Parametrization of the Biochemical Processes of Oxidation and Numerical Modeling of the Seasonal Behavior of the Distribution of Oil Hydrocarbons in the Aerobic Zone of the Black Sea

We discuss specific features of the space distribution and the processes of assimilation and oxidation of the dissolved and emulsified fractions of oil hydrocarbons in Black-Sea waters and study the methods of parametrization of these processes proposed in the literature. We develop a procedure of parametrization of the processes of degradation of oil hydrocarbons taking into account their complex chemical compositions, characteristics of chemical and microbiological processes, and temperature dependences of these processes and perform numerical experiments aimed at the reconstruction of the seasonal variations of the large-scale space structure of the distribution of oil hydrocarbons in the aerobic zone of the Black Sea.     

Reconstruction of the surface temperature fields according to the fragmentary data of remote sensing

We propose a gap-filling method for the data of remote sensing of the hydrophysical and biological characteristics of the water surface. The proposed method of reconstruction is based on the representation of the fields of surface characteristics as the sums of certain numbers of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF) making the largest contributions to the total variance of the field. According to the fragmentary data obtained as a result of processing of the satellite images for the summer season, we construct estimates of the mean field and of the four-dimensional space covariance function of the surface temperature of the Black Sea. The coefficients of expansion are computed by the method of least squares or determined with the help of a genetic searching algorithm. The results of numerical experiments show that the proposed method is quite promising for applications in the problems of gap filling in the available satellite data.     

Diagnostics of the mesoscale water exchange on the basis of statistical characteristics of the distribution of normalized radiance

A new approach is suggested for the diagnostics of manifestations of water exchange in the field of normalized radiance and automation of the analysis of digital images of the water surface. The approach is based on the application of a set of statistical characteristics of a radiance relief as an integral indication of local inhomogeneities in the water medium and provides for the estimate of these characteristics over small regions (frames) of the basin studied using multispectral information. Using the example of the SeaWiFS scanner data on the evolution of an eddy dipole in August 1998 in a study region with a size of 160 × 160 km in the northwestern part of the Black Sea, it was shown that the estimates of a number of statistical characteristics of spectrally different radiance reliefs found in the frames with a size of 40 × 40 km significantly depended on the presence of fragments of an eddy dipole or other structures in these frames. A set of such characteristics made possible reliable differentiation of radiance reliefs by the degree of randomness, by the orientation of the inhomogeneities that form the relief, and by other properties caused by the variability of the light scattering and light absorbing admixtures in the sea medium in the course of the water exchange. The approach does not require any preliminary information about the object of observations. It is promising in the basins with moderate water transparency and vertical inhomogeneity of the upper layer available for remote profiling.     

Joint Distribution of Wave Periods and Rate of Change of Wave Surface Elevation

The rate of change of wave surface elevation is of much importance in ocean engineering,es-pecially for the determination of the limitation of wave breaking.This paper gives a kind of joint distribu-tion of wave periods and the rate of change of wave surface elevation by means of calculation of the two-or-der to four-order moment of the frequency spectrum based on the linear wave theory.For the first time,the distribution density function of wave periods determined by peaks is provided,and the conclusion isdrawn that the rate of change of wave surface elevation obeys the Rayleigh distribution.     

Numerical analysis of the propagation and amplification of tsunami waves on the northwest shelf of the Black Sea

We perform the numerical analysis of the process of propagation of long waves in the northwest part of the Black Sea and consider ten possible zones of the seismic generation of tsunamis. The numerical analysis is performed on a grid with steps of 500 m. It is shown that the location of the tsunami source significantly affects the distribution of the heights of waves along the coast. As a rule, the most intense waves are formed in the closest part of the coast. The earthquakes in the South-Coast seismic zone do not lead to the formation of tsunamis in the west part of the sea. Only strong earthquakes in the northwest part of the sea can be responsible for noticeable oscillations of the Black-Sea level. The period of tsunamis near Odessa is close to 1 h and depends on the magnitude of the earthquake. In the region of Sevastopol, this period is 2--3 times smaller. In the major part of the coastal points, the extreme elevations and lowerings of the sea level do not exceed (in modulus) the initial displacements of the sea surface at the source of tsunamis. An intensification of waves emitted from the zones of generation located in the deeper part of the investigated region was observed for some parts of the Romanian coast and the west coast of Crimea. As the magnitude of the earthquake increases, the intensification of waves near the coast becomes more pronounced.     

Investigation of Transformations of the Local Regions of Pollution in the Northwest Part of the Black Sea Caused by the Motion of a Cyclone

By the method of mathematical simulation, we study the evolution of local discharges of pollutants on the northwest shelf of the Black Sea induced by the motion of a cyclone. We use the nonlinear equations of motion of a homogeneous viscous fluid in the hydrostatic approximation and the equation of turbulent diffusion. A cyclonic formation is represented by a moving axisymmetric area of low pressures. The discharges of pollutants are caused by the action of instantaneous sources located on the sea surface. We perform the analysis of dependences of the paths of motion of polluted regions, the periods of their dissipation, and the depths of penetration of pollutants on the bottom topography and the intensity of diffusion processes. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 6, pp. 17–27, November–December, 2005.     

Agent-Based Marine-Ecosystems Modeling

We propose a new information technology aimed at modeling of biochemical processes in marine ecosystems and based on the use of logical operators of control (intelligent agents) in the dynamic equations of the models. We develop a conceptual model of an ecosystem reflecting the interaction of 17 biochemical processes and 5 external factors. The equations of the model are obtained by the method of adaptive balance of causes (ABC method), which enables one to simulate complex scenarios of the processes running in the investigated systems and guarantees the possibility of robust calculations. Some examples of the behavior of ecosystems under the conditions of deficiency of oxygen caused by the action of natural and anthropogenic factors are presented. As a result, it is possible to make a conclusion that the combined application of the ABC-equations and intelligent agents of control in models of marine ecosystems is quite promising.     

Regularities of the formation of the granulometric composition of the bottom and beach deposits of the Anapa bay bar

As a result of the field studies conducted in 2010 of the spatial and temporal variability of the granulometric composition of the bottom and beach deposits of the southern part of the Anapa bay bar, the tendency of a decrease in the average size of the particles under the southward flow of the deposits of the coastal zone was revealed. The comparison of the data obtained in 1949, 1979, and 2010 shows that the average diameter of the particles in the deposits of the underwater slope also gradually decreases over the time. It was established that, with the decreasing of the particle sizes down to 0.1 mm, their nonrecoverable deposition to a depth of more than 7 m increases. Since, in the southern edge of the Anapa bay bar, over 70% of the bottom and about 60% of the beach deposits are represented by fractions smaller 0.16 mm, at this site the mass deposition of the sand material to a depth occurs. Based on the data obtained, the particle size of the sandy material recommended for the restoration of the beaches of the southern part of the Anapa bay bar was determined.     

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the southern Huanghai Sea surface sediments

The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of f‘me sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of f-me sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.     

Generation of waves in a bounded basin by a traveling front of atmospheric pressure and the field of wind stresses induced by this front

A plane problem of generation of barotropic seiches in a bounded rotating basin by traveling atmospheric fronts is studied within the framework of the linear theory of long waves. The front is characterized by disturbances of the baric field and the corresponding field of tangential wind stresses. We deduce the modified Ackerblom formulas for the wind stresses according to the given anomalies of atmospheric pressure in which the uniform transport of disturbances of the baric field is taken into account. We perform the numerical analyses of the dependences of the amplitudes of oscillations of fluid in the basin on the parameters of the atmospheric front and the choice of the formulas for the tangential wind stresses. The influence of the wind stresses leads to significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the oscillations of fluid in the basin as compared with the case of pure baric action.     

Flocculation process of fine-grained sediments by the combined effect of salinity and humus in the Changjiang Estuary

1 IntroductionThe flocculation of fine-grained particles is onof the main reasons for the estuarine depositionWith the combination of salt water and freshwaterfine-grained particles in estuaries will experiencdrastic changes: flocculation, settlement, res…     

陆地卫星相片的海岸带解译

海岸带是海洋与陆地交互作用的地带。海岸带的地貌和水文特征按潮汐海面可分为三带:高潮位以上的海滨,包括沿岸堤平原和海蚀阶地等,它们是古海洋作用的遗迹,一般不受现代海洋动力的影响,高潮位与低潮位之间的潮间带,它们随涨落潮而周期性地被淹;以及低潮位以下一直到波浪作用极限深度的水下岸坡,包括浅海和泻湖水域,属于水下环境。     

Regularities of seasonal variations in the content and distribution of oxygen in waters of the Sevastopol Bay

We study the regularities of annual variations in the concentration of oxygen and the degree of saturation of waters in the Sevastopol Bay with oxygen in 1998–2009. The three-dimensional specific features of seasonal variations in the distribution of oxygen in waters of the Sevastopol Bay are revealed. Two periods can be separated in the annual course of the content of oxygen in the surface layers of waters in all parts of the bay: the period of supersaturation in March–September and the period of undersaturation in October–February. In the bottom layer of waters in all parts of the bay, we observe the undersaturation of waters with oxygen for the whole year.     

三峡工程对四湖地区水情影响研究

本文根据三峡工程对长江龙口站水位影响的预测结果，通过对立龙口站与四湖地区水位站，以及与龙口地区地下水位的相关关系，进而研究三峡工程对四湖地区水情的影响。     

皱纹盘鲍主要器官的亚显微结构

对皱纹盘鲍的胃、直肠、消化腺、肾、鳃、心脏、外套膜、足等器官的亚显微结构进行了研究。结果表明 :(1 )各消化器官的组织结构中富含酶原颗粒和分泌颗粒 ,这些颗粒具有消化和抗病的功能 ;(2 )鳃和心肌的组织结构中富含线粒体 ,这与其活动量大密切相关 ;(3 )外套膜的组织结构中富含分泌颗粒 ,这些颗粒物质参与贝壳的形成和体液免疫 ;(4)肾实质中静脉呈网状分布 ,这与体液的有效过滤有关 ;(5 )腹足的肌纤维成束 ,并形成三维的网状结构 ,以适应匍匐与吸附的生活方式     

Propagation of passive impurities in the northwest part of the Black Sea under the action of cyclones moving to the north

We perform the theoretical analysis of the turbulent diffusion of impurities in the sea in the presence of long waves. The role of generators of long-wave motions is played by moving cyclonic baric formations. At the initial time, the zone of pollution is specified in the form of a spot of a passive substance localized near the Karkinitskii Bay in the Black Sea. The results of our investigations enable us to estimate the contribution of long waves to the process of diffusion of the spot of impurity depending on the trajectory of motion of the cyclonic formation. It is shown that, under the action of waves induced by the cyclone, the maximum concentration in the spot decreases more rapidly only for a certain period of time. Moreover, we observe a northwest displacement of the spot specified by the structure of the wave field.Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 3–18, July–August, 2004.     

Evaluation of the influence of surface films on short wind waves and the characteristics of the boundary layer of the atmosphere

With the help of a combined model of wind and waves, we study the influence of films of surfactants on the spectrum of short wind waves and the parameters of the lowest layer of the atmosphere. It is shown that the films of surfactants decrease the roughness of the sea surface as a result of suppression of short wind waves, which decreases the coefficient of resistance of the sea surface and the coefficient of turbulent heat exchange. The maximum influence of films on the exchange coefficients is attained forU∼10 m/s. In this case, the relative decrements of the coefficients of resistance and turbulent heat exchange are equal to 15 and 9%, respectively. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev UDC 551.46     

Space and time variability of the parameters of ecological economical systems

We propose a procedure for the construction of prognostic models of ecological economical systems based on the combination of dynamical models of natural environments with conceptual models of natural economical complexes. This procedure enables one to study space and time distributions of ecological and economical parameters parallel with the fields of physical, chemical, biological, and other characteristics of the natural environment. With the help of a conceptual model of the “sea-land” natural economical complex in the Sea of Azov used asan example, we show that it is possible to relate the dynamics of the concentrations of pollutants and biological resources of the sea with the economical profitability of fishery and the rates of ecological fines controlling the costs of production. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev