Expression of nm23-H1 predicts lymph node involvement in colorectal carcinoma

PURPOSE: Reduced expression of the metastasis suppressor gene nm23-H1 has previously been correlated with high tumor metastatic potential and fatal clinical outcome in some tumors (e.g.,breast). For colorectal carcinomas, the findings are equivocal. METHODS: We have used a monoclonal antibody against nm23-H1 to investigate the expression in colorectal carcinomas at the time of primary curative surgery (RO resection) to assess if there was any relation between nm23-H1 expression and stage or histologic grade at the time of primary tumor removal. RESULTS: Of 100 colorectal carcinomas studied (Stages I, II, and III according UICC, all resected curatively), nm23-H1 immunoreactivity was weak in 41 (41 percent), moderate in 24 (24 percent), and strong in 35 (35 percent) cases. The grade of positivity against nm23-H1 was significantly lower in advanced stages of the disease (Stages II or III) (P < 0.001, chi-squared=52.8). In tumors with low or weak immunoreactivity against nm23-H1, frequency of lymph node metastases was significantly higher compared with those with moderate or strong staining (P < 0.001; chi-squared=50.58). Therefore, with a sensitivity of 93 percent and a specificity of 58 percent, low nm23-H1 immunoreactivity of the primary tumor, assessed at the time of surgery, is an indicator of the presence of lymph node metastases. CONCLUSIONS: Immunohisto-chemical evaluation of nm23-H1 in the primary tumor or in a biopsy is a useful predictor of stage of disease and presence of lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinomas and may have clinical significance,e.g.,in predicting optimal therapeutic regimes.     

Expression of nm23-H1 is associated with poor prognosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma

We have reported previously that the serum nm23-H1 level is a prognostic factor for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In this study, we examined nm23-H1 expression in T- and natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma in order to evaluate whether lymphoma cells produce the protein. The clinical significance of the cytotoxic molecules, T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) and granzyme B and nm23-H1 expression were also examined. Expression of nm23-H1, TIA-1, or granzyme B was examined by immunohistochemistry in 137 previously untreated lymphoma patients. The relationship between the results and clinical outcome was examined in 81 patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified. The neoplastic cells of some lymphomas produced nm23-H1 and the expression rates of nm-23-H1, TIA-1 and granzyme B were 36.5%, 78.8% and 32.8% respectively. The nm23-H1-positive or TIA-1-positive groups had significantly shorter overall and disease-free survivals. Multivariate analysis confirmed nm23-H1 expression to be an independent prognostic factor. The nm23-H1 protein can be an important prognostic factor in the lymphomas studied here. New treatments that target nm23 overexpression could be developed as a result of nm23-HI production by lymphoma cells.     

胃癌组织KAI 1和nm23-H1蛋白的表达意义

目的:观察胃癌组织中KAI 1和nm23-H1蛋白的表达与临床病理生物学的关系,探讨KAI 1蛋白在胃癌发生、发展中的作用．方法:应用兔抗人KAI 1多克隆抗体和鼠抗人nm23-H1 单克隆抗体对87例手术切除胃癌标本以PV-9000免疫组化二步法进行染色,用x2检验进行统计学分析．结果:伴有淋巴结转移的胃癌组织中KAI 1蛋白表达阳性率(60％,39／65)明显低于无淋巴结转移的胃癌组织(95％,21／22,P<0．05),早中期胃癌组织中KAI 1蛋白表达阳性率(94％,16／17)显著高于晚期胃癌组织(63％, 44／70,P<0．05),KAI 1蛋白高表达者其生存期亦较长 (P<0．05);伴有淋巴结转移的胃癌组织中nm23-H1蛋白表达阳性率明显低于无淋巴结转移的胃癌组织(18％ vs 77％,P<0．05),早中期胃癌组织nm23-H1蛋白表达阳性率明显高于晚期胃癌组织(65％vs26％,P<0．05)．结论:KAI 1和nm23-H1蛋白均与胃癌侵袭转移有关, 且KAI 1表达与胃癌患者预后密切相关,将两种指标联合检测,可作为正确判断胃癌患者预后,指导临床治疗的分子生物学指标．     

非小细胞肺癌淋巴转移与nm23—H1基因突变及mRNA表达异…

目的 观察非小细胞肺癌（ＮＳＣＬＣ）组织中ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因的存在状况及其转录表达水平，分析肺癌恶性转移与该基因异常的关系。方法 采用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ和半定量ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法，以正常癌旁组织及正常肺组织为对照，观察了３１例原发性ＮＳＣＬＣ中ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因的突变和ｍＲＮＡ表达情况。结果 ３１例肺癌中未发现１例存在ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因突变。在２０例具淋巴结转移的ＮＳＣＬＣ中ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因ｍＲＮＡ     

Effects of all-trans retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor on the expression of nm23-H1 in human hepatocarcinoma cells

The effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the expression of nm23-H1, a metastasis suppressor gene, were studied in a human 7721 hepatocarcinoma cell line. It was discovered that the expression of nm23-H1 mRNA was up-regulated by ATRA. This was compatible with the observation that the metastasis-associated phenotypes, such as chemotaxic cell migration and invasion, were both reduced in the ATRA-treated and nm23-H1-cDNA-transferred 7721 cells. However, ability of cells to adhere to fibronectin and laminin was not altered identically in the ATRA-treated and nm23-H1-cDNA-transfected 7721 cells. In contrast, the expression of nm23-H1 mRNA in 7721 cells was down-regulated both by the treatment with EGF and by the transfection of c-erbB-2/neu cDNA, which codes a protein homologous to the EGF receptor. EGF is a compound with biological effects opposite to those of ATRA, and c-erbB-2/neu is known to be a metastasis-promoting gene. These results reveal that the metastasis-preventing effect of ATRA may partly result from the up-regulation of nm23-H1, and the metastasis-promoting effects of EGF and c-erbB-2/neu were probably mediated in part by the down-regulation of nm23-H1.     

nm23-H1 immunoreactivity as a prognostic factor in differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Several prognostic factors have been proposed to identify the patients at risk to develop metastases in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Reduced nm23-H1 expression (a metastatic suppressor gene) has been correlated with high tumor metastatic potential in various human carcinomas, but the results obtained in differentiated thyroid carcinoma remain controversial. To elucidate the usefulness of nm23-H1 as a differentiated thyroid carcinoma prognosis factor, we evaluate the relationship between nm23-H1 immunoreactivity as well as both clinical status and patient outcome. For this purpose, thyroid resected specimens obtained from 94 differentiated thyroid carcinoma consecutive patients (64 papillary and 30 follicular) with at least 5 yr of follow-up were stained using monoclonal antibody to nm23-H1. We did not observe any relationship between nm23-H1 immunoreactivity and age, gender, initial differentiated thyroid carcinoma stage, local recurrence, or distant metastases in patients with papillary carcinoma. However, in patients with follicular carcinoma, a significant inverse association between metastatic disease and the expression of nm23-H1 product was obtained (P < 0.05). In addition, significant differences were found in the survival curves according to nm23-H1 immunoreactivity (log-rank P < 0.01). Finally, nm-23-H1 immunoreactivity was more specific but less sensitive than AMES score to predict metastases. In conclusion, our results suggest that nm23-H1 immunostaining could be added to the classic prognostic factors currently used to predict the outcome of patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma.     

Transfection of nm23-H1 increased expression of beta-Catenin, E-Cadherin and TIMP-1 and decreased the expression of MMP-2, CD44v6 and VEGF and inhibited the metastatic potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cell line L9981

Nm23 is a metastasis suppressor gene. In this report, we transfected nm23-H1 cDNA into L9981, a human large cell lung cancer cell line with nm23 negative expression, and made a stable transfectant. L9981-nm23-H1 cells exhibited lower cells proliferation rate, more G0/G1 phase growth and an increase in apoptosis with a dramatic decreased in the tumor cells ability to metastasize. L9981-nm23-H1 cells also demonstrated a significantly reduced lymph node and pulmonary metastatic capacity in vivo when injected into the nude mice. Furthermore, we used DNA microarray analysis to explore the change in expression of the metastasis-related genes in L9981-nm23-H1 cells. We found that the expression of beta-Catenin, E-Cadherin and TIMP-1 were significantly increased while expression MMP-2, CD44v6, and VEGF was dramatically decreased in L9981-nm23-H1, as confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot. These results demonstrated that nm23-H1 can suppress the mobility and metastatic capacity of cancer cells and the molecular mechanism by which nm23-H1 suppresses tumor metastasis may be via increasing the expression of metastasis-related genes such as beta-Catenin, E-Cadherin and TIMP-1 and decreasing the expression of MMP-2, CD44V6 and VEGF.     

Nm23-H1 expression in intrahepatic or extrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract: Aims/Background: Decreased expression of nm23, a putative metastasis suppressor gene, has been reported to be related to either intrahepatic metastasis or a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to elucidate the true role of nm23-H1 expression in both intrahepatic and distant metastases of HCC. Methods: Thirteen patients with single-nodule HCC, seven patients with HCC having satellite nodules and seven patients with HCCs having extrahepatic metastases were included in this study. The expression of nm23-H1 protein was immunohistochemically examined in both primary and metastatic nodules. Results: Ten of 13 single-nodule HCCs were found to overexpress nm23-H1 protein. All main tumors, having satellite nodules, were found to overexpress nm23-H1 protein, except for two HCCs, which only partially expressed nm23-H1 protein. Regarding the nm23-H1 expression in intrahepatic metastases, most nodules overexpressed the protein. The expression of nm23-H1 was found to be low in only one intrahepatic metastasis specimen, while its primary tumor was also found to show a low expression of nm23-H1 protein. Microscopic portal vein invasion was found in three of the five patients studied, and all cancer cells in portal invasion overexpressed nm23-H1 protein. Nm23-H1 protein was expressed in all distant metastatic tumors and the staining intensity of most metastatic nodules was similar to that of the primary tumors. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that nm23-H1 expression did not always decrease but instead tended to increase at both intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastatic sites. Based on these findings, nm23-H1 expression is not considered to be a reliable indicator of either intrahepatic or distant metastasis in HCC.     

Expression of nm23-H1 predicts lymph node involvement in colorectal carcinoma

Erratum

Expression of nm23-H1 predicts lymph node involvement in colorectal carcinoma     

nm23-H1基因在结肠癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的探讨ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１信使核糖核酸（ｍＲＮＡ）基因在结肠癌发展中的作用及其与临床有关资料的关系。方法用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ法对１０例正常结肠组织、６例结肠息肉及２０例结肠癌中该基因的表达水平进行检测分析。结果２０例结肠癌及４例结肠息肉中ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因明显高于正常结肠组织，且与肿瘤的大小及分期有关，但此基因与患者的性别、年龄及肿瘤的分化程度无关。结论ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１基因在结肠癌的局部损害及转移中发挥作用     

Loss of heterozygosity of thenm23-H1 gene in human renal cell carcinomas

This study evaluates the potential contribution of thenm23-H1 gene to malignant transformation in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Using specific oligonucleotide primers for thenm23-H1 microsatellite repetitive sequence, gene instability was followed by polymerase chain reaction/loss of heterozygosity assay on 54 tumor specimens and the corresponding normal tissue samples. We also determined, immunohistochemically, the relative concentration and localization of thenm23-H1 protein product. From 77.7% informative cases, DNA from 6 tumors exhibited loss of heterozygosity, regardless of the tumor stage (TNM). Out of 39 samples analyzed, 30 were negative for Nm23-H1 protein, while the others were only slightly positive. No correlation with tumor stage was found. Normal renal tissue was also negative for this protein. Our results provide the evidence for loss of heterozygosity, followed by means of microsatellite tandem-repeat polymorphism, at thenm23-H1 locus in renal cell carcinoma. However, since no correlation was found between the tumor stage or metastatic potential on the one hand, and allelic loss and specific protein expression on the other, it seems thatnm23-H1 does not play a key role in the invasiveness of this tumor type.Abbreviations PCR polymerase chain reaction - LOH loss of heterozygosity     

Plasma levels of the differentiation inhibitory factor nm23-H1 protein and their clinical implications in acute myelogenous leukemia

A previous study reported that a nondifferentiating myeloid leukemia cell line produced differentiation-inhibiting factors. One of the factors was purified as a homologue of the nm23 genes. The nm23 genes were overexpressed in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells, and a higher level of nm23 gene expression was correlated with a poor prognosis in AML. The present study determined the plasma levels of nm23-H1 protein by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and assessed the association between this level and the clinical outcome in 102 patients with AML. The plasma concentration of nm23-H1 was higher in patients with AML than in normal controls (P =.0001). Plasma nm23-H1 levels were correlated with the product of the intracellular nm23 messenger RNA (mRNA) level and the white blood cell count, but not with the mRNA level alone. Therefore, nm23-H1 plasma levels probably depend on the total mass of leukemic cells overexpressing the nm23-H1 gene. Overall survival was lower in patients with higher plasma nm23-H1 levels than in those with lower levels. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model showed that elevated plasma nm23-H1 levels significantly contributed to the prognosis of AML patients. Furthermore, the plasma nm23-H1 levels were investigated in 70 patients with other hematologic neoplasms, including 6 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 13 with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and 12 with myelodysplastic syndrome. Plasma nm23-H1 levels were significantly higher in all of these hematologic neoplasms than in normal controls. Increased plasma levels of nm23-H1 may have prognostic value in these hematologic malignancies as well as in AML.     

p16和nm23-H1在胃癌中的表达及其临床应用

目的 探讨p16和nm23-H1在胃癌中的表达规律及其临床意义。方法 应用免疫组织化学LSAB方法,对65例胃癌中p16和nm23-H1蛋白的表达进行了观察。结果 p16的表达与胃癌的分化程度和预后呈正相关,与浸润、淋巴结转移呈负相关。生物学行为有关,可能成为胃癌诊断和判断预后的重要的分析生物学检测指标。     

nm23—H1的表达与大肠癌淋巴结转移的关系

应用S-P免疫组织化学染色观察nm(23)基因亚型nm(23)-H1在大肠癌中的表达,结果大肠癌中nm(23)-H1表达的阳性率为72.2%(39/54),相应的癌旁正常组织为阴性。在与临床病理指标相关性分析中发现无淋巴结转移者nm(23)-H1表达阳性率高于有淋巴结转移者,差别有显著意义(P<0.025)。结果表明nm(23)-H1基因低表达与肿瘤进展与预后不良有关。     

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-H1 regulates chromosomal stability by activating the GTPase dynamin during cytokinesis

Chromosomal instability and the subsequent genetic mutations are considered to be critical factors in the development of the majority of solid tumors. Here, we describe how the nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-H1, a protein with a known link to cancer progression, regulates a critical step during cytokinesis. Nm23-H1 acts to provide a local source of GTP for the GTPase dynamin. Loss of Nm23-H1 in diploid cells leads to cytokinetic furrow regression, followed by cytokinesis failure and generation of tetraploid cells. Loss of dynamin phenocopies loss of Nm23-H1, and ectopic overexpression of WT dynamin complements the loss of Nm23-H1. In the absence of p53 signaling, the tetraploid cells resulting from loss of Nm23-H1 continue cycling and develop classic hallmarks of tumor cells. We thus provide evidence that the loss of Nm23-H1, an event suspected to promote metastasis, may additionally function at an earlier stage of tumor development to drive the acquisition of chromosomal instability.     

A study on nm23-H1 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was treated with CyclOBEAP plus rituximab therapy

In our previous study on nm23-H1 expression with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), we found that patients with positive nm23-H1 had significantly poorer prognosis than patients with negative nm23-H1. We examined whether nm23-H1 is a prognostic factor of DLBCL in the rituximab era. The subjects were 101 DLBCL patients who underwent R-CyclOBEAP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, and prednisolone) therapy and in whom markers could be analyzed. We evaluated CD5, CD10, BCL2, BCL6, MUM1, and nm23-H1 expression by immunohistochemistry. Ninety-four DLBCL patients who underwent CyclOBEAP therapy were assumed as historical controls. Among DLBCL patients who underwent CyclOBEAP therapy, BCL2 positivity, MUM1 positivity, non-germinal center B-cell (non-GCB), and nm23-H1 positivity were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). On the other hand, among DLBCL patients who underwent R-CyclOBEAP therapy, the 5-year OS rates of the nm23-H1-positive DLBCL (n = 32) and nm23-H1-negative DLBCL groups (n = 69) were 65% and 97%, respectively (p = 0.001), with 5-year PFS rates of 51% and 89%, respectively (p = 0.001). In the rituximab era, BCL2, MUM1, and non-GCB were not prognostic factors. We demonstrated that among patients with DLBCL who underwent R-CyclOBEAP therapy, patients with nm23-H1 expression had a significantly poorer prognosis than patients without nm23-H1 expression. These results suggest an important role for nm23-H1 in malignant progression and a potential therapeutic target for DLBCL.