七氟醚或丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在腹腔镜阑尾切除术应用的比较

摘要目的比较七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼与靶控丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全麻在腹腔镜阑尾切除术中应用的有效性和苏醒期反应。 方法腹腔镜阑尾切除术80例,随机分为七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼组（S组,40例）和靶控丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组（P组,40例）。S组采用七氟醚快速诱导和维持麻醉,P组采用静脉靶控丙泊酚诱导和维持麻醉。观察两组诱导前后、手术中血流动力学、麻醉深度、睁眼时间、拔管时间、清醒时间和手术后躁动情况。结果麻醉诱导期S组较P组血流动力学更为稳定,术毕清醒更为迅速,但是躁动发生率高于P组（P＜0.05）。 结论七氟醚吸入和靶控丙泊酚静脉全麻复合瑞芬太尼均可满足腹腔镜阑尾切除术的麻醉需求,七氟醚苏醒更为迅速,但需注意对苏醒期躁动的预防。     

七氟醚或丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼合用在妇科腹腔镜麻醉中的应用(附40例分析)

目的 对比观察七氟醚-瑞芬太尼静吸复合与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜麻醉中的作用.方法 ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级择期手术患者40例,随机分为S组(七氟醚-瑞芬太尼组)与P组(丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼组),每组20例.麻醉采用静脉诱导.麻醉维持:在持续输注瑞芬太尼0.25～0.30μg/(kg·min)的基础上,S组复合吸入七氟醚(1.0%～2.0%,氧流量2 L/min),P组静脉输注丙泊酚(血浆靶浓度为1.5～3.0 mg/ml),调节麻醉深度以满足外科手术的需要.手术结束后准备缝皮时停用所有麻醉药,分别记录两组患者麻醉前(TO)、插管时(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后3 min(T3)、插管后5 min(T4)、气腹时(T5)、手术结束时(T6)、拔管时(T7)的血压和心率,同时记录停用麻醉药至恢复自主呼吸的时间、睁眼时间、拔除气管导管的时间及定向力恢复时间,记录术中不良反应、术后恶心、呕吐发生率以及有无术中知晓.结果 (1)T4、T5时点S组MAP与HR均比P组低,在其余时间点两组无明显不同.(2)两组患者术后恢复自主呼吸的时间、睁眼时间、拔除气管导管的时间及定向力恢复时间S组均较P组短,但无统计学意义.(3)术中S组患者低血压发生率比P组高,术后随访两组恶心、呕吐的发生率S组高于P组.两组患者均无术中知晓等其他不良反应.结论 丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全静脉麻醉用于麻醉维持,较七氟醚-瑞芬太尼静吸复合更易维持血流动力学的稳定.在麻醉后恢复方面,丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全静脉麻醉可提供与七氟醚-瑞芬太尼复合应用相当的快速苏醒.七氟醚-瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼麻醉后均可发生恶心呕吐,但七氟醚-瑞芬太尼发生率较高.两种麻醉方法均可用于妇科腹腔镜麻醉.     

七氟醚与丙泊酚在神经外科麻醉恢复期效果比较

目的 研究七氟醚、丙泊酚对神经外科长时间麻醉维持后苏醒时间等的影响.方法 将50例神经外科择期手术患者随机分为七氟醚组和丙泊酚组各25例,麻醉维持首先根据BIS监测来调节七氟醚的吸入浓度或丙泊酚的静脉靶控浓度,使BIS维持在45～55之间,然后根据平均动脉压调节瑞芬太尼的输注速率,手术结束后停止麻醉药.观察两组的拔管时间、苏醒时间、定向力恢复时间、简单神经病学评估恢复时间等.结果 七氟醚麻醉后拔管时间、苏醒时间、简单神经病学评估恢复时间均明显小于丙泊酚组（均P＜0.05）,而定向力恢复时间,术后呕吐、寒战发生率差异无显著性.结论 七氟醚和丙泊酚都适合于需要快速苏醒的神经外科麻醉,其中七氟醚苏醒更迅速.     

靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在40例乳腺手术中的应用

目的探讨靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼在乳腺手术中的麻醉效果。方法选择乳腺手术患者80例,随机分为观察组和对照组。与经喉罩全身麻醉下,对照组进行七氟醚复合氧化亚氮全麻,观察组采用靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉。记录停用麻醉药即时（T1）、吸痰时（T2）、拔出喉罩时（T3）、拔喉罩后5min（T4）、拔喉罩后10min（T5）等5个时点的AAI、SBP、DBP、HR。记录苏醒时间（停药至唤醒）、拔管时间（停药至拔出喉罩）、苏醒期间不良反应。结果 T4、T52个时点对照组的AAI均小于观察组（P〈0.05）。T2、T3、T43个时点观察组的SBP、DBP和HR值均低于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论经喉罩全身麻醉下,丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注全麻比七氟醚复合氧化亚氮全麻后的苏醒效果更为理想。     

全凭静脉或七氟醚麻醉对小儿日间手术苏醒期躁动的影响及护理策略

目的:观察全凭静脉或七氟醚麻醉对小儿日间手术苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择行小儿日间手术的患儿126例,按麻醉维持药物不同分为两组。A组61例,为全凭静脉麻醉组,采用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼静脉麻醉;B组65例,为纯吸入组,采用七氟醚吸入全麻,记录两组的拔管时间,采用5分躁动分级法评估苏醒期躁动情况。结果:两组拔管时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组苏醒期无躁动发生率显著高于B组(P<0.05);A组苏醒期中、重度躁动发生率显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论:小儿日间手术丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉的苏醒期躁动发生率显著低于纯七氟醚麻醉,给予标准的复苏流程化护理和相应的护理策略对于患儿平稳安全度过苏醒期尤为重要。     

腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的麻醉体会

目的探讨瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉在腔镜胆囊切除术中的安全性及效果评价。方法选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者68例,随机分为两组：瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉全麻组（观察组）和异氟醚吸入全麻组（对照组）,每组34例。观察组麻醉维持采用静脉持续输注瑞芬太尼0．1μg／（kg min）和丙泊酚,对照组麻醉维持用异氟醚吸入,术中根据麻醉深度调整异氟醚吸入浓度和丙泊酚输注速度,观察两组血流动力学变化、自主呼吸恢复、气管拔管和清醒时间,苏醒后躁动和恶心呕吐的发生率。结果观察组麻醉苏醒时间、自主呼吸恢复时间、意识恢复时间和拔管时间均明显短于对照组（P〈0．05）。观察组术后躁动、恶心呕吐发生率,均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉全麻用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术是一种安全、高效、并发症少的麻醉方法。     

七氟醚吸入复合瑞芬太尼与全凭静脉麻醉对患者术后认知功能影响的比较研究

目的：研究比较七氟醚吸入复合瑞芬太尼与全凭静脉麻醉对患者术后认知功能的影响。方法：选择择期进行上腹部手术的老年患者70例,随机分为A、B两组,每组35例,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。麻醉维持A组静脉注射瑞芬太尼,B组静脉注射瑞芬太尼并复合吸入1.0%～2.5%七氟醚。麻醉深度维持血压波动在基础值±8%范围。监护患者麻醉期间的心率、输液量,记录手术后睁眼时间、拔管时间、言语应答时间等麻醉恢复指标,并于麻醉前,术后1、3、6h采用简易智力状态检查评分（MMSE）评价认知功能及认知功能障碍发生状况。结果：两组患者在年龄、体重、麻醉时间、手术时间上、输液量上差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。A组在手术后睁眼时间、言语应答时间、拔管时间均早于B组（P〈0.05）。结论：七氟醚吸入复合瑞芬太尼与全凭静脉麻醉均可引起患者术后短时间的功能障碍,全凭静脉麻醉较七氟醚吸入复合瑞芬太尼恢复更快。     

瑞芬太尼静吸复合快通道麻醉在妇科腹腔镜手术中的应用

目的比较瑞芬太尼、七氟醚静吸复合麻醉与瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉,用于妇科腹腔镜手术的临床效果。方法 60例择期行腹腔镜妇科手术病人,随机分为静吸复合组(Ⅰ组)与全凭静脉组(Ⅱ组)。观察麻醉诱导,气腹前后及术毕的血压、心率、睁眼应答时间、拔管时间、苏醒期恶心呕吐、烦燥等并发症的发生情况与麻醉药用量。结果两组患者麻醉诱导前后,气腹前、术毕的血压、心率变化差异无统计学意义。气腹后3minⅡ组血压升高、心率增快、与气腹前比较差异有统计学意义。Ⅰ组变化不明显,两组间比较差异有统计学意义。术毕两组均迅速苏醒、及时拔管。Ⅰ组瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚的用量明显低于Ⅱ组。结论妇科腹腔手术应用瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚、七氟醚静吸复合麻醉,术中循环稳定,术毕苏醒迅速,不良反应少,是临床实施快通道麻醉的一种较好选择。     

全凭静脉麻醉在妇科肿瘤手术中的应用研究

目的探讨全凭静脉麻醉在妇科肿瘤手术中的应用效果。方法 78例患者随机分为全凭静脉麻醉组和静吸复合麻醉组各39例。2组患者均采用芬太尼、咪达唑仑、丙泊酚及维库溴铵进行麻醉诱导,全凭静脉麻醉组药物维持采用瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚及维库溴铵;静吸复合麻醉组采用异氟醚吸入,芬太尼,丙泊酚及维库溴铵维持麻醉。观察2组患者入室时（T1）、切皮时（T2）、切皮后5min（T3）、切皮后30min（T4）、拔管前30min（T5）和拔管时（T6）各个时间点的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）变化及2组苏醒时间、呼吸满意时间及拔管时间。结果全凭静脉麻醉组SBP、DBP、HR在T2、T3及T6时间点均低于静吸复合麻醉组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。SBP、DBP、HR在T1、T4和T5时间点时,2组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。全凭静脉麻醉组苏醒时间、呼吸满意时间及拔管时间均短于静脉复合麻醉组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论妇科肿瘤手术时采用全凭静脉麻醉效果优于静吸复合麻醉,值得临床推广应用。     

靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响

目的比较靶控输注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与地氟醚和芬太尼静吸复合麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响。方法选取80例年龄>60岁,择期行腹镜手术的患者,其ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,随机分为试验组(40例)与对照组(40例)。试验组进行靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉的麻醉方式,对照组进行七氟醚和瑞芬太尼静吸复合的麻醉方式。比较两组患者术后恢复情况,并评价患者的认知功能。结果试验组患者术后苏醒时间、拔管时间和拔管后语言应答时间均优于对照组(P<0.05);两组各时间点MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1 h、2 h、3 h两组患者MMSE评分均显著下降(P<0.05)。结论靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉可引起老年患者一过性术后认知功能障碍,但前者术后苏醒更快。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.