变宽沿空窄煤柱巷道围岩变形机理及控制技术研究

针对苏村煤业150101工作面回风巷掘进期间巷道围岩严重变形的情况,采用数值模拟、理论分析等方法对巷道变形破坏特征和破坏机理进行了分析。结果表明:护巷煤柱宽度不同,对沿空巷道围岩的应力分布及变形有较大影响,过大和过小的煤柱尺寸均不利于巷道围岩的稳定;苏村煤业150101工作面回风巷合理的煤柱宽度为5~6 m。在此基础上,结合合理的煤柱留设宽度,提出了变宽沿空窄煤柱巷道分段围岩稳定控制技术,对不同煤柱宽度进行分段,针对各个分段特征进行不同强度的支护。工业性试验结果表明,采用分段支护技术后,各分段沿空巷道围岩变形获得很好的控制效果,在类似地质条件下可以推广应用。     

三维地应力场测试及围岩稳定性分析

为解决涡北煤矿-450水平运输大巷破坏严重的问题,采用岩石Kaiser效应法对-450水平进行地应力测量。结果表明:-450水平最大主应力为15.36 MPa,属中高应力区,水平应力过大不利于巷道维护。在地应力测试基础上,应用UDEC数值模拟对变形量进行了预测。研究表明,锚杆支护完全能够满足围岩稳定的要求,可为巷道开挖提供合理的支护方案,为矿区巷道围岩控制提供借鉴和指导。     

近距采空区下回采巷道非对称变形机理及控制对策

针对山西某矿4~#煤回采巷道掘进后出现的非对称变形严重、支护困难等问题,基于巷道围岩的自稳隐形拱理论,综合工程地质分析、理论力学解析、数值模拟和现场试验相结合的方法,对非对称变形机理和控制对策进行了研究.结果表明：1)上覆采空区和遗留煤柱下方支承应力改变了巷道围岩最大主应力的大小和方向,支承压力的差异性是造成巷道发生非对称变形的主要因素;2)回采巷道的片帮使自稳隐形拱的最大高度由1.74 m增加为2.68 m,最大高度的位置向遗留煤柱侧偏移了0.2 m,巷道两帮非对称变形加剧了巷道整体变形的非对称变化趋势;3)采空区和遗留煤柱下方底板的非均匀应力造成回采巷道围压比增加数倍,回采巷道塑性区呈现非对称蝶形破坏;4)建立了近距采空区下回采巷道自稳隐形拱支护模型,利用预应力锚杆提供主动压应力使回采巷道两帮改变为类刚性结构,并通过锚杆对巷道围岩关键区进行补强,通过自稳隐形拱理论定量化的设计锚杆索合理支护参数,非对称变形问题得到良好控制.     

护巷煤柱宽度与巷道围岩变形的关系

本文在分析研究大量受采动影响巷道的矿压显现规律和围岩变形的基础上,提出了巷道在采动期间的围岩变形量,以及采动稳定期间的围岩变形速度同护巷煤柱宽度之间的关系,并得出巷道服务期间的围岩变形总量与护巷煤柱宽度之间的关系式,为选择护巷煤柱宽度提供主要依据。     

特厚煤层全煤扩修巷道的围岩稳定性与合理支护参数研究

针对矿特厚煤层中扩修巷道围岩变形量大、破坏严重及支护效果差等情况,根据巷道围岩松动范围测试结果,通过理论计算得出巷道锚杆支护参数.利用有限差分软件FLAC对其无支护、锚杆支护及锚喷支护进行数值模拟,对巷道围岩的应力特征、位移特征及破坏进行了研究.结果表明,采用锚网喷联合支护方式比较合理,并据此确定了巷道扩修支护参数.     

窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素及非对称支护技术研究

为确定窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素和围岩控制方案,以晋能控股集团煤业集团有限公司隆博煤业有限公司8507工作面回风巷为工程背景,基于正交试验和FLAC3D数值模拟试验对沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形影响因素、不同条件下巷道围岩变形特征、4～10 m不同宽度煤柱的塑形区破坏范围、巷道围岩应力分布和顶板位移特征进行研究.结果表明:在煤柱宽度、煤体内聚力、煤体内摩擦角、直接顶厚度和顶板强度5种影响因素中,煤柱宽度对巷道围岩变形影响最显著;随煤柱宽度增加,巷道围岩塑性区破坏和变形主要表现在窄煤柱帮、顶板、底板和实体煤侧等部位,塑性区范围变化较小;合理的煤柱留设宽度为8m;巷道围岩变形为非对称性变形,煤柱侧巷道顶板和帮部变形显著大于工作面开采侧的.根据窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩变形特征,提出"顶板和两帮锚网索+钢带、窄煤柱帮贴帮槽钢梁+注浆加固补强"的非对称支护方案.现场工业性试验结果表明,煤柱留设宽度和支护方案合理,巷道变形后能够满足工作面开采需要.研究结果可为类似地质条件下窄煤柱沿空掘巷巷道围岩控制提供参考依据.     

水平主应力对锚杆锚固区力学特征影响规律研究

针对不同水平主应力条件下巷道锚固支护围岩效果不理想的问题,本文采用数值模拟、理论分析和现场试验综合研究方法,研究表明:最大水平主应力方向与巷道轴向夹角在0°～30°时,巷道锚固区围岩应力缓和,当夹角大于30°时,随着夹角增大,最大水平主应力向顶底板转移,顶、底板高应力区范围和应力集中程度显著增大。锚杆自由段轴力相等,锚固段轴力呈负指数衰减,整体分布曲线呈"乀"字状。顶部锚杆轴力与夹角呈正相关,夹角在0°～30°、70°～90°范围顶板锚杆轴力增大趋势平缓,夹角在30°～60°范围增大趋势显著;帮部锚杆轴力与夹角呈负相关。随着最大水平主应力与巷道轴线夹角的增大,巷道断面锚杆轴力分布曲线依次向"凹"、"口"、"凸"状演化。     

煤矿巷道断面形状及锚杆支护围岩变形的数值分析

为了研究巷道不同断面形状和锚杆支护对巷道围岩稳定性的影响,采用ANSYS有限元计算方法进行数值模拟,通过对计算结果分析,得出半圆拱形巷道为最佳断面且煤矿巷道锚杆支护能够有效地控制围岩的变形;煤矿巷道锚杆支护对竖向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩1.8 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部;对于横向位移的控制作用较大的区域集中在巷道围岩顶板、两帮中部1.6 m范围以内及巷道的两个底角部.     

综放工作面开切巷锚梁网支护技术研究

义马耿村煤矿综放工作面开采易自燃煤层，采用开切巷沿煤层项板布置．为此首先对开切巷锚梁网支护的设计和施工有关问题进行了研究，然后对巷道项板围岩进行了深基点位移观测，同时利用超声波技术对巷道两帮进行了松动圈测定，在此基础上讨论了大断面巷道锚杆与围岩之间相互作用关系．最后说明了锚梁网支护效果．本研究成果对大断面巷道锚梁网支护具有一定的参考价值．     

深部地应力实测与巷道稳定性研究

初始地应力是地下工程围岩稳定与支护结构设计的一个基本参数.在山东唐口煤矿井下回风石门、西翼辅助运输石门不同构造部位的三个测点采用空心包体应力解除法进行了现场应力实测工作.测点的埋深达1024~1030m.文章详细介绍了三维地应力及其主应力的计算原理,并根据矿区实测地应力资料,分析了矿井地应力大小、方向变化和分布特征,进而获得了该矿区地应力的定性及定量资料,还初步分析了地应力对巷道稳定性的影响,为巷道的支护结构设计工作提供可靠依据.     

Non-destructive testing and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts

The bolt support quality of coal roadways is one of the important factors for the efficiency and security of coal production. By means of a self-developed technique and equipment of random non-destructive testing, non-destructive detection and pre-warning analysis on the quality of bolt support in deep roadways of mining districts were performed in a number of mining areas. The measured data were obtained in the detection instances of abnormal in-situ stress and support invalidation etc. The corresponding relation between axial bolt load variation and roadway surrounding rock deformation and stability was summarized in different mining service stages. Pre-warning technology of roadway surrounding rock stability is proposed based on the detection of axial bolt load. Meanwhile, pre-warning indicators of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are offered and some successful pre-warning cases are also illustrated.The research results show that the change rules of axial bolt load in different mining service stages are quite similar in different mining areas. The change of axial bolt load is in accord with the adjustment of surrounding rock stress, which can consequently reflect the deformation and stability state of roadway surrounding rock. Through the detection of axial bolt load in different sections of roadways, the status of real-time bolt support quality can be reflected; meanwhile, the rationality of bolt support design can be evaluated which provides reference for bolting parameters optimization.     

Numerical analysis of the effects of rock bolts on stress redistribution around a roadway

Besides opening geometry, in situ stress and material properties, opening support also has significant effects on stress redistribution around a roadway. To investigate these effects of rock bolts on the stress redistribution around a roadway, a series of numerical studies were carried out using the finite difference method. Since the stress changes around a roadway caused by rock bolting is small relative to the in situ stress, they cannot obviously be observed in stress contour plots. To overcome this difficulty, a new result processing methodology was developed using the contouring program Surfer. With this methodology, the effects of rock bolts on stress redistribution can obviously be analyzed. Numerical results show that in the three patterns of rock bolts installed in the roof, in the roof and the two lateral sides, and in all the four sides of the rectangular roadway, the maximum stress magnitude of the increase is 0.931 MPa, 2.46 MPa,and 6.5 MPa, respectively; the bolt number of 5 can form an integrated ground arch; the appropriate length and pre-tensioned force of the rock bolt is 2.0 m and 60 k N, respectively. What is more, the ground arch action under the function of rock bolting is able to be effectively examined. The rock bolts dramatically increase the minor principal stress around a roadway which results in significant increase in material strength. Consequently, the major principal stress that the material can carry will greatly increase.With adequate supports, an integrated ground arch which is critical for the stability of roadway will be formed around the roadway.     

Stress and deformation analysis on deep surrounding rock at different time stages and its application

Based on the characteristics of the deep circular tunnel, the surrounding rock was divided into three regions: the cracked region, the plastic region and the viscoelastic region. The process of rock stress deformation and change was divided into three stages after the roadway excavation. By using the elastic–plastic mechanics theory, the analytical solutions of the surrounding stress and displacement at different stages and the radii of cracked and plastic regions were formulated. We additionally explained the surrounding rock stress and displacement which appeared in practical project. Simultaneously, based on the problem which emerged from a mine in Xuzhou during the excavating process of rock roadway’s transport, we got the theoretical solutions for the stress and displacement in the process of rock roadway’s excavation and considered that the broken area of rock roadway was largely loosing circle. The results indicate that according to the rheological characteristics of surrounding rock, in the primeval excavation of rock roadway, we should increase the length of anchor bolt and cooperate it with anchor nets cable-U steel supporting frame. In addition, when the deformation rate of the surrounding rock is descending after the 15 days’ excavation, we should use the “three anchor” supporting method (anchor bolt spray, anchor note and anchor rope) and set aside about 20 cm as the reserved deformation layer.     

Numerical research on stability control of roofs of water-rich roadway

In order to study the strength-weakening law of roofs of water-rich roadway, this study used FLAC software, and simulated and analyzed the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of water-rich roadway under the condition of different cross sections and support parameters, finally obtained the stress distribution of the principle stress of the roadway as well as the displacement variation of its surrounding rock. Results indicate that the roof stability of roadway with semicircular cross section is better than the roadway with inclined rectangular cross section under water-rich condition. Besides, the surrounding rock deformation of roadway under the action of water shows a pronounced increase compared to the roadway without the action of water due to the fact that water will obviously weaken the surrounding rock of roadway, especially its roof. It is very beneficial to control roof stability of water-rich roadway and guarantee the roadway stability during its service life by improving the pretension of bolt and cable as well as decreasing inter-row spacing of the bolt.     

回采巷道锚杆支护两帮稳定性分析

根据巷道围岩应力变化特点结合锚固体变形破坏的相似材料模拟试验, 分析了巷道两帮锚固体的变形破坏特征, 指出锚杆支护巷道两帮表面主要发生张性破坏, 锚固体内部发生剪切破坏, 据此建立起回采巷道锚杆支护两帮稳定的分析模型, 提出了两帮稳定的判别准则, 即锚固体中锚杆的拉应变必须小于锚杆的允许拉应变, 在巷道两帮围岩较松软时, 还必须满足巷道周边位移值的要求     

全长粘结式预应力锚杆受力分析

全长粘结式树脂锚杆对巷道围岩具有较好的控制效果,尤其在松软破碎条件下,因为树脂不仅将锚杆与钻孔壁有效地粘结在一起,而且还能对围岩起到一定的加固作用．由于树脂的快速粘结的特点,为预应力的施加提供了方便,从而使锚杆体系能够主动地抑制巷道围岩的早期变形,使其在高初撑力约束下低速流变．由于分析了有预应力时全长粘结式锚杆所受剪力和轴力的变化情况,结果表明预应力在改善锚杆受力的同时使锚固强度得到提高．     

Characteristics of stress distribution in floor strata and control of roadway stability under coal pillars

Given the difficulties encountered in roadway support under coal pillars, we studied the characteristics of stress distribution and their effect on roadway stability, using theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. The results show that, under a coal pillar, vertical stress in a floor stratum increases while horizontal stress decreases. We conclude that the increased difference between vertical and horizontal stress is an important reason for deformation of the surrounding rock and failures of roadways under coal pillars. Based on this, we propose control technologies of the surrounding rock of a roadway under a coal pillar, such as high strength and high pre-stressed bolt support, cable reinforcement support,single hydraulic prop with beam support and reinforcement by grouting of the surrounding rock, which have been successfully applied in a stability control project of a roadway under a coal pillar.     

锚杆支护作用范围的数值模拟和红外探测实验研究

以潞安矿区巷道锚杆支护参数为基本条件进行数值模拟和物理模型的红外辐射探测实验．使用有限差分软件FLAC^3D模拟了巷道围岩支护前后的位移和应力变化，使用Surfer对数值模拟结果进行二次处理，将锚杆支护后巷道围岩的应力与无支护时的进行相减处理，获得了锚杆支护的作用区域；同时对巷道围岩的红外热像进行相减去噪及对红外增量进行插值和拟合，得到了锚杆支护作用范围的红外辐射温度场变化特征．红外图像处理和数值模拟结果基本一致，为锚杆支护设计提供间、排距安排的理论依据．     

Strength and deformation behaviors of bedded rock mass under bolt reinforcement

The mechanism of bolt support is an important topic in mining engineering and slope treatment. The artificial material and loading system were self-developed to study the influence of bedding cohesion and bolt number on the anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass. The results show that, both peak strength and elasticity modulus increase gradually with the increase of bedding cohesion and bolt number. The axial stress–strain curve of bedded rock mass under the reinforcement of bolts presents the features of strain-softening and secondary strengthening. Finally, anchoring behavior of bedded rock mass with different bolt numbers was simulated by using FLAC3 D numerical program and the results were compared with the experimental results. This study can provide certain bases to the stability control and support design of bedded rock mass in roadway.     

Experimental Study of Deformation of Surrounding Rock with Infrared Radiation

According to the practical conditions of coal roadway in Changcun Coal Mine of Lu＇an Mining Group, the deformation of rock surrounding roadway was experimentally studied by means of thermal infrared （TIP,） imaging system in the process of confined compressions. It is found that the model surface TIR temperature （TIRT） changes with the increase of load. Furthermore, TIRT changes non-synchronously in different ranges such as the roof, floor, wall, corners and bolted ranges. The TIRT is higher in the location of stress concentration and bolted ranges than that in the location of stress relaxation and broken ranges. The interaction ranges of bolt and rock are determined preliminarily according to the corresponding relationship of TIRT fields and the strain fields of the surrounding rock. The new method of TIR image processing has been proved to be effective for the study of bolt support and observation of roadway stability under mine pressure.