青藏高原译亚洲季风平均环流影响的数值试验

利用垂直方向具有９层σ面、，水平方向菱形截断波烽为１５的全球在气环充谱 有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况下１０年积分的模拟结果，研究了青藏高原大地形对亚洲季风平均环流的影响。结果表明：有、无青藏高原大地形、亚洲冬、青季季风流均存在很大的差异：去除地形，使夏季高层的南亚高压、低层的在陆热低压、副热带高压及冬季的大陆冷高压在位置或强度上发生了改变；地形的有，无决定着冬季东亚大槽的强度；索在越赤道气流有地形     

青藏高原积雪与亚洲季风环流年代际变化的关系

利用高原测站的月平均雪深资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了20世纪70年代末以来，青藏高原积雪的显著增多与亚洲季风环流转变的联系。研究表明，高原南侧冬春季西风的增强及西风扰动的活跃是造成青藏高原冬春积雪显著增多的主要原因，高原积雪的增多与亚洲夏季风的减弱均是亚洲季风环流转变的结果；20世纪70年代末以来，夏季华东降水的增多、华南降水的减少及华北的干旱化与青藏高原冬春积雪增多及东亚夏季风的减弱是基本同步的，高原冬春积雪与华东夏季降水的正相关、与华北及华南夏季降水的负相关主要是建立在年代际时间尺度上，因此，高原积雪与我国夏季降水关系的研究应以亚洲季风环流的年代际变化为背景。     

青藏高原隆升对春、夏季亚洲大气环流的影响

利用全球大气环流谱模式R42L9,进行了有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况的10年积分,通过两个试验结果的比较,研究了青藏高原大地形对春、夏亚洲大气环流的影响。模拟结果表明：春季,青藏高原大地形对低层西风的阻挡引起了绕流,其北支气流加强了北方冷空气在高原东侧的南下;同时,作为一个弱热源,它的热力作用加强了高原南侧的南支西风气流,为华南地区输送了大量的暖湿空气。冷暖空气的交汇,加强了华南地区春季的降水。夏季,青藏高原强热源的存在,引起的低层气旋性环流,加强了青藏高原东侧的东亚夏季风,使其向北发展。盛夏,青藏高原“感热气泵（SHAP）”在南亚地区上空低层造成了负涡度和辐散异常,使南亚地区的夏季降水减少,南亚夏季风减弱;在对流层上层高原上宅形成负涡源,并通过遥相关加强了伊朗高压。     

青藏高原加热与亚洲环流季节变化和夏季风爆发

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了春夏过渡季节青减高原非绝热加热和大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的关系.结果表明,过渡季节的早期(5月中旬以前)青藏高原总非绝热加热与感热加热的时间演变曲线趋势一致,感热加热在过渡季节早期的环流演变中有很重要的作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变与北半球环流的季节变化和亚洲夏季风爆发有很好的相关.在过渡季节里,青藏高原非绝热加热的变化引起了海-陆热力差异对比的变化,给亚洲夏季风的爆发建立了有利的背景环境,对亚洲夏季风爆发有明显的影响.结果还表明,用各区域纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.     

近40年青藏高原季风变化的主要特征

通过计算1961－1995的逐日青藏高原季风指数，初步确定了高原夏季风开始和结束的时间，在此基础上研究了季风指数的年际变化特征以及和500hPa高度场、东亚季风之间的可能联系。结果表明：夏季风开始和结束的时间呈反相关关系；高原季风的年际和年代变化明显；高原冬季风强（弱）与同期高原及乌拉尔山500hPa高度场偏高（低）以及东亚冬季风偏强（弱）相联系；高原夏季风偏强（弱）与同期贝湖至高原南部500hPa高度场偏低（高）、西亚和中国东部高度场偏高（低）以及东亚夏季风偏强（弱）相联系。     

夏季青藏高原雪盖对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

采用钱永甫 模式和与颜宏模式嵌套，并引入修正的青藏高原雪盖下垫面上的反照率参数化，来研究理相民状态下青藏高原东部及南侧夏季有雪盖对东亚大气歪流的影响。／     

青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲季风降水影响的数值试验

该文利用一个移植和改进的ＣＯＬＡＡＧＣＭ谱模式，进行了青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲夏季风环流和降水影响的数值试验。试验结果指出：高原地区３月份积雪增多，亚洲地区６，７月的夏季风环流明显减弱，降水减少。     

中国华南春季季风及其与大尺度环流特征的关系

定义了中国华南春季季风，并用NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了春季风的气候特征以及春季风降水和大尺度环流在年际变化上的关系。结果表明，从降水和大气环流的变化来看，华南春季风在气候上发生于4月和5月；与华南春季风相联系的大气环流特征与夏季风和冬季风所对应的大气环流特征完全不同。华南春季风降水的年际变化主要与太平洋北部的异常环流相关联，而这种异常环流又与亚洲北部的西风急流和极地涡旋有联系；华南春季风降水的年际变化还与太平洋的海表温度异常有关；而亚洲热带大气环流的年际变化与华南春季风降水的变化关系不大。     

青藏高原动力和热力作用对季节转换期全球大气环流影响的数值研究

利用ＣＣＭ１（Ｒ１５Ｌ７）－ＬＮＷＰ模式，以１９９６年３月１７日的国家气象中心客观分析资料为初始场，分别采用有、无青藏高原两种方案，数值研究了青藏高原对５月份全球大气环流季节转换的影响。试验结果表明：北半球初夏，青藏高原区域用同纬度地区的一个中空热源，其作用可以在２００ｈＰａ层形成一个２２４Ｋ的暖中心，使大气增暖７Ｋ以上。高原地形的动力和非绝热作用使得南极大陆２００ｈＰａ层大部分地区降温６Ｋ左右，最大负中心可达－８．２８Ｋ，这对于南半球由夏至冬过程中，环极涡旋的强度加深和范围扩大是有利的。高原地形作用对北半球大气环流平均槽脊的形成和维持有十分重要的影响，它加强了高原所在纬度带北侧（减弱了南侧）由南向北的正温度梯度，同时也增强了３０°Ｓ附近由北向南的正温度梯度，从而有利于季节转换过程中全球中纬西风带的整体北移和初夏亚洲季风环流的形成。同时高原地形作用在赤道及低纬地区形成的位势增加区，有利于南半球热带高压脊的北退和北半球副高增强北移。此外，它还有利于南半球极地东风带的增强和５００ｈＰａ层环极低压带的强度减弱，同时增加了罗斯海附近的极涡强度，对赤道的索马里急流的形成也有重要影响     

亚洲季风模拟试验中青藏高原积雪强迫问题的讨论

青藏高原积雪对亚洲季风和东亚，南亚时旱涝灾害的影响，百余年来一直为中外气候学家所瞩目。近几年来用大气环流模式进行数值试验已成为该研究领域的主要手段，但是由于假设的积雪强迫不同，模拟结果很不一致。作者概据美国宇航局ＳＭＭＲ微波逐候积雪深度１０年的观测结果，提出了一个真实的青藏高原积雪强迫试验方案。     

青藏高原地面加热场日变化对亚洲季风区大气环流的影响

利用1982-1996年每天两次的NCEP丙分析资料，研究青藏高原地面加热场的日变化对亚洲季风区环流的影响。结果表明；青藏高原地面加热场的日变化是引起亚洲季风区大气环流日变化的主要因子，青藏高原地区，阿拉伯海，盂加拉湾和菲律宾附近地区是四个主要的日变化显著区，青藏高原地区是垂直运动的负值日变化中心，其它三个区域的日变化与青藏高原地区的日变化有反相关系，这种特征一年四季都存在，但各显著区域范围的大小，中心位置及环流日变化的强度随季节有不同程度的变化，青藏高原加热场日变化对我国东部地区环流的影响主要发生在夏季。     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulationfeatures in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heatingrates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating compo-nent in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau en-hances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,re-inforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surfacetemperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of theQinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the pre-sent circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geologicalperiod people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECT OF QINGHAIXIZANG PLATEAU SNOW COVER ON SUMMER MONSOON FORMATION

The calculating schemes of underlying surface processes in the model described by Li et al.(1989)are modified with inclusion of simple land surface processes and oceanic mixed layer processes,then a simulation on the zonal wind along 90°E from the Northern to the Southern Hemisphere with moun-tains is performed.Comparisons of the results and the observations show that the modified model not onlyhas an excellent stability in calculation but also can better display the seasonal change of the wind field,theability of the present model is improved as compared with that of the previous one.Based on the simulations,the authors investigate the effects of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau snow cover on theformation of South Asian monsoon by thickcning the snow depth and by increasing the snow albedo.Themain results arc as follows:The summer meridional circulation over the south of the Plateau and its vicinityis weakeued,and the precipitation reduced.However,over the northern tropics,the circulation is enhanced,and the ecipitation is increased,and the land and the air above it become warmer,the tropical easterly jetis weakened.     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER*

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulation features in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heating rates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating component in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau enhances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,reinforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surface temperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the present circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geological period people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

THE EFFECTS OF TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE ANOMALOUS VARIATION OF ASIAN MONSOON IN A COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM

Experimental predictions with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model(L9R15 AGCM-ZCocean model)were performed for the 1986/87 El Nino event and the 1988/89 La Nina event withand without the Tibetan Plateau respectively(called TP FORC and NTP FORC hereinafter).Comparison shows that,to some extent,the existence of the Tibetan Plateau orography weakensor restrains(strengthens or facilitates)the formation of the anomalous circulation of Asianmonsoon during El Nino(La Nina)period.Opposite results are found in the uncoupled AGCMsimulation.     

青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东,南亚夏季风影响的初步数值模拟研究

利用一个耦合了简化的简单生物圈模式的大气环流谱模式（ＳＳｉＢ－ＧＣＭ），初步探讨了青藏高原冬季积雪异常对东、南亚夏季季风环流和降水的影响及其机理。结果表明，高原地区积雪增加将使随后地夏季东、南来季风明显减弱，主要表现为东、南亚季风区降水减少，索马里急流、印度季风的印度西南气流弱弱。另外，还提出欧亚大陆雪盖与整个高原雪盖和高原东部雪盖对东、南亚夏季风影响的敏感问题。与欧亚大陆雪盖相比，高原雪盖是影响     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF QINGHAI-XIZANG (TIBETAN) PLATEAU ON SEASONAL TRANSITION OF GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION

It is a worthwhile attempt to address the role of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the seasonal transition of general circulation from a global prospective. In this paper, the CCM1 (R15L7)-LNWP spectral model is used to study the influences of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau on the seasonal transfer of the general circulation, with the objective analysis form the State Meteorological Center for March 17, 1996 as the initial field. A mid-level heating source in regions on the same latitudes is shown to cause a warming center of 224 K to form on the level of 200 hPa that warms up the atmosphere by more than 7 K and a drop of temperature by about 6 K on most of the 200-hPa layer over the Antarctic continent, with the largest negative center being-8.28 K. It is favorable to the deepening and widening of the polar vortexes in the course of transition from summer to winter. The topographic effect of the plateau plays a vital role in forming and maintaining the mean troughs and ridges of the atmospheric circulation in Northern Hemisphere such that it strengthens (weakens) the south-north positive gradient of temperature on the northern (southern) side of the latitude zone in which the plateau sits and increases the north-south gradient of temperature near 30°N. The seasonal transition is thus favored so that the bulk travel of global westerly at the middle latitudes and the formation of Asian monsoon in early summer are made possible. In the equatorial and low-latitude areas where the geopotential is increased, the effect of the plateau terrain is also evident in that it is favorable for the northern withdrawal of the tropical high ridge in Southern Hemisphere and the northern shift of the subtropical high in Northern Hemisphere. In addition, the effect also helps increase the polar easterly over the Southern Hemisphere and weaken the low zone at 500 hPa. It acts as an increasing factor for the polar vortex around the Ross Sea and contributes to the genesis of the Somali Jet on the equator.