宁波市雾霾天气成因分析及防控对策措施研究

2012年以来,宁波市雾霾天气日益频繁,严重影响着区域空气质量、市民身体健康、以及全市物流和海洋经济.通过结合地域特点,对宁波市雾霾天气现状及危害、形成原因,在气象、人为、经济发展等多方面进行分析,在面源、固定源、移动源上找出治理雾霾污染的总体思路、及其具体对策措施.加强城市绿化,提高雾霾净化能力.加大源头治理,遏制雾霾污染:开展建筑扬尘“面源”治理;加大产业结构和能源结构“固定源”调整;推进汽车尾气“移动源”治理.     

南京江宁:多措整治扬尘 共同守卫蓝天

2013年初,大范围、连续性的雾霾天气屡屡发生,大气污染防治形势十分严峻。扬尘污染是引发雾霾天气的最主要因素之一,重点在工地、道路扬尘和渣土运输环节。2月以来,南京市开展了工地扬尘污染集中整治验收行动,着力改善大气环境质量。江宁区作为全市工地数量最多、类型最复杂、任务最重的区县,按照"政     

重度雾霾环境下篮球运动对人体心肺机能的影响研究

雾霾一直是影响人体健康的始作俑者之一,重度雾霾环境下人体的各项机能均会下降,甚至衰竭。针对重度雾霾环境下篮球运动对人体心肺机能的影响开展下列研究:对雾霾天气形成因素进行详细研究,经研究发现在城市中,有毒的颗粒物主要来源于汽车尾气、北方抵御冬季供暖生成的废气、工业生产中排放的气体、建筑工地与马路交通生成的扬尘等方面,特别是在长三角和珠三角地区,每年出现雾霾的天数要在100天以上,且个别城市超过了200天;将雾霾环境下篮球运动对人体心肺机能的影响划分为:易导致呼吸道及肺组织交叉感染、易导致慢性阻塞性的肺部疾病、易导致肺癌三大模块,并对形成的原因进行详细阐述。     

施工扬尘收费政策的有效性研究

近年以来,我国多地频遭严重的雾霾天气,建筑施工扬尘是造成雾霾污染的主要原因之一,征收扬尘排污费是控制扬尘污染的重要手段。首先依照我国征收施工扬尘排污费的法律为基础,对我国各地现行的施工扬尘排污费征收政策进行分类,并详细讨论了其中具有代表性的江苏排污费征收模式和佛山排污费征收模式;最后,依据调查的实际工程数据,从排污费征收原理及征收标准的角度,对比分析江苏模式和佛山模式的优缺点,找出更能促使建筑商采取全面扬尘控制措施的排污费征收制度,推行该制度能够更好的抑制扬尘污染排放。     

雾霾天气的成因分析与防治对策研究

近年来,雾霾天气成了中国经济发达地区冬季常见的天气现象,给人们的生活带来诸多不便,严重影响着人们的身体健康.通过对雾霾天气时空气成分的研究以及雾霾天气形成原因的分析,可知雾霾的主要成分有硫氧化物、氮氧化物和悬浮在空气中的颗粒物.雾霾的成因不仅仅是人为的因素,它还与自然因素有关.另外针对雾霾的特点列出了一些雾霾天人体的防护措施和治理雾霾的一些方法.希望可以给现已生活在雾霾天气下,且深受雾霾迫害的人们带来一点儿帮助.同时能够起到警醒环保意识差的人来共同治理和防治雾霾.     

基于经济视角的雾霾天气分析及治理研究

近年来中国尤其是华北地区雾霾情况日趋严重.雾霾天气不仅对中国人民身体健康形成了威胁,并且在很大程度上对中国经济的正常健康发展形成了制约.本文探讨了中国雾霾的主要形成原因及雾霾对社会各方面造成的危害,根据雾霾成因分析经济产业调整的具体方式,以期优化经济产业结构,科学规划城市发展,从 源头治理雾霾,有效地促进经济产业持续健康有序的发展.     

论北京市顺义区雾霾天气成因及治理措施的初步探讨简

雾霾天气已经成为社会各界所关注的环境问题,特别是涉及雾霾形成的PM10和PM2.5,越来越引起人们的关注.本文根据北京市顺义区大气污染实际情况,从雾霾天气成因、空气质量指数变化、降尘浓度变化等多个方面进行了分析,并解剖了目前已采取的防控措施及不足,提出了针对性的建议.     

沈阳市城市环境空气质量演替和PM_(2.5)的污染与达标措施探讨

沈阳市"九五"至"十一五"期间环境空气中的主要污染物为SO2、TSP、NO2,"十二五"以来,空气中PM2.5的污染凸显,形成以PM2.5为主要污染物的雾霾天气。通过科学规划、优化能源和产业结构及布局,实施燃煤和交通及扬尘污染综合整治,强化重污染行业控制及污染治理,推行区域大气污染联防联控,科学规划城市空间布局,开展科学技术及政策法规研究,加强环境空气质量监控与预报,强化公众参与等综合措施可以控制PM2.5的污染。     

我国大中型城市秋冬季节雾霾天气污染特征与成因分析

雾霾天气是我国中东部地区秋冬季节的常见天气现象,通过对雾霾天气发生时大气相对湿度、风速、气温等气象要素以及PM2.5质量浓度等环境要素的变化特征分析,表明雾霾天气是由气象要素和环境要素共同作用形成的。较高的相对湿度和静风是雾霾天气形成的基本气象条件,在此条件下容易使空气中水汽出现过饱和而凝结成雾;另一方面容易使颗粒物迅速累积,由于颗粒物对可见光的散射消光作用,造成能见度下降,则形成霾污染。     

试析雾霾天气和中国节能减排严峻形势关联

近几年我国的空气质量状况十分严峻,雾霾天气严重,给我国的空气污染带来巨大的危害,我国的雾霾天气形成有很大的原因,离不开人们的生活不合理使用,高能耗资源产业的发展等,而我国现如今正在提倡的节能减排工作更是为雾霾天气的缓解带来巨大的益处。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.