经肛门拖出标本的全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术中切除标本自肛门内拖出的可行性。方法 2007年1月~2010年5月,对30例肿块5 cm的直肠癌施行全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术,手术标本自肛门拖出,肠断端腔镜下荷包缝合及管型吻合器结直肠吻合。结果 30例在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术,无中转开腹。无腹腔、盆腔脏器的损伤。手术时间120~240min,平均150 min;术中出血20~80 ml,平均35 ml。发生吻合口漏4例,均经保守治疗治愈(18~30 d)。术后随访3~40个月,平均24.3月,2例1年后吻合口复发。结论直径5 cm的标本自肛门拖出的全腹腔镜直肠癌全系膜切除术是可行的,避免腹部辅助切口,创伤更小。     

腹腔镜下低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术在低位直肠癌治疗中的临床应用价值。 方法：回顾性分析12例低位直肠癌应用腹腔镜下经肛拖出切除吻合术的临床资料。12例肿瘤锯齿状线为1~3 cm, 肿瘤局限在肠腔内, 直径均<4 cm, 浸润<肠腔1/2, 均为高-中分化瘤。均行腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除, 直肠及肿瘤经肛门拖出切除, 用吻合器行结直肠或结肛吻合术。 结果：12例均顺利完成腹腔镜下手术, 无中转开腹手术者。手术时间160~240 min, 平均200 min。术中出血30~80 mL, 平均40 mL。切缘均无癌残留。胃肠功能恢复时间36~60 h, 术后住院时间7~10 d, 无吻合口瘘及吻合口出血发生。12例随访12~18个月, 未发现局部复发。 结论：腹腔镜下低位直肠癌经肛拖出切除吻合术准确、简便、安全, 为瘤体较小、组织学分型好的早、中期的低位直肠癌提供一种较好的术式选择。     

改良全腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除经肛拖出吻合重建的临床应用

目的对腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除经肛门拖出吻合重建技术进行改良,总结改良术式的手术方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年10月56例腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除经肛门拖出吻合重建患者的临床资料,其中男性27例,女性29例;年龄25~72岁,平均52岁;肿瘤最大径1.2~5.0 cm,平均3.5 cm;肿瘤距离肛门4~12 cm,平均8 cm。结果 56例患者均成功完成改良术式,无中转开腹。手术时间100~180 min,平均130 min。1例术后合并心力衰竭,经内科处理好转,无其他手术相关并发症。48例患者获得随访,随访6~22个月,平均14个月,无局部复发病例。结论改良腹腔镜下直肠癌前切除经肛门拖出吻合重建技术是一种安全有效的术式。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛门拖出切除吻合术近期疗效分析(附11例报告)

目的:评价腹腔镜低位直肠癌经肛门拖出切除吻合技术的近期疗效。方法:回顾分析11例腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除、经肛门拖出切除、结-直肠吻合、预防性末端回肠造瘘手术的临床资料。结果:11例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无一例中转开腹,无辅助切口,保肛率100%。手术时间平均(162.3±31.01)min,术中出血量平均(31.82±14.88)ml,术后平均(2.00±0.63)d恢复胃肠功能并进流质饮食,平均住院(12.27±1.56)d。术后1例发生吻合口漏。结论:腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除、经肛门拖出切除吻合技术治疗低位直肠癌创伤小、安全、可行,近期疗效满意。     

直肠外翻拖出式腹腔镜直肠癌Dixon手术15例报告

目的探讨直肠外翻拖出式腹腔镜直肠癌Dixon手术的疗效。方法建立气腹后行五孔法腹腔镜手术,常规游离乙状结肠和降结肠外侧的腹膜,分离内侧系膜并结扎乙状结肠血管,超声刀锐性分离骶前间隙、直肠两侧和前系膜,直到尾骨尖下方,完全切除直肠系膜,然后距离肿瘤上缘10~15 cm处切断乙状结肠;助手用圈钳从肛门伸入夹持肠管壁,将远端乙状结肠、直肠及其系膜、直肠肿瘤等从肛门外翻拖出,在肿瘤远端2~5 cm处切断直肠并闭合残端,移除标本,然后还纳直肠残端后在腹腔内腹腔镜直视下将降结肠与直肠吻合。结果无中转开腹,手术时间120~160 min,平均140 min;术中出血量80~150 ml,平均110 ml。切除标本远端阴性切缘≥3 cm,环周经病理检查未见癌细胞侵犯,淋巴结清扫2~6枚。术后无肠漏、大便失禁等并发症。术后6~10 d出院,平均8 d。病理类型：高分化腺癌2例,中分化腺癌8例,低分化腺癌5例。DukesA期8例,B期7例。15例随访6~24个月,平均19个月,无种植性肿瘤转移和局部复发。结论直肠外翻拖出式腹腔镜直肠癌Dixon手术治疗低位直肠癌可行,能达到保肛、提高生活质量的目的,并发症少,康复快,同时也能获得避免或减少种植性转移或局部复发的临床效果。     

腹腔镜下直肠经肛门拖出式手术与直肠前切除术治疗低位直肠癌的比较

目的探讨腹腔镜下直肠经肛门拖出式手术治疗低位直肠癌的疗效与可行性。方法回顾性分析2009年12月~2014年9月低位直肠癌的临床资料,腹腔镜下直肠经肛门拖出式手术20例(拖出组),腹腔镜下直肠低位前切除术21例(对照组),2组一般资料差异无显著性,比较2组手术时间、出血量、术后并发症、术后肛门功能、术后病理切缘距离及短期局部复发情况。结果 2组手术时间及术中出血量、淋巴结清扫数差异无显著性(P0.05)。术后病理显示拖出组手术切缘距离肿瘤更远[(3.9±1.2)cm vs.(2.9±1.2)cm,t=2.667,P=0.011]。对照组术后吻合口漏1例。术后1个月及半年后控便情况差异无显著性(P0.05)。拖出组术后随访(28.4±16.8)月,无局部复发及转移;对照组术后随访(28.8±16.4)月,术后复发2例(P=0.488)。结论腹腔镜下直肠经肛门外翻拖出式手术治疗低位直肠癌手术更加简便易行,手术效果满意,安全可靠。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中拖出切除吻合术的临床应用

目的：探讨经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合技术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中的临床价值。方法回顾性分析我院近几年应用经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合技术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术35例患者的临床资料及治疗效果。结果所有手术标本远端阴性切缘≥2 cm,环周病理检查未见癌细胞侵润。术后无吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄或大便失禁等并发症。随访1个月~5年,无种植性肿瘤转移和局部复发患者。结论经肛门外翻拖出切除吻合术在腹腔镜低位直肠癌保肛手术中具有微创和安全可靠的临床效果。     

免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术

目的探讨免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术的可行性和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年5月间在北京世纪坛医院接受免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术的12例患者的临床资料。结果12例患者中男性8例,女性4例,年龄4l。67（平均58）岁：便秘5例,乙状结肠癌3例。直肠癌4例。12例均经腹腔镜完成手术,无中转开腹病例,手术时间（240±45）min,术中出血量（70±40）ml。术后无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄等并发症,仅1例便秘患者术后出现顽固性右下腹痛,经解痉对症处理后缓解。术后6个月,5例便秘患者排粪频率3～7次／d,7例乙状结肠和直肠癌患者1-2次／d。术后随访1～20个月,未见局部复发和转移病例。结论免腹部切口腹腔镜结直肠切除经肛门拖出术是一种安全可行、疗效可靠的术式。     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜辅助下经肛门拖出双吻合器切除术(附12例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜下经肛门拖出双吻合器切除在低位直肠癌手术中的应用。方法:回顾分析为12例低位直肠癌患者施行腹腔镜辅助下经肛门拖出双吻合器切除术的临床资料。结果:12例手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间180～260min,平均210min,出血量50～500ml,平均160ml。术后切缘病理检查均未见癌细胞浸润,无吻合口漏及手术死亡病例。12例患者均获随访,随访时间3～14个月,随访期内肝转移1例,无吻合口复发,1例术后8个月仍每天排便3～5次,余者2～4个月后排便正常。结论:低位直肠癌腹腔镜辅助下经肛门拖出双吻合器切除术安全可行,熟练的开腹手术经验及腹腔镜操作技巧是手术成功的关键。     

直肠拖出式吻合在腹腔镜低位直肠癌Dixon手术中的应用

目的:探讨直肠癌拖出式吻合在腹腔镜低位直肠癌Dixon手术中的应用价值。方法:回顾分析2010年6月至2014年6月行腹腔镜低位直肠癌根治术(Dixon术)并经肛门直肠拖出式吻合16例患者的临床资料,观察腹腔镜直肠癌拖出式吻合的手术效果。结果:16例均顺利完成保肛手术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间平均(175±55)min,术中出血量平均(80±45)ml;切除肿瘤长径0.8~4.0 cm,切除标本远端切缘距离瘤体≥2 cm,切缘阴性率100%,淋巴结转移0~9枚。TNM分期:Ⅰ期2例,ⅡA期1例,ⅢA期6例,ⅢB期3例,ⅢC期4例。术后胃肠功能恢复时间平均(35±7)h,尿管拔除时间平均(5±2)d,术后平均住院(10±3)d。无吻合口漏发生,发生前切除术后综合征3例。术后随访3~48个月,1例局部复发,1例肝转移。结论:直肠癌拖出式吻合在腹腔镜低位直肠癌Dixon术中可提高保肛率,改善患者术后生活质量,减少肿瘤的局部复发与种植转移。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.