Prevalence of American Indian Adolescent Tobacco Use: 1993–2004

Tobacco use rates for American Indian adolescents are examined and compared to rates for non-Indian youth. The data are taken from an ongoing surveillance project of substance use among Indian youth and the Monitoring the Future Project for the years 1993 to 2004. Sample sizes are in the range of 14,000 to 17,000 for non-Indian youth and 600 to 2400 for Indian youth. Tobacco use is considerably higher for Indian youth; however, these rates are following the national trends of significant reductions over the past three years. Indian youth manifested a lower perception of harm from regular tobacco use, which may, in part, account for their higher levels of use. Indian females have had slightly higher rates of lifetime and daily smoking rates than males in the past but recent trends indicate a narrowing of this gap.     

Professor Zhou Jin-huang,a pioneer in the pharmacologyintegrating traditional Chinese medicineand western medicine

<正> Professor Zhou was born in 1909 when the lastdriperial dynasty, Qing dynasty, went near its end andmodern sciences including medical sciences began totake root in China. Modern schools and universitieswere established to substitute the old private tutoringsystem in which only one teacher was needed to handlea group of young pupils of different ages. Zhou re-ceived both types of education and was finally enrolled     

Advances in biopharmaceutical analysis in the People's Republic of China: 1991–1993

The methodological studies on biopharmaceutical analysis of drugs and their metabolites by liquid and gas chromatography with various detectors have been reviewed. Research articles were selected from well known journals published in the People's Republic of China between January 1991 and March 1993. The applications of these methods in bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic drug monitoring and metabolic studies have also been discussed.     

Incidence of lethal adverse drug reactions in the comprehensive hospital drug monitoring, a 20-year survey, 1974–1993, based on the data of Berne/St. Gallen

Objectives: Realising the limitations of spontaneous drug monitoring systems concerning the epidemiological aspects, a comprehensive program was founded. It was based on previous publications from the US, Canada and Northern Ireland, mainly those of the BCDSP (Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Programme). Methods: Drug monitoring was carried out by a group of physicians which included the medical head of each of the divisions of internal medicine, a statistician and an informatician. Only probable or definite drug event relationships were included. A probable event is defined as one in which the drug interaction was more likely to be the cause than any non-drug-related cause. The same criteria were valid for the lethal reactions. Results: In the present evaluation, we found 26 probable lethal adverse drug reactions out of a total of 48,005 patients consecutively admitted to the divisions of internal medicine of three Swiss teaching hospitals during the years 1974–1993, an incidence of 0.054%. The median age of the cohort was 68 years (range 11–103 years), of which 49% were women. The median hospital stay was 14 days and the median number of drugs was eight per patient. Conclusion: The patients with a lethal outcome were presented under the eight pharmacologic–therapeutic classes of drugs and the classification proposed by NS Irey. This is based on long histopathologic experience and helps to identify preventable risks. Received: 30 June 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 10 April 2000     

Three-month,randomized, parallel-group comparison of brimonidine–timolol versus dorzolamide–timolol fixed-combination therapy

ABSTRACT

Objective: Fixed combinations of 0.2% brimonidine–0.5% timolol and 2% dorzolamide–0.5% timolol are used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). The objective of this study was to evaluate the IOP-lowering efficacy and ocular tolerability of brimonidine–timolol compared with dorzolamide–timolol when used as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy to a prostaglandin analog (PGA) in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Study design and methods: Pooled data analysis of two randomized, investigator-masked, 3-month, parallel-group studies with identical protocols (ten sites). In all, 180 patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension who were in need of lower IOP received topical brimonidine–timolol BID or dorzolamide–timolol BID as monotherapy (n?=?101) or as adjunctive therapy to a PGA (latanoprost, bimatoprost, or travoprost) (n?=?79).

Clinical trial registration: The studies are registered with the identifiers NCT00822081 and NCT00822055 at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Main outcome measures: IOP was measured at 10 a.m. (peak effect) at baseline and at months 1 and 3. Tolerability/comfort was evaluated using a patient questionnaire.

Results: There were no statistically significant between-group differences in patient demographics. Most patients were Caucasian, and the mean age was 68 years. There were also no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in baseline IOP. At month 3, the mean (SD) reduction from baseline IOP for patients on fixed-combination monotherapy was 7.7 (4.2) mmHg (32.3%) with brimonidine–timolol versus 6.7 (5.0) mmHg (26.1%) with dorzolamide–timolol (p?=?0.040). The mean reduction from PGA-treated baseline IOP for patients on fixed-combination adjunctive therapy was 6.9 (4.8) mmHg (29.3%) with brimonidine–timolol versus 5.2 (3.7) mmHg (23.5%) with dorzolamide–timolol (p?=?0.213). Patients on brimonidine–timolol reported less burning (p?<?0.001), stinging (p?<?0.001), and unusual taste (p?<?0.001) than patients on dorzolamide–timolol.

Conclusions: Fixed-combination brimonidine–timolol provided the same or greater IOP lowering compared with fixed-combination dorzolamide–timolol. Both fixed-combination medications were safe and well-tolerated. Brimonidine–timolol received higher ratings of ocular comfort than dorzolamide–timolol. The duration of the studies was 3 months, and additional studies will be needed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of brimonidine–timolol and dorzolamide–timolol during long-term treatment.     

Smoking and quitting behaviours by mental health conditions in Great Britain (1993–2014)

Smoking is a major contributor to the disparity in life expectancy between those with and without a mental health condition. Previous work has found associations between individual conditions such as depression and current smoking, cigarette consumption and dependence, but did not compare a range of specific mental disorders. Using data from the nationally-representative Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, we characterised trends in smoking prevalence in the general population in Great Britain and among those with and without mental health conditions for the period 1993–2014. We tested associations across different common mental health conditions (including depression, phobia, generalised anxiety and mixed anxiety and depression), in addition to personality conditions, and heaviness of smoking, desire to quit, perceived difficulty of remaining abstinent and successful cessation within the previous 12 months. Smoking prevalence among those without any mental health condition decreased from 29.3% in 1993 to 19.6% in 2014. Prevalence was higher among those with a condition but fell from 44.6% to 34.1%. Having a mental health condition was associated with current smoking, heavy smoking, difficulty remaining abstinent, desire to quit and perceived difficulty remaining abstinent. The same was found for all conditions individually but the strength and significance of the associations varied. Having any common mental health condition was associated with lower odds of smoking cessation—but not after adjustment for heavy smoking. We found no significant associations between individual conditions and cessation outcomes, however. In summary, smoking prevalence among people with common mental health conditions remained around 50% higher than among those without despite their higher desire to quit. Adequately addressing higher dependence could support cessation and contribute to narrowing health disparities.     

作者索引(新药与临床1993年,第12卷)

AN Rut 安 锐(6):342-344 CHENG Shu-Quan 程书权(2):124;(5):312BAI Chun-Xue 白春学(4): 237-239 CHENG Jing-Hua 程经华(l):42,53;**OYu-oan 包玉倩(5):297-298 幻:103;(3):167;(针:219,228,2471*IA卜Hua 毕爱华(U:229-231(5):280,296,308;(6):373-374用*NYan-Tao 边延涛(5):267-27O ****G别卜Pei 成志需 门广2卜23BIANZong-Fang 卞宗芳(l):14-17 CHUMeiQi#美倚(5):271272CAI Naisheng 蔡乃绳(2):124;(4): 223-225 CHU Yu-Xiong 诸玉雄(5):3if312CAO Guang-Zhi 曹广智(1): 41-42 CONG Pei-Ling 丛培玲(6):322-…