Optimistic priority-based concurrency control protocol for firm real-time database systems

This paper presents an optimistic priority-based concurrency control protocol that schedules active transactions accessing firm deadline real-time database systems. This protocol combines the forward and backward validation processes in order to control concurrent transactions with different priorities more effectively. For a transaction in the validation phase, it can be committed successfully if the serialization order is adjusted in favour of the transactions with higher priority and aborted otherwise. Thus, this protocol establishes a priority ordering technique whereby a serialization order is selected and transaction execution is forced to obey this order. This priority-based protocol addresses the problem of satisfying data consistency, with the goal being to increase the number of transactions that commit by their deadlines. In addition, for desirable real-time conflict resolution, this protocol intends to meet more deadlines of higher priority transactions then lower priority transactions.     

一种新的实时数据库的乐观并发控制协议

针对一些并发控制协议中由于过多的事务重启动造成资源浪费,提出了一种新的乐观并发控制协议(Optimistic Concurrency Control),通过向后调整不严重冲突事务的动态串行化顺序,许多不必要的事务重启动可以避免。在一个事务的读阶段不用记录事务冲突和串行化限制,各种优先级冲突解决方法可以很方便地加入到该协议中,根据需要选择使用了优先级-中止-50机制。     

混合的实时嵌套事务并发控制协议

嵌套事务作为扩展事务模型的一种,提供了事务内部的并行性和更好的失败恢复选择,具有较为广泛的应用,然而却给事务并发控制带来了更高的复杂性,尤其在实时数据库中事务具有时间限制.针对实时嵌套事务模型,提出了一种混合并发控制协议,对同一事务树内的子事务采用锁协议,对不同事务树之间的事务采用基于动态调整串行化顺序的乐观并发控制协议,提高了事务的成功率,最后证明了协议的正确性.     

Secure one snapshot protocol for concurrency control in real-time stock trading systems

To prevent any data from being accessed by unauthorized users, it is necessary for stock trading systems (STS) to use multilevel secure database management systems in controlling concurrent executions among multiple transactions. In STS, analytical transactions as well as mission critical transactions are executed concurrently, which makes it difficult to use traditional secure real-time transaction management schemes for STS environment. In this paper, we propose the read-down relationship-based secure one snapshot protocol (SOS) that is devised for the secure real-time transaction management in STS. By maintaining an additional one snapshot as well as working database, SOS blocks covert-channels without causing the priority inversion phenomenon. We introduce the process of SOS protocol with some examples, present the proofs of devised protocol, and then evaluate the performance gains by means of simulation method.     

一种新的混合实时事务并发控制算法

单一的实时事务并发控制策略因为对事务性能以及事务对数据的访问方式有着特殊限制而无法满足不同类型事务同时并存的混合实时数据库的要求.针对不同类型实时事务特征,提出了一种新的混合实时事务并发控制算法,对不同类型实时事务采用不同并发控制策略,具有极强的针对性和自适应性,算法同时通过分析数据的相关语义,利用数据相似性定义,合理放宽可串行化的正确性标准,在优先考虑硬实时事务的前提下,尽可能增加软实时事务成功提交的比例以提高系统整体性能.仿真实验结果证明MRTT_CC算法性能良好.     

基于多版本的安全实时并发控制协议

安全实时数据库必须同时满足安全性和实时性,然而这两者有时可能相互冲突.为了解决这种冲突,提出了基于多版本的安全实时并发控制协议.协议为每个数据对象提供两个版本:工作版本和只读版本,根据事务和数据对象的安全级为事务提供不同的数据版本,有效地解决了实时性与安全性之间的冲突,最后给出了协议的正确性证明.     

A non-two-phase locking protocol for global concurrency control indistributed heterogeneous database systems

A concurrency control method is proposed for global transactions in a distributed heterogeneous database system. This method is applicable when the database sites are interconnected in a rooted tree fashion. It guarantees deadlock freedom in addition to serializability. A general architecture of a heterogeneous system is given. The global transaction manager (GTM) decomposes the global transactions initiated at a site and the subtransactions received from other sites into smaller subtransactions, some of which are sent to the GTMs of the other sites, and those remaining, called g-local transactions, are to be executed by the local transaction manager (LTM) at that site. A concurrency control mechanism ensures serializability among: the local transactions (including the g-local transactions of the global ones) at each site, the global transactions and the global and local transactions together     

A nonrestrictive concurrency control protocol for object-oriented databases

We propose an algorithm for executing transactions in object-oriented databases. The object-oriented database model generalizes the classical model of database concurrency control by permitting accesses toclass andinstance objects, by permittingarbitrary operations on objects as opposed to traditional read and write operations, and by allowingnested execution of transactions on objects. In this paper, we first develop a uniform methodology for treating both classes and instances. We then develop a two-phase locking protocol with a new relationship between locks calledordered sharing for an object-oriented database. Ordered sharing does not restrict the execution of conflicting operations. Finally, we extend the protocol to handle objects that execute methods on other objects thus resulting in the nested execution of transactions. The resulting protocol permits more concurrency than other known locking-based protocols.     

Prescheduling policy for real-time concurrency control: A performance evaluation

A new priority management policy, aprescheduling policy, is proposed. This policy can be applied on any conventional concurrency control protocol to schedule a real-time transaction. Costly preemption is avoided by the prescheduling policy, and parsing dataset of a transaction is not needed. Three widely used conventional concurrency control protocols (dynamic two-phase locking, basic timestamp ordering, and optimistic) are incorporated with the prescheduling policy to form three real-time concurrency control protocols. Performance of the three protocols is evaluated from three different viewpoints: database management systems, protocols, and transaction. From a database management system viewpoint, we show the prescheduling policy can improve the performance of protocols by raising thevalid ratio and reducingrestart counts. In general, two-phase locking with the prescheduling policy performs the best in most cases and yields the best choice for concurrency control in a real-time application. Deciding factors that affect performance of each protocol are identified from protocol viewpoint. Some suggestions are given for writing a timely transaction from the aspect of transaction viewpoint.     

Resource access control for dynamic priority distributed real-time systems

Many of today’s complex computer applications are being modeled and constructed using the principles inherent to real-time distributed object systems. In response to this demand, the Object Management Group’s (OMG) Real-Time Special Interest Group (RT SIG) has worked to extend the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) standard to include real-time specifications. This group’s most recent efforts focus on the requirements of dynamic distributed real-time systems. One open problem in this area is resource access synchronization for tasks employing dynamic priority scheduling. This paper presents two resource synchronization protocols that meet the requirements of dynamic distributed real-time systems as specified by Dynamic Scheduling Real-Time CORBA 2.0 (DSRT CORBA). The proposed protocols can be applied to both Earliest Deadline First (EDF) and Least Laxity First (LLF) dynamic scheduling algorithms, allow distributed nested critical sections, and avoid unnecessary runtime overhead. These protocols are based on (i) distributed resource preclaiming that allocates resources in the message-based distributed system for deadlock prevention, (ii) distributed priority inheritance that bounds local and remote priority inversion, and (iii) distributed preemption ceilings that delimit the priority inversion time further. Chen Zhang is an Assistant Professor of Computer Information Systems at Bryant University. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Alabama in 2000 and 2002, a B.S. from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Dr. Zhang’s primary research interests fall into the areas of distributed systems and telecommunications. He is a member of ACM, IEEE and DSI. David Cordes is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Alabama; he has also served as Department Head since 1997. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Louisiana State University in 1988, an M.S. in Computer Science from Purdue University in 1984, and a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Arkansas in 1982. Dr. Cordes’s primary research interests fall into the areas of software engineering and systems. He is a member of ACM and a Senior Member of IEEE.     

A concurrency control model for PDM systems

In today's manufacturing environment, enterprises having work groups geographically dispersed are not uncommon. A product data management (PDM) system is therefore required for controlling the distribution and maintaining the integrity of the product data throughout its entire lifecycle; the efficiency of a PDM system is greatly affected by the concurrency control method it adopts. The paper proposes a concurrent control model for PDM that can also caters for version management and product architecture. The paper discusses how granularity and versioning are being embedded into a lock-based concurrency control model. The concurrent accessibility of an example product data is explained to illustrate the adjustability according to the actions taken by the users and the architecture of the corresponding entities.     

A neural-based concurrency control algorithm for database systems

Concurrency control (CC) algorithms guarantee the correctness and consistency criteria for concurrent execution of a set of transactions in a database. A precondition that is seen in many CC algorithms is that the writeset (WS) and readset (RS) of transactions should be known before the transaction execution. However, in real operational environments, we know the WS and RS only for a fraction of transaction set before execution. However, optional knowledge about WS and RS of transactions is one of the advantages of the proposed CC algorithm in this paper. If the WS and RS are known before the transaction execution, the proposed algorithm will use them to improve the concurrency and performance. On the other hand, the concurrency control algorithms often use a specific static or dynamic equation in making decision about granting a lock or detection of the winner transaction. The proposed algorithm in this paper uses an adaptive resonance theory (ART)-based neural network for such a decision making. In this way, a parameter called health factor (HF) is defined for transactions that is used for comparing the transactions and detecting the winner one in accessing the database objects. HF is calculated using ART2 neural network. Experimental results show that the proposed neural-based CC (NCC) algorithm increases the level of concurrency by decreasing the number of aborts. The performance of proposed algorithm is compared with strict two-phase locking (S2PL) algorithm, which has been used in most commercial database systems. Simulation results show that the performance of proposed NCC algorithm, in terms of number of aborts, is better than S2PL algorithm in different transaction rates.     

A multi-granularity locking model for concurrency control inobject-oriented database systems

A locking model adopting a multi-granularity approach is proposed for concurrency control in object-oriented database systems. The model is motivated by a desire to provide high concurrency and low locking overhead in accessing objects. Locking in schemas and locking in instances are developed separately and then are integrated. Schema changes and composite objects are also taken into account. A dual queue scheme for efficient scheduling of lock requests is developed. The model consists of a rich set of lock modes, a compatibility matrix, and a locking protocol. Characteristic query examples on single class, class lattice, and composite objects are used to illustrate the comparison between the ORION model and the proposed model. It is shown that our locking model has indeed made some improvements and is suitable for concurrency control in object-oriented databases     

Object-based semantic real-time concurrency control with boundedimprecision

The paper describes a concurrency control technique for real-time object-oriented databases that supports logical consistency and temporal consistency, as well as bounded imprecision that results from their trade-offs. The concurrency control technique uses a semantic locking mechanism within each object and user-defined conditional compatibility over the methods of the object. The semantics can specify when to sacrifice precise logical consistency to meet temporal consistency requirements. It can also specify accumulation and bounding of any resulting logical imprecision. The authors show that this technique, under certain general restrictions, can preserve global correctness and bound imprecision by proving it can guarantee a form of epsilon serializability specialized for object-oriented databases     

实时控制系统中优先级反转问题的解决方法

以实时操作系统μC/OS-Ⅱ为例,分析了产生优先级反转的原因,提出了解决该问题的2种方法,即互斥信号量(Mutex)和实现时间片轮番调度法。在保证共享资源互斥访问的前提下,将优先级反转的发生有效地限制在一个层次上,降解了优先级反转现象的发生。     

RTC: Language support for real-time concurrency

This paper presents a model and language constructs for expressing timing and concurrency requirements in distributed real-time programs. Our approach combines an abstract data type paradigm for the specification of shared resources and a distributed transaction-based paradigm for the specification of application processes. Resources provide abstract views of shared system entities, such as devices and data structures. Each resource has a state and defines a set ofactions that can be invoked by processes to examine or change its state. A resource also specifies scheduling constraints on the execution of its actions to ensure its consistency. Processes access resources by invoking actions and by expressing precedence, execution and timing constraints on action invocations. The implementation of our language constructs and the use of this system to control the simulation of a distributed robotics application is also described.This work is supported in part by the following grants: ARO DAAG-29-84-k-0061, ONR N000014-89-J-1131, and NSF CCR90-14621.     

A study of concurrency control in real-time, active databasesystems

Real-time active database systems (RTADBSs) have attracted a considerable amount of research attention in the past and a number of important applications have been identified for such systems, such as telecommunications network management, automated air traffic control, automated financial trading, process control and military command and control systems. In spite of the recognized importance of this area, very little research has been devoted to exploring the dynamics of transaction processing in RTADBSs. Concurrency control (CC) constitutes an integral part of any transaction processing strategy and, thus, deserves special attention. We study CC strategies in RTADBSs and postulate a number of CC algorithms. These algorithms exploit the special needs and features of RTADBSs and are shown to deliver substantially superior performance to conventional real-time CC algorithms     

Dynamic priority scheduling of periodic and aperiodic tasks in hard real-time systems

This paper addresses the problem of scheduling aperiodic tasks in real-time systems. The proposed scheme combines the Earliest-Deadline-First algorithm for scheduling periodic tasks with the Deferrable Server approach for servicing aperiodic tasks. Necessary and sufficient conditions are derived for guaranteeing feasibility of a given periodic task set when a deferrable server is present. An analytic model is proposed for selecting the best feasible period and computation time of the server to minimize the mean response time of aperiodic tasks. An evaluation of the proposed model using a simulator indicates that the server parameters selected by the model result in mean response times that are close to the best mean response time determined by the simulator.