Fatigue Behavior of Dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg Aluminum Alloys Friction Stir Welding Joints

In this study, fatigue properties and fracture mechanism of dissimilar Al–Mg–Si/Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloys friction stir welding(FSW) joints were investigated and the effect of the sheet configuration on the fatigue behavior of the FSW joints was also discussed. Results showed that the joints owned better fatigue properties when the Al–Zn–Mg aluminum alloy was placed at the advancing side(AS). At 10~7 cycles, the fatigue strengths of Al–Zn–Mg–AS and Al–Mg–Si–AS joints were, respectively, 105.6 and 90.1 MPa. All joints fractured at the heat-affected zone at the Al–Mg–Si alloy side. Transmission electron microscopy results showed that better fatigue property of the Al–Zn–Mg–AS joint was associated with the bridging effect of the bigger secondary phase particles.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Al – Cu Joints Formed by Friction Stir Welding

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Friction-stir-welded joints of commercial-purity copper and aluminum alloy AMg5 are studied. The effect of the process parameters on the microstructure and...     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welded Thick Al–Zn–Mg–Cu Alloy Plate

In this work, 20-mm-thick aluminum-alloy plates were joined via friction stir welding. The temperature gradient was reduced by reducing the surface welding heat input to achieve uniformity of the mechanical properties across the thick plate joints. The welding temperature was measured using thermocouples. The microstructures were observed via electron backscatter diff raction and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile properties of the samples sliced along the thickness direction of the j...     

Microstructure and Strain Hardening of a Friction Stir Welded High-Strength Al–Zn–Mg Alloy

Microstructural evolution and strain hardening behavior of a friction stir welded（FSWed） high-strength7075Al-T651 alloy were evaluated.The nugget zone was observed to consist of fine and equiaxed recrystallized grains with a low dislocation density and free of original precipitates,but containing uniformly distributed dispersoids.The strength,joint efficiency,and ductility of the FSWed joints increased with increasing welding speed.A joint efficiency of ＊91% was achieved at a welding speed of 400 mm/min and rotational rate of 800 r/min,while the ductility remained basically the same as that of the base metal.There was no obvious strain rate sensitivity observed in both base metal and welded joints.While both the base metal and FSWed joints exhibited stage III and IV hardening characteristics,the hardening capacity,strain hardening exponent,and strain hardening rate all increased after friction stir welding.     

Effect of the Temperature of Friction Stir Welding on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Welded Joints of an Al – Cu – Mg Alloy

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - A method for assessing the effect of the temperature of friction stir welding on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints of aluminum alloy...     

Influence of Multi-pass Friction Stir Processing on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Die Cast Al–7Si–3Cu Aluminum Alloy

The influence of overlap multi-pass friction stir processing on the microstructure and the mechanical properties, in particular, strength, ductility and hardness of die cast Al–7Si–3Cu aluminum alloy was investigated.It was observed that increase in the number of overlap passes friction stir processing resulted in significant refinement and redistribution of aluminum silicon eutectic phase and elimination of casting porosities. The microstructural refinement by the friction stir processing not only increases the ultimate tensile strength from 121 to273 MPa, but also increases the ductility as observed by the increase in fracture strain from 1.8% to 10%. Analysis of the fractured surface reveals that the microstructural refinement obtained by friction stir processing plays a vital role in transforming the fracture mode from completely mixed mode to the ductile mode of the fracture with increasing number of passes. The change in the size, shape, morphology and distribution of eutectic silicon particles and elimination of the porosities are the main reasons for the increases in tensile strength and ductility due to friction stir processing.     

Effects of fluidised bed quenching on heat treating characteristics of cast Al–Si–Mg and Al–Si–Mg–Cu alloys

Abstract

The quench sensitivity of Al–Si–Mg (D357 unmodified and Sr modified), and Al–Si–Mg–-Cu (354 and 319 Sr modified) cast alloys was investigated using a fluidised bed (FB). The average cooling rate of castings in the fluidised bed is lower than those quenched in water; the cooling rate first increases to a certain maximum and then decreases during quenching. The change in the cooling rate during quenching in water was more drastic, where the cooling rate varied from 0 to ?80 K s^?1 in less than 8 s, as compared with those quenched in FB, where the cooling rate varied from 0 to ?14 K s^?1 in 18 s. The FB quenching resulted in the formation of several metastable phases in Al–Si–Mg–Cu alloys; in contrast, no such transformation was observed during water quenching. The T4 yield strength of the FB quenched alloys was greater than water quenched alloys owing to the formation of a greater volume fraction of metastable phases in the FB quenched alloys. The tensile properties of T6 treated alloys show that Al–Si–Mg alloys (both unmodified and Sr modified) are more quench sensitive than Al–Si–Mg–Cu alloys. The high quench sensitivity of the Al–Si–Mg alloys is because GP zones are not formed, whereas GP zones are formed during quenching of the Al–Si–Mg–Cu alloys as predicted by time temperature transformation and continuous cooling transformation) diagrams.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Wear Properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/In-Situ Al–9Si–SiCp/Pure Al Composite by Powder Metallurgy

This study examined the effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and wear properties of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu/in-situ Al–9Si–SiCp/pure Al composites. Pure Al powder was used to increase densification but it resulted in heterogeneous precipitation as well as differences in hardness among the grains. Heat treatment was conducted to solve this problem. The heat treatment process consisted of three stages: solution treatment, quenching, and aging treatment. After the solution treatment, the main dissolved phases were η′(Mg₄Zn₇), η(MgZn₂), and Al₂Cu phase. An aging treatment was conducted over the temperature range, 100–240 °C, for various times. The GP zone and η′(Mg₄Zn₇) phase precipitated at a low aging temperature of 100–160 °C, whereas the η(MgZn₂) phase precipitated at a high aging temperature of 200–240 °C. The hardness of the sample aged at 100–160 °C was higher than that aged at 200–240 °C. The wear test was conducted under various linear speeds with a load of 100 N. The aged composite showed a lower wear rate than that of the as-sintered composite under all conditions. As the linear speed was increased to 1.0 m/s, the predominant wear behavior changed from abrasive to adhesive wear in all composites.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of T6-Treated B_4Cp/6061Al Composite

T6-treated 20 wt% B_4 Cp/6061 Al sheets were joined under welding speeds of 400–1200 mm/min by friction stir welding(FSW) with a threaded cermet pin. The macro-defect-free FSW joints could be achieved at high welding speeds up to 1200 mm/min, but larger plunge depth was required at the welding speeds of 800 and 1200 mm/min to eliminate the tunnel defect. In the nugget zone(NZ) of the joints, the B_4 C particles were broken up and uniformly redistributed. The NZ exhibited lower hardness than the base metal(BM), and the hardness value almost did not change with increasing welding speed, attributable to the dissolution of precipitates. Compared with the BM, the joints showed lower tensile strength. As the welding speed increased from 400 to 800 mm/min, the joint efficiencies were nearly the same and up to ～ 73%. When the welding speed increased up to 1200 mm/min, the tensile strength significantly decreased, due to the occurrence of kissing bond defect at the bottom of the NZ. With increasing welding speed, the fracture location of the joints transferred gradually from the heat-affected zone to the NZ due to the kissing bond defects.     

Friction Stir Welding of Discontinuously Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites:A Review

Friction stir welding(FSW) is considered a promising welding technique for joining the aluminum matrix composites(AMCs) to avoid the drawbacks of the fusion welding. High joint efficiencies of 60%–100% could be obtained in the FSW joints of AMCs. However, due to the existence of hard reinforcing particles in the AMCs, the wearing of welding tool during FSW is an unavoidable problem. Moreover, the low ductility of the AMCs limits the welding process window. As the hard materials such as Ferro-Titanit alloy, cermet, and WC/Co were applied to produce the welding tools,the wearing of the tools was significantly reduced and the sound joints could be achieved at high welding speed for the AMCs with low reinforcement volume fraction. In this article, current state of understanding and development of welding tool wearing and FSW parameters of AMCs are viewed. Furthermore, the factors affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints are evaluated in detail.     

Effect of Zener-Hollomon Parameter on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Copper Subjected to Friction Stir Welding

In this work, the influence of the Zener-Hollomon (Z) parameter on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper subjected to friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated. Liquid N₂ cooling was conducted to control the cooling rate after the FSW. The obtained results demonstrate that the Z parameter was dependent on the tool rotation rate during the FSW, i.e., a higher tool rotating rate resulted in a lower Z parameter. The grain size in the stir zone decreased with the increase in the Z parameter. The relationship between the yield strength and the Z parameter is established as σ_0.2 = σ₀ + kZⁿ. This relationship exhibited two different plots under the conditions of air cooling and liquid N₂ cooling. Even at a similar Z parameter, a significant yield strength difference occurred because massive dislocations, which were caused by the prevention of the post-annealing effect, were maintained in the stir zone. This study suggests that the influence of the post-annealing effect should not be neglected when analyzing the relationship between the Z parameter, microstructure, and mechanical properties.     

摩擦搅拌焊接过程残余应力的中子衍射法测量分析

利用中子衍射法测量了2024-T4铝合金板摩擦搅拌焊接头残余应力分布,得到了接头内部不同位置处的残余应力,研究了焊接速度对残余应力的影响。结果表明,纵向残余应力总体水平比横向残余应力高,是接头内的主要残余应力;当搅拌头转速相同时,提高焊接速度,纵向残余应力增大;横向残余应力除了在匙孔附近较大外,在其余位置处的残余应力都围绕0轴在拉应力与压应力之间波动,整体残余应力水平相对纵向残余应力小很多。     

基于钻铣床的搅拌摩擦焊设备设计

以ZX50CA钻铣床为研究对象,采用液压技术对其压下装置进行设计,设计出一台适用于镁合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊的设备,选用3 mm厚的AZ31镁合金板材进行对接焊接实验。结果表明:当搅拌头转速为1400 r/min、焊接速度为15 mm/min、压紧力为1500 N时,焊接接头表面成形良好。通过实验证明,该设备能够满足搅拌摩擦焊的工艺参数要求,适用于搅拌摩擦焊的实验研究,而且相对于大型专用搅拌摩擦焊设备,成本低,使用灵活、方便,为镁合金薄板搅拌摩擦焊设备的开发提供了很好的参考价值。     

Thermo-mechanical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding:A Review on Recent Advances

In recent studies, critical research interest exists in the thermo-mechanical analysis of the friction stir welding(FSW) process by numerical simulation. In this review, the thermo-mechanical analysis for FSW is overviewed regarding the computational approaches, the heat generation, the temperature, and the material fl ow behavior. Current concerns, challenges, and opportunities in current studies are discussed considering the application of the thermo-mechanical analysis. Generally, larger computational scale and better computational effi ciency are required to allow better spatial resolution in future analysis. The concepts and approaches demonstrated in the thermo-mechanical analysis for FSW open up quantitative prospects for the design of the FSW process.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of X80 Pipeline Steel Joints by Friction Stir Welding Under Various Cooling Conditions

X80 pipeline steel plates were friction stir welded(FSW) under air, water, liquid CO_2 + water, and liquid CO_2 cooling conditions, producing defect-free welds. The microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of these FSW joints were studied. Coarse granular bainite was observed in the nugget zone(NZ) under air cooling, and lath bainite and lath martensite increased signifi cantly as the cooling medium temperature reduced. In particular, under the liquid CO_2 cooling condition, a dual phase structure of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite appeared in the NZ. Compared to the case under air cooling, a strong shear texture was identifi ed in the NZs under other rapid cooling conditions, because the partial deformation at elevated temperature was retained through higher cooling rates. Under liquid CO_2 cooling, the highest transverse tensile strength and elongation of the joint reached 92% and 82% of those of the basal metal(BM), respectively, due to the weak tempering softening. A maximum impact energy of up to 93% of that of the BM was obtained in the NZ under liquid CO_2 cooling, which was attributed to the operation of the dual phase of lath martensite and fi ne ferrite.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的研究进展

搅拌摩擦焊接技术是一种利用高速旋转的搅拌探头与工件摩擦产生的热量使被焊材料局部塑化的新型固相连接工艺.为提高铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头质量,对工艺参数的波动、装配和表面状态等原因产生的铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接特有的缺陷(包括缺陷的种类、特征及形成原因)进行分析.总结了缺陷对接头拉伸、疲劳性能的影响以及焊接缺陷的检测和修补方法.对改善铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头性能和提高焊接生产效率具有重要的理论意义和实际参考价值.     

搅拌摩擦焊接技术最新进展

搅拌摩擦焊(Friction Stir Welding,简称FSW)是由英国焊接研究所TWI于1991年开发的专利技术,并且在随后取得了巨大的进展。综述了近10年来国内外搅拌摩擦焊技术的发展概况和最新进展,阐述了搅拌摩擦焊技术的原理、工艺特点及其广泛的工业应用前景,指出搅拌摩擦焊技术研究的必要性和紧追性。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Carbon Q235 Steel Welded Using Friction Stir Welding

This study focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints of Q235 mild steel, which was formed by the friction stir welding (FSW). The results indicated that, after the FSW, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the retreating side (HAZ_RS) and the HAZ of the advancing side (HAZ_AS) recovered under the influence of the heating cycle. The transformation of the phases in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the retreating side (TMAZ_RS), the stir zone (SZ) and the TMAZ of the advancing side (TMAZ_AS) generated the pearlite and acicular ferrite. The continuous dynamic recrystallization occurred in all the three zones, whereas the grains were refined. The SZ mainly consisted of D₁, D₂ and F shear textures, while the TMAZ_AS was made up of only the F shear texture. The fine-grained structure, pearlite and the acicular ferrite improved the hardness and tensile strength of the joint. Its ultimate tensile strength was 479 MPa, which was 1.3% higher than that of the base metal. However, the uniform elongation was 16%, which showed a decrease of 33%. The fracture was a ductile fracture with the appearance of dimples. Besides, the joints of the FSW showed an excellent bending performance.