青藏高原对亚洲季风平均环流影响的数值试验

利用垂直方向具有９层σ面、,水平方向菱形截断波烽为１５的全球在气环充谱 有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况下１０年积分的模拟结果,研究了青藏高原大地形对亚洲季风平均环流的影响。结果表明：有、无青藏高原大地形、亚洲冬、青季季风流均存在很大的差异：去除地形,使夏季高层的南亚高压、低层的在陆热低压、副热带高压及冬季的大陆冷高压在位置或强度上发生了改变;地形的有,无决定着冬季东亚大槽的强度;索在越赤道气流有地形     

青藏高原积雪与亚洲季风环流年代际变化的关系

利用高原测站的月平均雪深资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析资料，分析了20世纪70年代末以来，青藏高原积雪的显著增多与亚洲季风环流转变的联系。研究表明，高原南侧冬春季西风的增强及西风扰动的活跃是造成青藏高原冬春积雪显著增多的主要原因，高原积雪的增多与亚洲夏季风的减弱均是亚洲季风环流转变的结果；20世纪70年代末以来，夏季华东降水的增多、华南降水的减少及华北的干旱化与青藏高原冬春积雪增多及东亚夏季风的减弱是基本同步的，高原冬春积雪与华东夏季降水的正相关、与华北及华南夏季降水的负相关主要是建立在年代际时间尺度上，因此，高原积雪与我国夏季降水关系的研究应以亚洲季风环流的年代际变化为背景。     

青藏高原隆升对春、夏季亚洲大气环流的影响

利用全球大气环流谱模式R42L9,进行了有、无青藏高原大地形两种情况的10年积分,通过两个试验结果的比较,研究了青藏高原大地形对春、夏亚洲大气环流的影响。模拟结果表明：春季,青藏高原大地形对低层西风的阻挡引起了绕流,其北支气流加强了北方冷空气在高原东侧的南下;同时,作为一个弱热源,它的热力作用加强了高原南侧的南支西风气流,为华南地区输送了大量的暖湿空气。冷暖空气的交汇,加强了华南地区春季的降水。夏季,青藏高原强热源的存在,引起的低层气旋性环流,加强了青藏高原东侧的东亚夏季风,使其向北发展。盛夏,青藏高原“感热气泵（SHAP）”在南亚地区上空低层造成了负涡度和辐散异常,使南亚地区的夏季降水减少,南亚夏季风减弱;在对流层上层高原上宅形成负涡源,并通过遥相关加强了伊朗高压。     

青藏高原加热与亚洲环流季节变化和夏季风爆发

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了春夏过渡季节青减高原非绝热加热和大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的关系.结果表明,过渡季节的早期(5月中旬以前)青藏高原总非绝热加热与感热加热的时间演变曲线趋势一致,感热加热在过渡季节早期的环流演变中有很重要的作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变与北半球环流的季节变化和亚洲夏季风爆发有很好的相关.在过渡季节里,青藏高原非绝热加热的变化引起了海-陆热力差异对比的变化,给亚洲夏季风的爆发建立了有利的背景环境,对亚洲夏季风爆发有明显的影响.结果还表明,用各区域纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.     

近40年青藏高原季风变化的主要特征

通过计算1961－1995的逐日青藏高原季风指数,初步确定了高原夏季风开始和结束的时间,在此基础上研究了季风指数的年际变化特征以及和500hPa高度场、东亚季风之间的可能联系。结果表明：夏季风开始和结束的时间呈反相关关系;高原季风的年际和年代变化明显;高原冬季风强（弱）与同期高原及乌拉尔山500hPa高度场偏高（低）以及东亚冬季风偏强（弱）相联系;高原夏季风偏强（弱）与同期贝湖至高原南部500hPa高度场偏低（高）、西亚和中国东部高度场偏高（低）以及东亚夏季风偏强（弱）相联系。     

夏季青藏高原雪盖对东亚大气环流影响的数值试验

采用钱永甫 模式和与颜宏模式嵌套,并引入修正的青藏高原雪盖下垫面上的反照率参数化,来研究理相民状态下青藏高原东部及南侧夏季有雪盖对东亚大气歪流的影响。／     

青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲季风降水影响的数值试验

该文利用一个移植和改进的ＣＯＬＡＡＧＣＭ谱模式，进行了青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲夏季风环流和降水影响的数值试验。试验结果指出：高原地区３月份积雪增多，亚洲地区６，７月的夏季风环流明显减弱，降水减少。     

青藏高原冬青季雪盖对东亚夏季大气环流影响的数值试验

利用ＩＡＰ ２－Ｌ ＡＧＣＭ进行了青藏高原冬春季雪盖异常对东亚夏季大气环流,加热场和降水影响的数值试验,结果表明,该影响十分显著,持续性很强,当高原冬春雪盖异常增厚、范围扩大时,夏季高原地区及我国北方５００ｈＰａ位势高度降低,南方变高,西太平洋副高减弱,大气对雪盖常的响应呈明显的波列特征,我国北方大部地区土壤温度降低,南方土壤温度升高,夏季各月降水异常分布形势并不完全一致,但与同期５００ｈＰａ高度     

SENSITIVITY EXPERIMENTS ON INFLUENCES OF UPLIFT OF QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU ON CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

A coupled general circulation model in a zonal belt is used to simulate the variation of circulationfeatures in the process of uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.The results reveal that the heatingrates of the Plateau increase with the rising of the Plateau topography,and the latent heating compo-nent in the heating field tends to be the most important heating factor.The uplift of the Plateau en-hances the upward motion,intensifies the pressure systems in the high and low level atmosphere,re-inforces Southeast Asia monsoon strength,increases precipitation and severely decreases the surfacetemperature over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.However.the basic structures of the general circulation do not vary much due to the uplift of theQinghai-Xizang Plateau.and it is the land-sea distribution that is the decisive factor to form the pre-sent circulation pattern and monsoon.Therefore,to simulate the paleoclimate during the geologicalperiod people should consider more factors,especially the land-sea distribution.     

海温对月平均环流影响的数值试验

利用 T42L9全球谱模式,在相同初始场的条件下,将不同的 SST 作为外强迫源输入模式,其一个月延伸预报的结果表明,SST 的变化对第三旬的环流预报影响比较大,但对于不同的初值其影响是不同的,对于比较稳定的初值,不同的海温场对月平均环流的影响较小;而对于不稳定的初始场,则影响较大.同时指出了500hPa 高度预报场的均方根误差的增长在中纬度主要与大气中的斜压不稳定有关,如果斜压不稳定度大,则误差随时间增长快;斜压不稳定度小,情况则相反.     

ENSO对东亚夏季风强度的影响

夏季风的形成和强弱变化是季风问题中的一个重要方面。本文使用１９５１￣１９９２年的海平面气压（ＳＬＰ）和太平洋海表温度（ＳＳＴ）资料,地东亚夏季负强度指数进行研究,试探讨其与ＥＮＳＯ间的联系。结果表明,厄尔尼诺当年,东亚季风偏弱,次年夏季风偏强;反厄尔尼诺年反之。     

THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES OVER THE MID-LATITUDE WESTERN PACIFIC ON THE ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON

By Using the P-σ five-layer primitive equation model,three sets of numerical experiments are performedwith normal zonal mean SST(the control case),the positive SST anomalies in the Kuroshio current andeast-of-Japan Ocean(the midlatitude western Pacific),and positive SST anomalies over both the midlatitudeand the equatorial western Pacific.The experimental results show that the positive SST anomalies over themidlatitude western Pacific have great influence on the Asian summer monsoon:the Indian monsoon is weak-ened and the East Asian monsoon is intensified.This happens just reverse to the effects of positive SSTanomalies over the equatorial westero Pacific on the Asian summer monsoon.Further,the influence mechanismof the SST anomalies over the midlatitude westcrn Pacific on the Asian summer monsoon is discussed.     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

东亚夏季风年代际变化研究进展

简要回顾了东亚地区气候以及夏季风主要环流系统成员年代际变化的观测特征、数值模拟及其可能机理等方面的研究进展,并提出了东亚夏季风年代际变化数值模拟研究需进一步探讨的问题。     

THE ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF IMPACT OF AEROSOLS ON EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX AND ONSET

RegCM4.3, a high-resolution regional climate model, which includes five kinds of aerosols(dust, sea salt,sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon), is employed to simulate the East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) from 1995 to 2010 and the simulation data are used to study the possible impact of natural and anthropogenic aerosols on EASM.The results show that the regional climate model can well simulate the EASM and the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols. The EASM index is reduced by about 5% by the natural and anthropogenic aerosols and the monsoon onset time is also delayed by about a pentad except for Southeast China. The aerosols heat the middle atmosphere through absorbing solar radiation and the air column expands in Southeast China and its offshore areas. As a result, the geopotential height decreases and a cyclonic circulation anomaly is generated in the lower atmosphere. Northerly wind located in the west of cyclonic circulation weakens the low-level southerly wind in the EASM region. Negative surface radiative forcing due to aerosols causes downward motion and an indirect meridional circulation is formed with the low-level northerly wind and high-level southerly wind anomaly in the north of 25° N in the monsoon area, which weakens the vertical circulation of EASM. The summer precipitation of the monsoon region is significantly reduced,especially in North and Southwest China where the value of moisture flux divergence increases.