循环流化床多联供试验台调节特性的试验研究

在一个循环流化床与移动床结合的多联供冷态试验台上,循环床与移动床之间用改进的气动分配阀控制循环物料的分配,提升管直径为400mm、高度为6000mm,移动床直径为476mm、高度为1200mm。进行了单回路运行和双回路同时运行的试验,对气动分配阀返料特性和系统压力分布进行了研究。在气动分配阀的返料临界压力范围内,在两侧存在压差的情况下,气动分配阀可以实现对循环物料在回路1和回路2之间分配的调节控制。试验结果为循环流化床多联供热态试验台的设计提供了一些经验。     

循环流化床返料阀结构对循环流率动态响应特性的影响

循环流化床锅炉燃烧技术是一种洁净煤燃烧技术,其应对负荷变化的灵活性未来会得到更多的关注。但目前对于负荷变化的研究集中于调峰策略优化,缺乏提升CFB本身变负荷速率的影响因素研究。在CFB锅炉负荷变化时,循环流率也随之变化,并达到新的平衡态,而返料阀的结构是循环流率的重要影响因素。因此,为了研究CFB锅炉变负荷响应速率的影响因素,基于CPFD方法对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉立管及返料阀内在循环流率变化时的流动行为进行模拟,研究不同返料阀结构对循环流率变化的响应速度。结果表明,在立管远离回料阀侧及回料阀水平横段底部存在一定的流动死区,返料阀及立管内物料仅在较小的区域内有较大的移动速度。当循环流率增加时,较小的颗粒移动区域限制了其达到更大流量平衡的时间,减弱了系统变负荷的响应速率。在松动风、流化风分别为0. 14和0. 30 m/s,循环流率从50 kg/(m~2·s)提升到60 kg/(m~2·s)时,随着水平横段长度的增加,系统响应时间先急剧减小后缓慢上升;返料阀水平横段长度与立管直径之比为3. 5时,最短响应时间为67 s。保持流化风量不变并改变松动风大小,系统响应时间随松动风量的增加而减小,但不同返料阀结构下系统响应时间的规律相似。返料阀对循环流率变化的响应速度与返料阀内的流动死区大小密切相关。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究,具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系,以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸,研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时,随着松动风量的增加,循环流率先线性增大,然后基本保持恒定;当松动风量一定时,系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系;实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究，具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系，以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸，研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时，随着松动风量的增加，循环流率先线性增大，然后基本保持恒定；当松动风量一定时，系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系；实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

油页岩循环床锅炉中温分离回输系统Loop Seal工作特性的研究

在目前世界上投入商业运行最大容量的 65t/h油页岩循环流化床锅炉上 ,进行了全尺寸的中温分离系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的工作特性热态试验 ,得到了油页岩循环流化床燃烧中温分离回输系统中LoopSeal型返料装置的运行参数、温度特性及其循环物料的颗粒特性和含碳量分布 ,试验结果对油页岩循环流化床锅炉的放大设计与运行调节具有一定的参考价值     

六回路环形炉膛循环流化床试验研究

针对大型循环流化床锅炉存在的二次风穿透不佳、受热面布置困难等问题,提出了适用于600 MW等级及以上超(超)临界循环流化床锅炉的炉型——六回路环形炉膛循环流化床,并进行冷态试验研究,考查环形炉膛内气固流动特性和六回路间循环流率分布特性。结果表明:颗粒浓度沿环形炉膛高度的分布与矩形单炉膛相似,呈下浓上稀的指数型分布;随着流化速度的增大,炉膛下部密相区颗粒浓度减小,炉膛中上部和出口区域的颗粒浓度增大,各回路的循环流率均明显增大;随着静止料层高度的增大,整个炉膛高度的颗粒浓度都增大且高度越高处增幅越小;流化速度较低时循环流率不因静止料层高度的增大而变化,流化速度较高时循环流率随静止料层高度增大而稍有增大;六回路间循环流率的分布较均匀,设计工况下循环流率的相对偏差为4.5%;环形炉膛内环长边壁面悬吊屏对循环流率的大小和分布影响较小。     

循环流化床煤热解拔头工艺循环颗粒流分配

利用直径0.09 m、高12 m的冷态循环流化床装置,研究了循环流化床煤热解拔头工艺中分别与提升管燃烧器和热解器连接的2个颗粒循环回路间存在的压差对循环颗粒在两回路间分配的影响,设计了可补偿压差的颗粒分配阀. 结果表明,增加分配阀一侧的流动阻力可阻碍该侧的颗粒流率,调节分配阀阻力可补偿两颗粒循环回路间的压差,有效调控颗粒流的分配. 提出了优化颗粒分配阀结构的方案,在总颗粒循环量126.9 kg/(m2×s)的条件下对分配阀低压侧的颗粒分配比例达到了0~52.4%.     

循环流化床锅炉一体化外置式换热器

大型循环流化床锅炉广泛采用各种形式的外置式换热器。传统的换热器只能实现换热器（EHE）和返料机构（loop seal）之间的物料流量的调节,此时进入EHE的物料将会全部顺次流过各个换热仓室,很难对外置床中的各种受热面的传热量进行单独调节。本文首次提出了一种全新的非机械阀式外置式换热器布置方式,通过控制流入各个换热仓室的固体物料流量,从而达到对各换热仓室中布置的受热面的换热情况进行单独调节。同时把EHE和loop seal结合在一起,保证向炉膛的返料。文中对这种一体化外置式换热器及其返料机构中的物料流动特性进行了冷态试验研究。试验结果表明,这种外置式换热器有很好的物料分流和流量控制特性。可以通过调节运行参数和结构参数来控制两个换热室、EHE和loop seal以及两个返料口之间的物料流量和比例。同时还得到了物料在换热室的流动特性。通过对可见输送分离高度的测量,提出了分配室和换热室相对隔板高度的设计方法。     

循环流化床两级返料器冷态试验研究

在高度为3 m、直径为0.1 m的循环流化床冷态试验台上,通过测量不同工况下的系统压力及物料循环流率,研究了采用两级返料器时,不同压力平衡口位置对系统运行特性的影响,并对比研究了采用单级返料器和两级返料器结构形式循环流化床系统的运行特性。试验结果表明:当采用两级返料器时,在合理的压力平衡口位置范围内,相同工况下不同压力平衡口位置对系统运行特性影响不大;在相同的操作条件下,采用不同结构形式的返料器,系统物料循环流率的变化趋势基本一致,采用两级返料器结构形式时各级立管压降之和与采用单级返料器立管压降基本相同;利用压力的标准方差来表示压力脉动的大小,结果显示:采用单级返料器时,在提升管不同高度处和立管底部压力脉动均比较大,而采用两级返料器结构形式运行更加稳定。     

循环流化床锅炉返料换热装置冷态试验研究

针对一种工业循环流化床(CFB)装置专利技术,提出了新的返料换热装置方案.并在一个循环流化床冷模试验系统中,对返料换热装置气固流动特性与结构尺寸的关系进行了试验研究.通过改变回料换热室进出口结构尺寸,增设径向侧送风等,观察分析不同结构参数条件对回料系统内床料气固流动状况的影响.试验得到了回料室进口底流孔面积、返料口高度...     

Reasonable Aeration Tap Setting of Burned Oil Sand Particles in Standpipe of a Fluidized Bed

A large scale cold model apparatus of CFB riser reactor was established according to the method of directly fluidized coking oil sand. By changing the position of aeration orifice and amount of aeration air, the solids flux was measured and the location of sensitive aeration orifice above a butterfly valve was fixed(50 mm above the valve). At last, the amount of aeration air for allocation(1~1.5 m3/h) was known and the distance between each pair of consecutive general aeration orifices(about 3 m). And a prediction equation for estimating the relation between the amount of aeration air and the solids flux was established based on experimental data and theoretical analysis, which was Q=6.17Ws0.8529(D/Do)2(L/Lo). The prediction was in good agreement with the experimental data. By using a multi-point pressure pulsation instrument to measure the pulsation at different altitudes of the standpipe, the pressure pulsation curves at different aeration orifices under different amounts of aeration air were drawn. By Fourier transformation, it was found that there was no obvious dominant frequency when oil sand flowed through the circulation standpipe, and each frequency seemed to make equal contribution to the pressure pulsation. The periodical concentration fluctuation of the particles did not exist in the circulating standpipe, and the pulsation intensity was small.     

不同充气条件下密相输运床返料系统气固流动数值模拟

采用计算颗粒流体力学对密相输运床返料系统内的气固流动行为进行了数值模拟,分析了曳力模型和颗粒最大堆积浓度等参数对模拟结果的影响,确定了合适的模型参数。通过对比3组工况的模拟结果,获得了与实验结果基本一致的立管压力分布和固体循环流率随充气条件的变化规律,并分析了立管内压力梯度分布、气体流动方向、颗粒浓度分布等。结果表明立管充气口处压力梯度绝对值为局部最大值;当立管充气口气量为零时,会使充气口上方一段距离的压力梯度绝对值较小;充气量增大到一定值时会在充气口附近形成明显的气泡。当缺少立管高位充气时,会导致立管下部区域形成大的压力梯度,增加颗粒下落阻力。充气松动颗粒的作用仅对充气口附近区域有一定影响,更大的作用是在立管内形成均匀的压力梯度分布,使立管内气固流动状态保持上下一致。在制定充气方案时,应根据固体循环流率确定立管压降,补充合适气体量以维持气体下行速度均衡,使得各段的平均压力梯度相同。     

操作条件对双循环回路变径提升管压降的影响

针对生产清洁汽油组分的催化裂化新工艺,建立了具有双循环回路的变径提升管冷模实验装置. 提升管由下部具有较小床径、较高气速的气力输送区和上部具有较大床径、较低气速的快速流化区组成,循环物料可在提升管的下部和中部分别加入,形成主、副两个循环回路. 分析了系统主、副循环回路的压力平衡关系,研究了操作条件对提升管压降的影响. 结果发现,主、副循环回路的提升管压降均随表观气速的增加而降低;增加2个循环回路中任意一个固体循环速率时,将使另一循环回路的固体循环速率降低,但总固体循环速率和2个循环回路的提升管压降均升高. 2个循环回路相互影响并保持各自的压力平衡,在固体循环速率控制阀处,只有循环管端压力大于提升管端压力才能维持系统正常操作. 增加系统藏料量、循环管直径、副循环供料床高度和直径均有利于维持循环系统的正常操作.     

影响FCC再生立管输送催化剂影响因素的分析

再生立管是FCC装置再生器和提升管反应器之间再生催化剂循环的输送管,其操作复杂性在于立管内催化剂的流态受多种因素影响。本文中在1.0Mt/a FCC装置上,通过测量立管改造前后不同操作条件时的轴向压力分布,考察再生立管输送催化剂的影响因素。生产运行结果表明,影响立管操作的主要因素包括催化剂密度和平均粒径、立管几何结构、滑阀安装位置、松动风性质和流量等;选用低密度催化剂和高黏度流化介质可以减小气泡尺寸,维持反应温度稳定;松动风流量应根据立管推动力、滑阀压降和反应温度及时调整,避免填充流。另外,立管结构和滑阀的安装位置对立管推动力影响较大,分析结果可供立管设计和装置改造参考。     

Introduction to papers presented at the 8th annual fine particle society conference,Chicago, August, 1976

Industrial standpipes for gas—solid recirculation systems are often installed with slide valves at their lower end for control of solid flow and pressure balance. By combining the equations for gas—solid dense phase flow with equations for flow of fluidized solids through an orifice, a set of equations is presented for standpipe design. The equations permit quantitative design of a standpipe and can be used to predict the effects of terminal pressure, slide valve opening position and aeration rate on gas and solid circulation rates, flow pattern and pressure profile in standpipes.     

Improvement of continuous solid circulation rate measurement in a cold flow circulating fluidized bed

A method is described to independently estimate the solids velocity and voidage in the moving bed portion of the NETL circulating fluidized bed (CFB). These quantities are used by a device that continuously measures the solids circulation rate. The device is based on the use of a rotating Spiral vane installed in the standpipe of a circulating fluid bed (CFB). Correlations were developed from transient experiments and steady state mass balance data to correct the solids velocity and solids fraction in the standpipe as a function of standpipe aeration rate. A set of statistically-designed experiments was used to establish the need for these corrections and to verify the accuracy of solid circulation rate measurements after correction. The differences between the original and corrected measurements were quantitatively compared.     

Dynamics of gas-particle flow in circulating fluidized beds

The flow of gas—particle mixtures in a circulating fluidized bed has been studied, probing the flow behavior under both stable and unstable operating conditions. A novel feature of our work is the use of electrical capacitance tomography to image particle distribution over the cross-section at one elevation in the standpipe. In addition, we have also obtained data on pressure profile and aeration rate in the standpipe, particle circulation rate in the circulating fluidized bed and riser gas flow rate under various operating conditions. Here, we report experimental results obtained for two different particles, both belonging to Geldart type A. At low aeration rates, a stable dense phase flow is obtained in the standpipe. At high aeration rates, the flow became unstable, manifesting low frequency oscillations in the flow characteristics. Our results suggest that, under conditions explored in the present study, this instability originates in the standpipe and that any attempt to model it should consider the interaction between the various components of the circulating fluidized bed system.     

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF PRESSURE-DROP BALANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF AN L-VALVE IN A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Pressure-drop balance and L-valve performance in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) were investigated for variation in gas superficial velocity (U_g), secondary air fraction (SA), total solids inventory (I_s), and external aeration flow rate (Q_A), at ambient temperature. The study shows that the solids discharge rate of an L-valve (G_s) changes with the system control variables. Apparently, a wider range of G_s is achieved at increasing U_g, decreasing SA, increasing I_s, and increasing Q_A. The pressure-drop analysis indicates that these characteristics are directly governed by the loop pressure balance. Standpipe bottom pressure is found to be an important indicator of the operating status of the riser, standpipe, and L-valve. The experimental results confirm that an L-valve can be operated effectively by regulating the standpipe bottom pressure. The knowledge obtained from this study is essential for maintaining the performance of a CFB system for combustion operation, as well as for operating circulating fluidized beds on a practical scale.     

Loopseal operation of iron ore particles in pneumatic conveying

Loop-seal operation characteristics have been determined in pneumatic conveying (0.078 m IDx6.0 m high) with iron ore particles (680 mm and 4,500 kg/m3). Solids circulation rates through the loop-seal increase linearly with increasing vertical aeration rate at constant bottom aeration. When the aeration air is injected at the weir section and the lowest point of vertical section, stable higher solids circulation rates are obtained. The solids circulation rates are predicted by using pressure drop measured in fully developed region of riser. The calculated solids circulation rates are in good agreement with the measured values. This paper is dedicated to Professor Dong Sup Doh on the occasion of his retirement from Korea University.     

负压差立管插板阀调节颗粒质量流率的实验分析

在大型循环流化床装置上,通过改变负压差立管上的插板阀的开度,测定不同颗粒质量流率条件下插板阀上下的流态和脉动压力,以此分析插板阀对下料过程颗粒质量流率的调控机制。实验结果表明,对于立管的下料过程插板阀的开度存在一个临界开度,将插板阀的开度范围划分为非可控制区和可控制区。当插板阀的开度大于临界开度时,处于非可控制区,不能进行颗粒质量流率的调节,此时插板阀上下的流态一致,脉动压力曲线相似;当插板阀的开度小于临界开度时,处于可控制区,可以进行颗粒质量流率的调节,此时插板阀上的流态是移动床,阀下的流态是雨状下落流,上下的脉动压力曲线不同。