应用微卫星DNA标记分析荷斯坦母牛系谱可靠性及影响因素

为了评估当前中国荷斯坦牛群体的系谱准确性,本研究选择15头种公牛及来自21个牛场的2 220头女儿牛,借助牛3号染色体(BTA3)上17个微卫星标记,对女儿-公牛标记基因型是否错配进行分析。结果,按照错配标记数大于等于3个为系谱错误的标准,本研究所涉及的母牛群中系谱错误率为16.62%。经对影响系谱错误的因素分析表明,场效应是主要的影响因素,不同场间系谱错误比例差异较大;由于公牛女儿在各牛场中分布不均匀,导致公牛效应也达到显著。研究结果提示在中国荷斯坦牛群体进行亲子鉴定是亟需和必要的。     

蒙贝利亚牛与荷斯坦牛在北方地区生长发育差异性比较

本研究对11头蒙贝利亚母牛和9头蒙贝利亚公牛的生长发育进行了跟踪测定,并与同期荷斯坦母牛的生长发育、产奶性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,蒙贝利亚母牛与荷斯坦母牛初生重无显著差异;4～18月龄,蒙贝利亚母牛体重均明显高于荷斯坦母牛同期体重,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。蒙贝利亚母牛与荷斯坦母牛日增重变化规律相似,lOB龄平均日增重最大,17月龄平均日增重最小。蒙贝利亚母牛各阶段体高、体长与荷斯坦母牛无显著差异,14月龄体高可达127cm,达到配种体高。蒙贝利亚母牛头胎305d产奶量为7241kg,对照组荷斯坦母牛头胎305d产奶量为9589kg,二者差异极显著（P〈0．01）。蒙贝利亚公牛初生重较大,至24月龄体重接近荷斯坦公牛同期体重。12~24月龄,荷斯坦公牛体高、体斜长、胸围均明显高于蒙贝利亚公牛,差异板显著（P〈0．01）;蒙贝利亚公牛初生重48kg,蒙贝利亚母牛初生重42kg,二者差异显著（P〈0．05）。蒙贝利亚公牛各阶段睾丸周径均显著高于荷斯坦公牛,差异极显著（P〈0．01）。     

荷斯坦奶牛抗热应激SCAR标记的研究与应用

为能利用抗热应激SCAR标记应用于奶牛抗热应激新品种的选育,随机选取52头高产耐热荷斯坦奶牛和41头高产不耐热荷斯坦奶牛,利用RAPD技术对筛选出的耐热分子标记进行序列分析和SCAR转化,并以S441 SCAR标记对种公牛和核心群的母牛进行检测和分析。结果表明,随机引物S441和S463在高产耐热组中分别扩增了581 bp和680 bp的特异性片段,序列比较显示,前者与KCNN2基因的同源性达90%,后者与NW_001024067.1|BtUn_WGA9442_2同源性达99%;S441 SCAR标记在种牛的检出率为:母牛12.7%[27/213],公牛32.6%[15/46];数据统计分析表明:有无S441 SCAR标记的母牛产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),但在热应激条件下产奶量下降率差异极显著(P<0.01)。研究初步确定S441标记作为荷斯坦奶牛抗热应激分子标记。     

荷斯坦奶牛抗热应激SCAR标记的研究与应用

为能利用抗热应激SCAR标记应用于奶牛抗热应激新品种的选育,随机选取52头高产耐热荷斯坦奶牛和41头高产不耐热荷斯坦奶牛,利用RAPD技术对筛选出的耐热分子标记进行序列分析和SCAR转化,并以S441 SCAR标记对种公牛和核心群的母牛进行检测和分析.结果表明,随机引物S441和S463在高产耐热组中分别扩增了581 bp和680 bp的特异性片段,序列比较显示,前者与KCNN2基因的同源性达90%,后者与NW-001024067.1|BtUn-WGA9442_2同源性达99%;S441 SCAR标记在种牛的检出率为:母牛12.7%[27/213],公牛32.6%[15/46];数据统计分析表明:有无S441 SCAR标记的母牛产奶量差异不显著(P>0.05),但在热应激条件下产奶量下降率差异极显著(P<0.01).研究初步确定S441标记作为荷斯坦奶牛抗热应激分子标记.     

红细胞钾作为中国荷斯坦牛耐寒性选择遗传标记物的可靠性研究

在冷应激期间，对６个奶牛场的中国荷斯坦２９９头母牛和２０头公牛进行了红细胞钾含量的测定。结果表明，中国荷斯坦牛红细胞钾含量受牛场、胎次、产犊月份和生理因素的影响差异不显著。红细胞钾含量主要受遗传因素控制。采用公牛内母女回归法，估计红细胞钾的遗传力为０．２９７。具有较高的遗传力。试验表明，红细胞钾含量低的组，在冷应激期间，母牛的产奶量下降率低。据此初步证明红细胞钾作为中国荷斯坦牛耐寒性选择遗传标记物是可靠的。     

中国荷斯坦牛OPN基因对产奶性状的遗传效应分析

该试验以北京地区7个公牛家系共计1196头中国荷斯坦母牛为研究对象,利用荧光标记引物和AB13730测序仪对OPN基因启动子上游1240bp处的T碱基插入,缺失突变(OPN3907)进行了基因型检测,共发现T9T9、T9T10和T10T10三种基因型,频率分别为0.0535、0.1957和0.7508:通过SAS软件(8.02)对3个产奶性状与OPN基因的关联程度进行了统计分析.结果表明,OPN基因不同基因型间的305d产奶量和乳蛋白量差异显著(P<0.05),乳脂量差异不显著(P>0.05);多重比较结果显示:T9T9和T9T10基因型的305d产奶量和乳蛋白量显著高于T10T10(P<0.05).     

荷斯坦杂种牛泌乳性能遗传改良效果评估

【目的】评估荷斯坦验证种公牛对荷斯坦杂种牛泌乳性能的遗传改良效果,【方法】以荷黄低代杂种、荷黄高代杂种和纯种荷斯坦牛3种奶牛群体共计293头奶牛为研究材料,利用北美荷斯坦验证种公牛对不同奶牛群体进行杂交改良,根据系谱信息追踪各群体的后裔,参照DHI生产性能测定方法采集产奶量和乳成份数据,用最小二乘法分析群体、世代、投产年份、母本和母本年龄与泌乳性能的相关性。【结果】高代杂种与纯种间产奶量差异不显著(P0.05),高代杂种305d乳脂量,305d乳蛋白量和305d乳糖量显著高于纯种(P0.05);1世代泌乳性能显著高于0世代(P0.05);饲养管理水平和母本效应显著影响泌乳性能(P0.05)。【结论】高代杂种在现有生产体系下实现最佳的遗传环境匹配,适宜在北方农区生产体系中推广养殖。     

荷斯坦杂种牛生长性能遗传改良效果评估

为了评估验证荷斯坦种公牛对荷斯坦杂种牛生长性能的遗传改良效果,以荷黄低代杂种、荷黄高代杂种和纯种荷斯坦牛3种群体共计293头奶牛为研究材料,利用北美荷斯坦种公牛对不同奶牛群体进行杂交改良,根据系谱信息追踪各群体的后裔,测定个体初生、2月龄、6月龄、12月龄、14月龄和成年体重,以纯种荷斯坦牛为对照组,用最小二乘法分析群体、世代和母本与生长性能的相关性,评估杂种奶牛生长性能的遗传改良效果。结果表明:高代杂种和低代杂种的初生重显著低于纯种(P0.05);高代杂种和纯种12月龄重、14月龄重、成年体重显著高于低代杂种(P0.05),高代杂种与纯种之间差异不显著(P0.05)。二世代生长性能显著高于一世代和零世代(P0.05),一世代显著高于零世代(P0.05)。群体和世代间互作效应仅对2月龄重有显著影响(P0.05)。母本效应对生长性能无显著影响(P0.05)。本研究提示:高代杂种初生重低、育成期生长发育快,而成年体重与纯种荷斯坦牛无显著差异,在现有生产体系下实现最佳的遗传环境匹配,适宜在北方农区生产体系中推广养殖。     

中国荷斯坦牛DGAT1基因与产奶性状关联分析

以北京地区来自17个公牛家系的1222头中国荷斯坦母牛为试验材料,采用PCR—RFLP技术对DGAT1基因进行了遗传多态性分析,共检测到KK、KA和AA3种基因型,频率分别为0．1432、0．6097和0．2471;采用混合动物模型对数据进行拟合,通过SAS（8．02）软件对5个产奶性状与DGAT1基因的关联程度进行了统计分析。结果表明,DGAT1不同基因型间的305d产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量差异极显著（P〈0．01）;多重比较结果显示：AA基因型的305d产奶量和乳蛋白量显著高于KK基因型（P〈0．01）,其乳脂量显著低于KK基因型（P〈0．01）。结果提示DGAT1基因对奶牛产奶性状具有较大遗传效应,可以用于中国荷斯坦牛产奶性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

中国荷斯坦公牛系谱完整性研究

我国奶牛良种补贴政策已实施十余年,补贴了大量公牛,有效调动了奶牛场使用良种公牛冻精的积极性,加速了我国良种奶牛的普及与推广,同时也积累了大量系谱数据。本研究利用系谱完整性指数(Pedigree Completeness Index,PCI)统计分析了2 374头中国荷斯坦良补公牛的6代系谱完整情况。结果显示,总体上中国荷斯坦良补公牛系谱完整性良好,PCI平均为0.98±0.08(平均数±标准差),85%的良补公牛系谱无缺失信息(PCI=1),99%的公牛前三代系谱完整。对系谱信息不完整公牛的分析发现,父系系谱完整性一般高于母系系谱。来自澳大利亚、英国、新西兰的公牛父亲系谱完整性和来自法国的公牛母亲系谱完整性相对较低(平均PCI0.9)。     

Application of DNA markers in parentage verification of Boran cattle in Kenya

Boran cattle provide livelihood to thousands of households in the arid and semiarid lands of Kenya. Due to their superior adaptive and productive traits in comparison to other breeds of cattle, they have also become a popular choice for breeders in Eastern and Southern Africa. Continued genetic improvement of the breed is important, and therefore accurate performance and pedigree records are required. One hundred seventy-eight pedigree records and blood samples of four Boran stud herds were evaluated for accuracy of parentage allocation using 11 microsatellite markers recommended by ISAG for parentage verification. The panel of the 11 microsatellite markers was found to be highly polymorphic (PIC of 0.6901) with a combined probability of exclusion of 0.9997. The dam misidentification was low ranging between 0% and 5% for the herds tested. The estimated rate of mispaternity however ranged between 4.3% and 80% among the four stud herds, and more than 50% of the offspring of some herds were misidentified. The high rate of mispaternity will have a negative impact on the response to selection. The use of DNA markers for parentage assignment will improve the accuracy of the pedigree records of Boran stud cattle in Kenya and contribute to more accurate selection of superior animals.     

Seroprevalence of bluetongue serotype 8 in cattle in the Netherlands in spring 2007, and its consequences

A cross-sectional study was carried out in spring 2007, at the end of the first bluetongue outbreak season, to determine the geographical spread of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) infection in cattle in the Netherlands and the consequences for some production parameters. Blood samples from cattle submitted to the laboratory of the Dutch Animal Health Service for other voluntary and obligatory health programmes were tested serologically for btv-8. In total, 37,073 samples were tested and 659 (1.78 per cent) were seropositive. The samples came from 5436 herds, of which 45 per cent of herds had only one sample submitted from them. The prevalence was highest in the south of the country, where the outbreak had started, and decreased towards the north. In 340 herds more than 50 per cent of cattle were tested, of which 156 herds were located in infected compartments, and in 37 of these herds (10.9 per cent) at least one positive cow was detected. The average within-herd prevalence in the 37 herds was 39.3 per cent: 2.2 per cent in 11 dairy herds, 68.4 per cent in 20 small-scale herds and 14 per cent in four suckler cow herds. The prevalence differed significantly between herd types but did not show a geographical trend. The average net return for milk production amounted to euro2417/cow/year and it decreased significantly on average by euro48/cow/year in the bluetongue-infected dairy herds during the bluetongue period. On the small-scale farms, the incidence of mortality increased by 3.2 (95 per cent confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 9.1) times in the infected herds during the bluetongue period, but the voluntary culling rate decreased by a factor of 2.3 (95 per cent CI 1.1 to 4.8).     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛淘汰情况及长寿性影响因素分析

试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15 523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关（均>0.9）,场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响（P<0.05）,春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。     

宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛淘汰情况及长寿性影响因素分析

试验通过收集出生、产犊和离群的记录,探究宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰情况,分析影响该地区奶牛长寿性的因素。对15523头荷斯坦牛的生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次进行描述性统计,分析淘汰时的胎次、季节和泌乳阶段的分布情况;计算生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间的表型相关,利用固定模型分析场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性的影响。结果显示,宁夏地区荷斯坦牛的平均利用胎次为2.36胎,平均生产寿命为736.59 d。荷斯坦牛成母牛在产后第1个月内的淘汰风险最高,随着泌乳阶段的延长,成母牛在每个胎次内的淘汰风险均逐渐降低;随着淘汰胎次的增加,奶牛淘汰更加集中发生在产后泌乳早期;生产寿命、在群寿命和利用胎次之间存在较高的表型相关(均>0.9),场-出生年、出生季节、牧场规模、淘汰原因和头胎产犊月龄对长寿性有显著影响(P<0.05),春季出生和22月龄头胎产犊的奶牛长寿性表现更好。本研究初步揭示了宁夏地区荷斯坦牛成母牛的淘汰规律和长寿性的影响因素,为宁夏地区牛群选育成母牛长寿性状奠定了基础。     

Milk yield did not decrease in large herds of high-producing Holstein cows in semi-arid climate of Mexico

This study aimed to determine the trends in milk production, fertility, temperature-humidity index (THI), and herd size in dairy herds from the Laguna region in northern Mexico. Records of 16 dairy herds of Holstein cows from January 2002 to December 2016 were used. Milk production was categorized in low and high levels. Milk production and fertility were analyzed using generalized equation estimation procedures by a model of repeated measures that included the effect of year, month, and productive level, an interaction for month × productive level, and herd effect was nested in productive level. For THI, a generalized linear model that included the effects of year and month was used. Dairy herds with high levels of milk production yielded more milk than those with low levels (P?<?0.001). Milk production in 2002 and 2016 was 27.4?±?0.6 and 32.3?±?0.7 L/cow/day, respectively. Fertility fluctuated throughout the study. Dairy herds with high levels of milk production recorded higher fertility than those with low levels (P?<?0.001). From October to April, THI was <?70, whereas it was >?73 from May to September, indicating that cows were in heat stress (20 h/day). The median herd size was 995 and 2569 cows in 2002 and 2016, respectively. In conclusion, in large herds, milk production increased over the years of study, whereas fertility showed a wave cycle; nonetheless, when THI was >?73, both milk production and fertility decreased.

     

Milk yield, age at first calving, and the risk of BSE: an analysis at the farm level in France

The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in France, as in the UK, has affected dairy cattle much more than beef cattle. However, the intensification of dairy herd management as a risk factor for BSE has not to date been analyzed. For this purpose, two databases were merged: the French Milk Records database, and the French BSE database, which can be considered as being devoid of notification bias since July 2001, when systematic tests were implemented. Only pure Holstein herds were considered, which represent the vast majority of total and BSE-affected dairy herds in France. A case-control study was designed so that 20 control herds were matched to each case herd according to the location of the farm and the year of birth of the index case. Three thousand and forty five farms were included, among which 145 with a BSE case notified between July 2001 and July 2003, and 2900 controls. With respect to the risk of BSE, odds ratios for each class of milk yield and age at first calving were estimated by using conditional logistic regression models with appropriate adjustments to herd size. The two main results were the following: firstly, whereas most Holstein herds, with average production between 7000 and 10,000kg, had nearly the same BSE risk, a small category of very intensive herds, with annual milk yields above 10,000kg, were significantly more at risk than the other herds. Secondly, a very early first calving (under 26 months of age) was found to be at risk for BSE as compared to other categories, independently of the milk yield. These results are discussed in the light of the known age-dependent susceptibility to BSE.     

我国规模牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳乳蛋白水平及影响因素探析

本研究旨在探析我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体乳蛋白的水平、分布和影响因素。利用SAS9．0的GLM过程,统计分析覆盖16省（市、区）,33个规模奶牛场,23351头中国荷斯坦牛,从2007年至2009年连续3年的237430个奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率检测记录。分析表明,我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率平均3．28±0．22％。其中,乳蛋白率大于等于2．95％的奶牛个体占80．2％,所提供乳蛋白量占群体混合样生鲜乳总蛋白量的79．3％。奶牛的胎次、产奶阶段、产奶量、乳脂率、体细胞数、泌乳季节、泌乳月份都极显著影响奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率（P〈0．01）;饲养区域、奶牛场和年度总体显著影响奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率（P〈0．05）。我国规模奶牛场奶牛个体生鲜乳的乳蛋白率主要处于2．95％以上（〉80％）,合理调控各种影响因素,可有效提高生鲜乳的乳蛋白率。     

Risk factors associated with the incidence rate of clinical mastitis in smallholder dairy cows in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Smallholder dairy herds around the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania supply 86% of raw milk consumed by the city dwellers. Previous studies have indicated that clinical mastitis is an important disease affecting smallholder dairy cows and an 18-month questionnaire-based longitudinal field-study was conducted between July 2003 and March 2005 to elucidate risk factors associated with the incidence. A total of 6057 quarter-level observations from 317 lactating cows on 87 randomly selected smallholder dairy herds were analysed at the quarter and cow level using logistic and Poisson regression models, respectively. At the quarter level, the average incidence rate of clinical mastitis was 38.4 cases per 100 quarter-years at risk whereas at the cow level the incidence rate was 43.3 cases per 100 cow-years at risk. The incidence was significantly (P< or =0.001) associated with cow factors (body condition score, parity, stage of lactation, and udder consistency), housing (floor type) conditions and milking (cow and udder preparation) practices. It was concluded that the extrapolation of the classic ten-point mastitis control plan into smallholder dairy herds should be undertaken cautiously. An integrated approach to dairy extension should focus more on the creation of mastitis awareness among smallholder producers and on the improvement of animal nutrition and reproduction indices-factors that may also have a direct impact on milk yield.     

Trends in the reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows in Iran

The study was undertaken to determine the trends in the reproductive performance of Holstein dairy cows in Iran during 1994 to 2008. Reproductive performance data for 528,034 lactations of 246,132 cows in 1,822 Holstein dairy herds of Iran were used. The potential effect of calving season, herd, parity, calving year, as well as herd size and 305-day milk production on reproductive performance traits was investigated using multiple regression models. The least squares means of age at first calving decreased by 3.1 (±0.06) days per year from 806.5 (±96.3) days in 1994 to 788 (±89.9) days in 2008. The least squares means of calving interval increased 1.02 (±0.03) days per year from 394.1 (±65) days in 1994 to 413.2 (±81) days in 2008. Greater 305-day milk production was associated with an average increase of 6.55 (±0.08) days in calving interval per 1,000-kg increase in milk yield. Larger herd size was associated with an average decrease of 0.22 (±0.02) days in calving interval per 50 cows per herd. The mean number of days dry was 88.6 (±51.3) days and increased by 0.82 (±0.02) days per year. In conclusion, reproductive performance in Holstein dairy herds has generally decreased, whereas herd size and milk production have increased over time. Producers may make significant improvements in herd reproduction by reviewing management strategies including the sire selection, reproductive management, inseminator training and techniques, and improved estrous detection. Moreover, it may be advisable for the fertility traits to be included in the genetic selection indices to reduce the rate of reproductive decline.