Experimental study on bubble behavior and CFD simulation of large-scale slurry bubble column reactor

Slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) is a three-phase fluidized reactor with outstanding advantages compared with other reactors and is difficult to scale-up due to lack of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer over a wide range of operating conditions of commercial interest. In this paper, an experiment was conducted to investigate the bubble behavior in SBCR with a height of 5600 mm and an interior diameter of 480 mm. Bubble rise velocity, bubble diameter, and gas holdup in different radial and axial positions are measured in SBCR using four-channel conductivity probe. Tap water, air, and glass beads (mean diameter 75–150 μm) are used as liquid, gas, and solid phases, respectively. It shows that hydrodynamic parameters have good regularity in SBCR. Moreover, a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package, Fluent, was used to simulate the process in SBCR. The simulations were carried out using axi-symmetric 2-D grids. Data obtained from experiment and CFD simulation are compared, and results show that the tendency of simulation is almost uniform with the experiment, which can help to obtain further understanding about multiphase flow process and establish a model about the synthesis of alcohol ether fuel in SBCR.     

Coiled flow inverter as a heat exchanger

In the present work attempts are made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat-transfer characteristics of a coiled flow inverter (CFI) as heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments are carried out in counter-current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and cold fluid in the shell side. Experimental study is made over a range of Reynolds numbers from 1000 to 16,000 using water in the tube side of the heat exchanger. The shell side fluids used are either cooling water or ambient air. The coiled flow inverter is made up of coils and 90^° bends and inserted in a closed shell. The shell side is fitted with three types of baffles to provide high turbulence and avoid channeling in the shell side. The bulk mean temperatures at various downstream positions are reported for different flow rate on tube side, as well as the heat transfer efficiency of the heat exchanger is also reported. Pressure drop and overall heat-transfer coefficient is calculated at various tube and shell side process conditions. The outer and inner heat-transfer coefficients are determined using Wilson plot technique. The results show that at low Reynolds numbers, heat-transfer is 25% higher as compared to coiled tubes. At high Reynolds numbers, the configuration has less influence on heat transfer. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the coiled flow inverter.     

Pressure drop and heat transfer study in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger

In the present work attempts were made to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat transfer characteristics of tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger at the pilot plant scale. The experiments were carried out in counter current mode operation with hot fluid in the tube side and cold fluid in the annulus area. The outer tube was fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. Overall heat transfer coefficients were calculated and heat transfer coefficients in the inner and outer tube were determined using Wilson plots. A commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics package [FLUENT User's Guide, release 6.0, Fluent Inc., Lebnon, NH, 1994] was used to predict the flow and thermal development in tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes were compared with the experimental data collected in the present study as well as reported in the literature. The CFD simulations were in agreement with the present experimental data. In case of literature data a reasonable comparison was found even though the boundary conditions in the present work were different.     

花板换热器与单弓形折流板换热器对比实验研究

折流板壳程流体横向冲刷换热管时存在振动大、压力损失大和易结垢的缺点,折流杆换热器用作冷油器时壳程Re偏低,为了克服上述缺陷,研制出一种新型的花板换热器。花板换热器中壳程流体的流动方式与单弓形折流板换热器不同,壳程流体纵向冲刷换热管,具有壳程阻力较小、换热器内管子振动噪声小等特点。本文通过对花板与单弓形折流板换热器的换热和流阻性能的实验比较,得到在相同的雷诺数下,花板换热器的壳程压降仅为单弓形折流板换热器的70%—80%,以单弓形折流板换热器为参照时的花板换热器综合效益比为110%—140%。     

板翅式换热器压力特性工程计算方法

换热器是工业的基础设备,也是飞行器中的重要设备,其广泛应用于发动机、飞行器环境控制等飞机需要换热的系统中,用于维持人员舒适安全和设备高效正常运行,其准确工程设计方法影响设备及系统的可靠运行,很多换热器设计文献对其压力相关计算问题进行了详细说明,但将换热器设计和流体力学文献进行对比和分析,发现两者在一些概念和定义上存在差异,根据流体力学文献中的概念提出了相应的换热器压力特性工程计算公式。具体选取了一种空气换热器常用的锯齿翅片作为算例,不考虑散热的绝热情况,构建单流程及双流程板翅式换热器,以涵盖突扩、突缩、90°和180°局部等结构变化的压力变化特性计算,运用Halton序列进行拟Monte Carlo对一定跨度内的温度、压力、Re的单流程、双流程换热器出口条件进行计算,经过这两类换热器计算统计发现：封头压降和压力损失在整个换热器压损中占比概率情况下较小,概率密度最大在0.05附近,换热器总压降在大部分情况下较出口压力小,流体性质可按固定压力计算。     

Measurement of slurry concentration and flow rates in shell and tube slurry heat exchangers

A study has been conducted on a slurry flow behavior in vertical tubes having diameters of one inch in an upflow mode. A tube sampling technique and an optical electronics method were developed to determine the slurry concentration and flow rates for flurries comprised of different size particles. These methods will be applied in cold flow simulation of a shell and tube slurry heat exchanger.     

双套管双管板换热器流动及传热性能数值模拟

采用CFD软件方法,研究双套管双管板换热器传热及流动特性.对隔绝腔连同内外套管的环形间隙内分别充入空气、水、甲苯气体和氩气4种介质进行模拟.结果表明:不同介质对传热有不同影响,充入水时的换热效果最好,甲苯气体的最差;壳程介质在流体接管进、出口附近存在回流和绕流且速度较小,管程介质流动较为均匀,受壁面边界层影响,速度在管...     

Influence of the meandering channel geometry on the thermo-hydraulic performances of an intensified heat exchanger/reactor

In the global context of process intensification, heat exchanger/reactors are promising apparatuses to implement exothermic chemical syntheses. However, unlike heat exchange processes, the implementation of chemical syntheses requires to control the residence time to complete the chemistry. A way to combine the laminar regime (i.e. enough residence time) with a plug flow and the intensification of both heat and mass transfers is the corrugation of the reaction path.In this work, the experimental set-up is based on plate heat exchanger/reactor technology. 7 milli-channel corrugated geometries varying the corrugation angle, the curvature radius, the developed length, the hydraulic diameter and the aspect ratio have been designed and experimentally characterized (heat transfer, mixing times, pressure drops, RTD). The objectives were to assess their respective performances to derive some correlations depending on the channel design.The results confirmed the benefits of the reaction channel corrugation. Heat and mass transfers have been intensified while maintaining a plug flow behaviour in the usually laminar flow regime. Moreover, whatever the meandering channel's curvature radius, the results highlighted the relevance of considering the Dean number as the scale-up parameter. This dimensionless number, more than the Reynolds number, seems to govern the flow in the wavy channels.     

船用绕管式LNG气化器方案对比

针对用在LNG动力船上的供气系统,在给定的低压供气条件下,分别以丙烷和50%浓度的乙二醇水溶液作为中间换热介质,整理适合绕管式换热器的螺旋管传热关联式和壳程传热关联式,使用MATLAB编程计算绕管式LNG气化器的换热面积和换热管长,结合工程实践,讨论使用两级换热器时管长和换热面积的分配情况。HYSYS模拟结果表明,当管内LNG的流动换热状态一样时,所需水乙二醇的质量流量是丙烷的10倍。丙烷发生相变,气态丙烷在绕管式换热器管外的流速变化很大,在出口达到1.7 m/s,换热器所需承压能力较高,水乙二醇在壳程流速仅0.2 m/s左右。分为两级换热器时,气化级换热器的换热面积和换热管长小于加热级的12.7%,当选择两级尺寸相同时,会浪费至少80%的换热面积。     

Laminar falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes

Knowledge of falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes is required in the assessment of certain CANDU reactor accident sequences for those CANDU reactors which use moderator dump as one of the shut-down mechanisms. In these reactors, subsequent cooling of the calandria tubes is provided by falling films produced by sprays. This paper describes an analysis of falling film flow and heat transfer characteristics on horizontal tubes using integral methods. The application of the results to an assessment of the stability of the films on the calandria tubes following a loss-of-coolant accident with impaired emergency coolant injection flow is discussed.     

On the compactness of tubular heat exchangers

The effect of the open flow area of the intertubular channel on heat transfer parameters in the case of longitudinal flow past tubes is considered using tube-in-tube heat exchangers with smooth and profiled tubes as examples. It is demonstrated that the heat transfer efficiency can be enhanced by reducing the open flow area. By optimizing the tubular and intertubular spaces, it is possible to make the tubular heat exchanger much more compact.     

Numerical studies of a tube-in-tube helically coiled heat exchanger

In the present study a tube-in-tube helically coiled (TTHC) heat exchanger has been numerically modeled for fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for different fluid flow rates in the inner as well as outer tube. The three-dimensional governing equations for mass, momentum and heat transfer have been solved using a control volume finite difference method (CVFDM). The renormalization group (RNG) k– model is used to model the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the TTHC heat exchanger. The fluid considered in the inner tube is compressed air at higher pressure and cooling water in the outer tube at ambient conditions. The inner tube pressure is varied from 10 to 30 bars. The Reynolds numbers for the inner tube ranged from 20,000 to 70,000. The mass flow rate in the outer tube is varied from 200 to 600 kg/h. The outer tube is fitted with semicircular plates to support the inner tube and also to provide high turbulence in the annulus region. The overall heat transfer coefficients are calculated for both parallel and counter flow configurations. The Nusselt number and friction factor values in the inner and outer tubes are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature. New empirical correlations are developed for hydrodynamic and heat-transfer predictions in the outer tube of the TTHC.     

Characterization of the performances of an innovative heat-exchanger/reactor

The use of heat exchanger/reactors (HEX/reactors) is a promising way to overcome the barrier of poor heat transfer in batch reactors. However to reach residence time long enough to complete the chemistry, low Reynolds number has to be combined with both a plug flow behaviour and the intensification of heat and mass transfers. This work concerns the experimental approach used to characterize an innovative HEX/reactor. The pilot is made of three process plates sandwiched between five utility plates. The process stream flows in a 2 mm corrugated channel. Pressure drop and residence time distribution characterizations aim at studying the flow hydrodynamics. Identified Darcy correlations point out the transition between laminar and turbulent flow around a Reynolds number equal to 200. Moreover the flow behaves like a quasi-plug flow (Pe > 185). The heat transfer and mixing time have also been investigated. The ratio between the reaction kinetics and the mixing time is over 100 and the intensification factor ranges from 5000 to 8000 kW m⁻³ K⁻¹. As a consequence, no limitations were identified which allows the implementation of an exothermic reaction. It has been successfully performed under severe temperature and concentration conditions, batchwise unreachable. Thus, it highlights the interest of using this continuous HEX/reactor.     

波纹管强化管内沸腾传热的试验研究

分别以煤油和水为工质,对不同流速情况下波纹管和光管的管内流动沸腾传热特性进行了试验研究。试验中采用套管式换热器,依靠管外的高温热水对管内工质加热使之沸腾。在不同流速下,根据试验测量的流量和温度等参数计算管内流动沸腾传热系数。结果表明:随着气相雷诺数的提高,传热系数随之提高;相对光管,波纹管对上升流动管内沸腾传热有明显的强化作用。根据试验结果给出了波纹管管内流动沸腾传热系数关联式。     

PVDF中空纤维换热管亲/疏水组合表面强化蒸汽冷凝传热

针对塑料换热管热导率低的问题,采用非溶剂致相分离法（NIPS）,通过控制铸膜液中磺化聚醚砜（SPES）添加量,制备出具有致密层/非致密层复合结构,外表面接触角分别为49.8°、78.1°的中空纤维表面亲水（PVDF/SPES）、表面疏水（PVDF）换热管,在非致密层内填充水,从而提高换热管导热性能。将单根的表面亲水、疏水换热管编织,在列管式塑料换热器壳程,利用两根换热管的外表面,构建蒸汽冷凝用亲/疏水组合表面,研究该表面上蒸汽冷凝传热强化效果。研究表明,较熔融拉伸法制备的致密PVDF换热管疏水表面,NIPS法制备的亲水表面、疏水表面及亲/疏水组合表面上的蒸汽冷凝总传热系数分别提高46.6%、56.5%、99.7%。可见,较单一的亲水或疏水表面而言,亲/疏水组合表面能够显著强化蒸汽冷凝传热性能。     

椭圆管连续螺旋折流板换热器壳侧性能评价及三场协同分析

提出了一种新型的椭圆管连续螺旋折流板换热器。利用ANSYS CFX软件对壳侧流动与传热进行了数值模拟,并采用性能评价图及三场协同原理分析其壳侧性能。结果表明:在研究范围内,以椭圆管替代传统圆管管束后,在维持传热面积基本不变的前提下,壳侧压降降低72%～80%,综合换热性能提高32%～40%。应用性能评价图分析发现椭圆管在强化换热的同时也大大减小了压降。这是由于在相同的速度场与温度场协同前提下,椭圆管使速度场与压力场更好地协同,实现高效低阻强化传热的目的。     

Scaling of enhanced heat exchanger tubes

The performance of inner-fin and spirally indented heat exchanger tubes is compared with plain smooth tubes under severe scaling conditions. Artificially hardened water was recirculated through a heat exchanger which contained an enhanced tube and a plain tube in parallel and the decrease in heat transfer coefficient due to scale deposition followed with time. Inner-fin and spirally indented tubes maintained advantages in heat transfer coefficient over plain tubes of 10 to 100% after scaling. Asymptotic fouling resistances were larger for the inner fin tubes than for plain tubes, and smaller for the spirally indented tubes at velocities above 3 ft/sec.     

折流板切口方向对管壳式换热器传热性能影响

为了研究单弓形折流板的切口方向对管壳式换热器传热与流动性能的影响,文中通过建立3个不同折流板切口方向的管壳式换热器简化实体模型,运用CFD软件Fluent对管壳式换热器壳程传热与流动状态进行了三维数值模拟。以水为壳程流体介质,在不断改变壳程进口流速,使得壳程进口雷诺数Re在10 000到70 000范围内变化时,得到了不同状态下的壳程流场与温度场。根据数值模拟结果,以总传热系数α,壳程总压降Δp以及单位压降下的传热系数α/Δp作为综合衡量标准,分析不同折流板切口方向时的管壳式换热器壳程流场与温度场。数值模拟分析结果表明:折流板为垂直切口方向时,管壳式换热器总传热系数最大,压降最小,综合性能最好,另外2种折流板切口方向的管壳式换热器综合性能差不多。     

连续螺旋折流板换热器流动与传热性能及熵产分析

采用数值模拟的方法,研究了螺旋角对连续螺旋折流板换热器流动与传热性能的影响,并以熵产数为指标对换热器性能进行了基于热力学第二定律的分析评价。结果表明,相同质量流量时壳程传热系数和压降均随螺旋角的增大而降低,且后者降低的幅度大于前者。连续螺旋折流板换热器壳程横截面上切向速度分布较弓形折流板换热器更加均匀。在靠近中心假管的内层区域,同一径向位置的轴向速度随螺旋角的增大而降低,而在靠近壳体壁面的外层区域则相反。螺旋角越大,不同径向位置的换热管间的换热量分布均匀性越好。壳程质量流量相等时,换热器中传热引起的熵产占总熵产的比重随着螺旋角的增大而增加,熵产数随着螺旋角的增大而降低。     

三角形布管方式下2种换热器的场协同分析

基于采用周期性全截面计算模型得到的帘式折流片换热器和折流板换热器壳程流体流动和传热数值计算结果,应用场协同原理对二者传热性能进行了分析。分析了帘式折流片换热器在壳程不同位置处的速度和湍流度,以及场协同角和对流传热系数,并与折流板换热器相同位置处的情况进行了对比。由于折流板壳程流体为横向流动,而帘式折流片壳程总体上是纵向流动,故折流板换热器的平均流速和湍动度稍高于帘式折流片换热器,平均流速为帘式折流片换热器的1.15倍,其湍动程度为帘式折流片换热器的1.4倍;折流板换热器2条验证线上的场协同角的平均值均小于帘式折流片换热器。研究结果为管壳式换热器结构改进和性能提升提供了参考依据,同时帘式折流片换热器的这种结构特点对于节能降耗的研究也具有重要意义。