意义,两组护理结局、照顾者负担比较差异有统计学意义,观察组优于对照组。[结论]以奥马哈系统为理论依据构建THA出院随访模式能够改善THA病人的护理结局、减轻照顾者负担。     

Guide Care护理模式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人照顾者的影响

[目的]探讨以Guide Care护理模式为基础的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)管理干预对COPD慢性病管理中照顾者的影响。[方法]选择我院呼吸内科慢性阻塞性肺疾病出院病人的家庭照顾者103人,随机分为观察组53人和对照组50人,观察组采用Guide Care护理模式,对照组采用常规出院护理模式。分别进行为期6个月的慢性病管理干预,评价两组干预前后COPD照顾者负担及生活质量评分变化。[结果]干预后观察组ZBI评分低于对照组,SF-36评分高于对照组(均P0.05)。[结论]以Guide Care护理模式为基础的COPD慢性病管理干预可以减少COPD照顾者负担,提高其生活质量。     

脑卒中病人家庭照顾者照顾能力及其影响因素研究

[目的]探讨温州市脑卒中病人家庭照顾者照顾能力状况,分析其影响因素。[方法]用自制的脑卒中病人一般资料调查表、家庭照顾者一般资料调查表和照顾能力量表,对温州市247组康复期的脑卒中病人及其家庭照顾者进行调查。[结果]温州市脑卒中病人家庭照顾者照顾能力得分7.36分±4.38分,与香港常模比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);影响家庭照顾者照顾能力的因素主要有病人疾病影响及家庭照顾者年龄、照顾时间、健康状况、压力大小。[结论]脑卒中病人家庭照顾者照顾能力与脑卒中病人疾病及家庭照顾者年龄、照顾时间、健康状况、压力大小有关,在护理工作中应该对家庭照顾者给予更多的关注,采取相应措施来提高其照顾能力。     

老年慢性病病人照顾者的负担及其影响因素

[目的]了解老年慢性病病人照顾者的照顾负担现状,分析照顾者负担的影响因素。[方法]以老年慢性病病人及其照顾者的一般资料调查表、照顾者负担量表为研究工具,采用方便抽样法对212例老年慢性病病人照顾者进行问卷调查。[结果]老年慢性病病人主要照顾者的负担总分为(34.55±17.78)分;影响照顾者负担的因素有照顾者与病人的关系、病人年龄、病人病程、家庭经济状况。[结论]老年慢性病病人照顾者存在不同程度的照顾负担,社会应重视老年慢性病病人照顾者的负担,并采取积极有效的应对措施。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。