Biodegradable nanocomposites from toughened polyhydroxybutyrate and titanate-modified montmorillonite clay

Montmorillonite clay treated with neopentyl (diallyl)oxy tri(dioctyl) pyrophosphato titanate was used as a reinforcement for toughened bacterial bioplastic, Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in order to develop novel biodegradable nanocomposites. The modified clay, PHB, toughening partner and specific compatibilizer were processed by extrusion followed by injection molding. Different microscopy and goniometry techniques, rheology analysis, X-ray diffraction and thermo-mechanical testing were used to characterize the nanocomposites. Results showed that the nanocomposites with 5 wt% titanate-modified clay loading exhibited about 400% improvement in impact properties and 40% reduction in modulus in comparison with virgin PHB. The novel aspect of the titanate-based modification was that the nanocomposites still maintained nearly the same impact strength value as that of toughened PHB. The diffraction patterns suggest exfoliation of the organically modified clays and this was further supported by transmission electron microscopy and melt rheological analysis. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were correlated with a modified Halpin-Tsai theoretical model and the predictions matched significantly with the experimental results. Toughened and compatibilized PHB showed significantly lower biodegradation rate than virgin PHB and most significantly the addition of the titanate-modified clay in the same formulation enhanced the biodegradation several fold.     

聚乳酸/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶性能研究

采用差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射法和热台偏光显微镜研究了有机蒙脱土对聚乳酸结晶性能的影响。研究结果表明,有机蒙脱土对聚乳酸结晶过程的影响是成核效应和阻碍分子链运动的协同作用,当其含量较低时,成核作用占主导地位,聚乳酸晶体的半径生长速率随其含量的增加而增加;而当有机蒙脱土的含量较高时,它对聚乳酸分子链运动的阻碍作用逐渐增强,聚乳酸晶体缺陷增加,晶体半径生长速率则随有机蒙脱土含量的增加而降低。     

聚乳酸/蒙脱石纳米复合材料的制备与表征

对纳基蒙脱石(MMT)有机改性后,采用溶液插层薄膜塑造工艺制备蒙脱石/聚乳酸(PLA)纳米复合物,采用X-Ray粉晶衍射(XRD)、综合热分析(TGA&DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)等方法对复合材料进行表征,讨论了蒙脱石对插层结果的影响.结果表明,PLA能够插入MMT层间;MMT的层间距由1.40nm增大到2.16nm;复合材料的热稳定性能得到改善.     

Biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)/montmorillonite nanocomposites prepared by direct melt intercalation

Intercalation-exfoliated nanocomposites derived from poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) and organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) were prepared by direct melt blending in an internal mixer. The nano-scale dispersion of the OMMT layers within the PPC matrix was verified using wide angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy technologies. Static mechanical properties were determined by using a tensile tester. The PPC/OMMT nanocomposites with lower OMMT content showed an increase in thermal decomposition temperature when compared with both pure PPC and the composites prepared from un-modified MMT. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that nano-scale OMMT dispersed well within PPC matrix and therefore enhanced the storage modulus of the composites.     

Preparation,characterization and mechanical properties of the polylactide/perlite and the polylactide/montmorillonite composites

In this study polylactide (PLA)/perlite and PLA/montmorillonite (MMT) composites were prepared by melt extrusion and solvent dissolution methods. The effects of organic/inorganic ratios and the kind of inorganic compounds on the characterization of the composite materials were investigated. The thermal stability of the organic–inorganic composite materials was evaluated by TGA and DSC, and the morphology of these composites was measured as SEM images. The modulus of elasticity was evaluated by Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The PLA/inorganic composites exhibited remarkable improvement of mechanical and thermal properties when compared with those of the pure PLA.     

聚丙烯/纳米蒙脱土复合材料的超声研究

文章对用溶体插层方法制备的聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料进行了超声实验研究。对一组采用不同蒙脱土掺杂比及不同方法掺杂的样品用超声脉冲回波法和声显微法测量了在不同频率下的纵波、横波声速,计算了这组样品的剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松比和声品质因数,并据此分析了材料的特点。     

聚氨酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料

本文主要介绍近 2年来聚氨酯 /蒙脱土纳米复合材料的研究进展情况     

Thermal properties of PMMA/montmorillonite clay nanocomposites

Polymer/Clay offer tremendous improvement in wide range of physical and engineering properties for polymers with low filler loading. In nanotechnology polymer/clay nanocomposites use smectitetype clays that have layered structures. In this work, Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was synthesized by free radical addition polymerization in the presence of high power ultrasound. The Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-Montmorillonite (MMT) clay nanocomposites were synthesized by two different techniques viz., ultrasonic mixing and magnetic stirring. An analysis of the XRD data confirms that the composites are in the nanometer scale. The FTIR spectra show that there is strong interaction between the clay and the polymer that enhances the thermal stability. The thermal stability of the experimental nanocomposite prepared by the two processes is compared. Further analysis of XRD data shows that intercalation as well as exfoliation has taken place in both the types of nanocomposites preparation. An analysis of the TG, DTG curves reveal that the thermal stability is found to increase by nearly 30% for ultrasonic mixing than that of magnetic stirring.     

Properties of silane grafted polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites

Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding using organosilane modified polypropylene (PP-g-VTES) as compatibilizing agent. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile modulus, and Izod impact strength. Addition of PP-g-VTES improved clay dispersion, as shown by the distribution of platelets per particle, and improve the interaction between clay and polymer matrix. Crystallization peak temperature (T_p) was increased in 10 °C using PP-g-VTES as compatibilizing agent. However the crystallization process and its rate were unmodified. The tensile modulus of compatibilized nanocomposite is 1.5 times higher compared to pure PP.     

Helium gas permeability of montmorillonite/epoxy nanocomposites

Helium gas permeability of silicate clay (montmorillonite) particles/epoxy nanocomposites was examined. The incorporation of increasing amounts of montmorillonite particles reduced the helium gas permeability. Based on Fick’s law, gas permeation behavior of the nanocomposite was evaluated. With the increase of montmorillonite loading, gas diffusivity decreased, while gas solubility increased. Helium diffusion behavior is in agreement to the numerical results based on the Hatta–Taya–Eshelby theory. It has been revealed that dispersion of nanoscale platelets in polymer is effective in improving gas barrier property.     

卵磷脂/蒙脱土纳米中间体的制备及血液相容性研究

通过插层技术合成了卵磷脂/蒙脱土(PC/MMT)纳米中间体,利用XRD、FT-IR对合成的卵磷脂/蒙脱土纳米中间体进行了表征,结果表明卵磷脂已进入了蒙脱土层间,其层间距高达6.13nm;通过溶血试验和血浆复钙试验评价了PC/MMT纳米中间体的血液相容性,试验结果表明PC/MMT纳米中间体的溶血率<5%,符合生物医学材料的标准,复钙时间较长,有良好的血液相容性;预示了其在生物医药领域的潜在应用性.     

Synthesis and properties of melamine-formaldehyde/ montmorillonite nanocomposites

In this paper, intercalated and partially exfoliated melamine-formaldehyde (MF)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites have been synthesized successfully via in-situ polymerization based on pristine montmorillonite, acidified montmorillonite and organic modified montmorillonite respectively. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by XRD, TEM, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy. Free formaldehyde content of those composites was also determined by acetyl acetone technique. It was found that acidified montmorillonite and organic modified montmorillonite could catalyze the polycondensation reaction of methylolmelamines. The thermal stability and chemical resistance of those two nanocomposites were also improved dramatically compared to pure melamine-formaldehyde resin.     

天然橡胶/蒙脱土原土纳米复合材料的制备与性能

用机械混炼反应插层法,通过引入第三组分RH,制备了天然橡胶／蒙脱土原土纳米复合材料,实现了对天然橡胶的补强,在这种复合材料中,蒙脱土原土的层间距显著增大,蒙脱土无机片层在橡胶基体中达到了纳米级分散．蒙脱土原土与天然胶纳米复合保持了较低的滚动阻力,显著地提高了天然胶的抗湿滑性．     

纳米蒙脱土/聚丙烯复合材料热氧老化动力学

对熔融插层法所制备的纳米蒙脱土/聚丙烯（OMMT1/PP）复合材料, 分别在100℃、 110℃、 120℃进行0～12d的热氧老化, 考察其热性能、 热稳定性、 拉伸强度的衰减及其动力学。TG、 DSC、 FTIR分析结果表明: 纳米OMMT1/PP复合材料比PP的热分解温度升高37℃, 结晶度由51%提高到71%, 而且有机化的纳米MMT片层与PP之间存在较强的作用, 因此热氧作用的C O吸收峰明显弱化, 表面轻微开裂。100～120℃老化后OMMT1/PP的强度保持率大大优于纯聚丙烯材料（8~22倍）, OMMT1/PP 110℃老化12d后拉伸强度仍然达54％。建立了以拉伸强度?问腛MMT1/PP热氧老化的一级反应动力学方程, 其热氧老化反应的活化能为52.3kJ/mol, 为PP的1.7倍。分析认为: OMMT1/PP较高的活化能值以及优良的抗热氧老化能力来自其剥离型纳米化MMT片层对PP的力学?ぷ饔谩?物理阻隔效应以及OMMT1与PP之间化学交互作用的综合结果。      

卵磷脂-肝素/蒙脱土纳米中间体的制备及血液相容性的研究

把具有良好抗凝血性能的卵磷脂-肝素(Pc-hep)复合物插层进入蒙脱土(MMT)中,制备出一系列新型的PC-hep/MMT纳米中间体.通过XRD对纳米中间体的结构和性能进行了表征;在此基础上,用复钙化时间曲线和溶血试验表征了纳米中间体的血液相容性,可以看出当随着材料的浓度增加,复钙时间曲线由陡峭趋于平滑;同时材料的溶血率都低于5%说明材料有很好的血液相容性,因此可以作为生物材料用于医用领域.     

Electromagnetic absorption efficiency of polypropylene/montmorillonite/polypyrrole nanocomposites

Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties have been studied for two types of polypropylene composites containing conducting phase. One type comprised conducting polymer–polypyrrole while the second employed montmorillonite particles coated with conducting polymer–polypyrrole. Composites’ shielding properties were estimated based on their previously determined electromagnetic characteristics. Unlike a basic binary polypropylene/polypyrrole composite, the ternary sample with multicomponent montmorillonite particles exhibits higher dielectric losses and consequently a significant rise in shielding efficiency in the radio-frequency range of 0.1–1.5 GHz. This stems from the presence of highly polarizable multicomponent montmorillonite anisotropic lamellar particles with polypyrrole conducting layer, which considerably increases the complex permittivity of the composite.     

Biodegradable polylactide/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite foam scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications

Supercritical carbon dioxide processing of poly-L-lactide (PLLA)/hydroxyapatite (nHA) nanocomposites was investigated as a means to prepare foams suitable as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. For given foaming parameters, addition of nHA to the PLLA gave reduced cell sizes and improved homogeneity in the size distribution, but did not significantly affect the degree of crystallinity, which remained of the order of 50 wt% in all the foams. The compressive modulus and strength were primarily influenced by the porosity and there was no significant reinforcement of the matrix by the nHA. The mechanical properties of the foams were nevertheless comparable with those of trabecular bone, and by adjusting the saturation pressure and depressurization rate it was possible to generate porosities of about 85 %, an interconnected morphology and cell diameters in the range 200-400 μm from PLLA containing 4.17 vol% nHA, satisfying established geometrical requirements for bone replacement scaffolds.     

丁腈橡胶/有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结构及性能研究

通过机械共混法制备了丁腈橡胶/有机蒙脱土(NBR/OMMT)纳米复合材料.X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电镜(TEM)表征了复合材料的纳米结构.通过硫化仪研究了有机蒙脱土用量对复合材料硫化性能的影响,同时研究了复合材料的力学性能、热空气老化性、耐油性和热稳定性.结果表明:有机蒙脱土的加入在一定程度上提高了复合材料的力学性能,热空气老化性,耐油性及热稳定性,而且对复合材料的硫化性能有明显的影响.     

聚合物/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与结晶性能

本文综述了制备聚合物 /蒙脱土纳米复合材料的插层方法 ,并对有代表性的结晶性聚合物 /蒙脱土纳米复合材料的结晶性能进行了讨论。蒙脱土的加入对聚合物的结晶有两种作用 ,一方面是对聚合物有异相成核的作用 ,可以提高聚合物的结晶温度和结晶速率 ,降低结晶活化能 ;另一方面是对聚合物结晶生长有阻碍作用 ,导致结晶速率下降 ,结晶活化能提高