Water quality response to a pulsed‐flow event on the Mokelumne river,California

Controlled water releases from reservoirs (i.e. artificial floods) are used as a management technique to remove fine sediments and detrital materials from spawning gravels, mobilize gravel bars and clear encroaching brush from stream banks. The effects of a managed release event on water quality were investigated on the lower Mokelumne River in the western Sierra Nevada, California. The managed release was characterized by an increase in flow over a 4‐day period (from 11 to 57 m³ s⁻¹). Automatic pump samplers were used to collect samples for water quality from 0.7, 16.4, 37.4 and 54.4 km below Camanche Dam. These sampling sites provided water quality data for three distinct stream reaches: a gravel and sand‐textured substrate reach (0.7–16.4 km), a reach characterized by lentic conditions associated with a small reservoir (16.4–37.4 km), and fine sand and silt‐textured substrate reach (37.4–54.4 km). Water samples were analysed for total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen, ammonium (NH₄‐N), nitrate (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), foecal coliforms and E. coli. Chemographs for all constituents exhibited spikes in concentration with each increase in streamflow for the rising limb. Fluxes of TSS, total P and total N released from the 0.7 to 16.4 km reach were 322, 0.32 and 0.70 Mg, respectively. The small reservoir acted as a sink for particulate materials retaining about 50% of TSS, 48% of total P and 43% of total N. However, the reservoir acted as a source of dissolved nutrients (NO₃‐N = 0.28 Mg and SRP = 0.055 Mg). The stream reach below the reservoir (37.4 to 54.4 km) was a source of particulate materials, dissolved nutrients and bacteria, possibly due to agricultural and urban inputs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

城市河流生态适宜性平面蜿蜒度确定方法研究

以北京市南沙河为例,从河流生态和行洪安全的角度出发,对城市河流进行探讨分析,旨在确定适宜城市发展的河流平面蜿蜒形态,为城市河流的规划发展提供理论依据。基于河流生态系统结构功能整体性概念模型,选取流速、水深作为特征性指标,以AUTOCAD散点构建南沙河老牛湾附近河段的不同平面蜿蜒形态数据,利用MIKE21模型对所构建的平面蜿蜒形态进行水动力模拟,并对其模拟结果进行梳理。根据系统分析法探讨城市河流不同平面蜿蜒形态与流速水深分布多样性、所选特征鱼类适宜生存流速水深以及河流的行洪安全要求三方面之间的关系,从而确定了蜿蜒度为1.4的平面形态对南沙河老牛湾附近河段的发展建设更为有利,明确了城市河流生态适宜性平面蜿蜒度的定义。     

The impact of Japanese knotweed on river discharge at the watershed scale in New Jersey,USA

Recently, New Jersey has experienced several droughts and declared several critical water shortage areas, spurring interest in reducing freshwater resource depletion. Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) is an invasive plant species that may have a significant effect on stream water loss. In order to assess the impact of this species on river-level water flow, we estimated total knotweed distribution along two tributaries of the Passaic River in New Jersey, USA using a combination of field measurements and GIS to calculate total daily water loss to the atmosphere from three stands of knotweed along these rivers. We measured total leaf area of each stand and transpiration rates across each stand from sun-up to sun-down. The average water loss was 8.5 L wate/day/m² of ground area covered in knotweed. Knowing the total distribution of knotweed along each river, the amount of river length covered by knotweed stands and the total water lost to the atmosphere per amount of knotweed along each river we were able to estimate the total amount of water transpired to the atmosphere by knotweed per river on a daily basis during its growing season. These results were compared to summer low flow rates to assess the impact on river flow during the growing season for Japanese knotweed. Our results suggest that knotweed along these rivers is reducing total flow by an average of 8% (approximately 800,000–1,400,000 L/day) during the summer months. This is important as the impact of invasive species on water resources in temperate areas is currently under-studied in ecohydrology.     

Legacies of flood reduction on a Dryland river

The Bill Williams (Arizona) is a regulated dryland river that is being managed, in part, for biodiversity via flow management. To inform management, we contrasted riparian plant communities between the Bill Williams and an upstream free‐flowing tributary (Santa Maria). Goals of a first study (1996–1997) were to identify environmental controls on herbaceous species richness and compare richness among forest types. Analyses revealed that herbaceous species richness was negatively related to woody stem density, basal area and litter cover and positively related to light levels. Introduced Tamarix spp. was more frequent at the Bill Williams, but all three main forest types (Tamarix, Salix/Populus, Prosopis) had low understory richness, as well as high stem density and low light, on the Bill Williams as compared to the Santa Maria. The few edaphic differences between rivers (higher salinity at Bill Williams) had only weak connections with richness. A second study (2006–2007) focused on floristic richness at larger spatial scales. It revealed that during spring, and for the study cumulatively (spring and fall samplings combined), the riparian zone of the unregulated river had considerably more plant species. Annuals (vs. herbaceous perennials and woody species) showed the largest between‐river difference. Relative richness of exotic (vs. native) species did not differ. We conclude that: (1) The legacy of reduced scouring frequency and extent at the Bill Williams has reduced the open space available for colonization by annuals; and (2) Change in forest biomass structure, more so than change in forest composition, is the major driver of changes in plant species richness along this flow‐altered river. Our study informs dryland river management options by revealing trade‐offs that exist between forest biomass structure and plant species richness. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

感潮平原河网水流水质计算模型应用研究

根据平原河网在不同水文时期关注的目标,应用建立的水流水质计算模型,对研究区历史发生的5场洪水水流进行了验证,并对现状枯水期水流和水质进行了计算。结果表明,模型对洪水水流预报和枯水水流及水质计算都能达到较高的精度。通过研究区河网水环境现状验证,提出了枯水期相应的水质改善方案,为地区河网水资源的综合利用及水环境管理提供了决策依据。     

考虑关键物种全生命周期的减脱水河段生态流量研究

针对引水式电站改变河流的水文水力学特性、地形地貌等天然状况,在电站与引水坝之间形成减脱水河段,使河流生态环境遭到破坏的问题,选取长江二级支流后溪河镇泉大坝下游作为研究河段,通过实地调研与资料收集,以当地土著、重点鱼类齐口裂腹鱼作为指示性物种,考虑其全生命周期的生态过程,归纳得到产卵期水深、流速适宜性曲线。在识别研究河段现状地貌单元分布的基础上,考虑水深、流速阈值与底质特征,建立了水深、流速与水力单元的关系,识别了不同流量下索饵场、越冬场面积变化,并结合蒙大拿法,分时期、分阶段确定了减脱水河段的最佳、适宜、最小生态流量。     

黄河下游造床流量的变化及其对河槽的影响

本文通过计算黄河下游的第一造床流量和第二造床流量,分析了黄河下游河槽的萎缩过程。第一造床流量与年水沙量的关系分析表明,黄河下游的深槽平浅滩流量700～1000m3/s是相对稳定的,恒定流的平衡输沙能力约为18～21kg/m3。通过小浪底水库拦粗排细年平均拦沙约3亿t,并在汛期强化调水调沙运用,基本可以控制黄河下游河槽的淤积萎缩。第二造床流量和平滩流量的关系分析表明黄河下游恢复和维持平滩流量约4000m3/s的中水河槽是比较合理的。根据小浪底水库调水调沙运用状况,提出了恢复和维持黄河下游稳定中水河槽的措施,并探讨了强化小浪底水库调水调沙运用的方案。     

基于分形理论的黄河内蒙古段河势演变特征及其与凌汛灾害关联研究

寒区河道凌汛灾害河势“弯道效应”的量化评估十分重要。基于分形理论提出河道横断面-纵剖面-平面多维度河势分形维数计算方法及其物理机制，并探讨黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势演变分形特征及其与凌汛灾害的关联关系。结果表明，黄河内蒙古段不同维度河势均具有多尺度自相似分形特征，且具有多年记忆周期的长程相关性；冰坝（严重性冰塞）发生频次与河道主槽弯曲分形维数呈正相关指数型函数关系，与河相系数、深泓点高程和河段平均底坡分形维数负相关，与水深-面积分形维数正相关，总体表明冰坝灾害更易发生于主槽偏移摆动大、蜿蜒曲折、河湾发育程度高的宽浅型弯曲河道，研究成果可为凌汛期冰塞冰坝灾害易发河段诊断及预测提供重要理论依据。