Quantitative structure-activity relationship modelling of ACE-inhibitory peptides derived from milk proteins

The potential of Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentocaceus, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, different mixtures of these lactic acid bacteria and backslop starter cultures to acidify and form flavour compounds in uji was investigated. The bacteria chosen are the most prevalent species in fermented uji. Flavour compounds were analysed using GC-MS and GC-FID with HP5 non-polar column and DB-Wax polar columns respectively. Use of pure single or mixed cultures did not improve the flavour profile of fermented uji. On the basis of peak areas of unfermented and fermented uji aromagrams, pentanal, hexanal and hexadecanoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic, oleic and octadecanoic acids were found to be native to the flours, while 3-methyl-1-butanol, octanoate, nonanoate, hexadecanoate, linoleate, oleate and hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic and nonanoic acids were synthesised during submerged culture fermentation. Ethanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, lactic acid and ethylacetate were synthesised prior to fermentation and synthesis of these compounds continued during fermentation.     

大豆肽的离子交换色谱分离及其活性评价

采用Sephadex C-25阳离子交换剂对经过DA201-C型大孔吸附树脂脱盐、乙醇梯度洗脱(75%乙醇洗脱组分)的Alcalase水解大豆肽(DH14%)进行进一步的分离纯化,并对分离得到的各组分ACE抑制活性进行了评价。试管试验确定的SephadexC-25色谱分离条件为:上样量0.004g/mLIE,起始缓冲液为1M醋酸,上样吸附率为61.19%。经SP-Sephadex C-25分离得到6个组分,其中未吸附的3个组分ACE抑制活性低,但NaCl梯度洗脱的3个组分ACE活性均为60%左右,从纯化ACE抑制活性肽的角度考虑,分离效果比SephadexG-15差。     

大豆肽的大孔吸附树脂以及凝胶过滤色谱分离

采用DA201．C型大孔吸附树脂对Alcalase水解。DH14％的大豆肽进行脱盐和乙醇分布洗脱，不同浓度乙醇洗脱物的氨基酸组成分析结果表明：洗脱是按照疏水性递增的方式进行的。乙醇浓度为75％时洗脱下来的组分都具有最高的降血压活性，其ACE抑制率为56．52％。体外模拟实验测定结果表明：经过胃肠道酶的作用，大豆肽的ACE抑制活性仍达到49．52％。采用1M的醋酸作为洗脱液可以实现75％乙醇洗脱组分的Sephadex G-15有效分离，其中ACE抑制活性最强组分的抑制率为69．57％．IC50为0．144mg／mL。     

Isolation of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor from fermented oyster sauce, Crassostrea gigas

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor was isolated from fermented oyster sauce (FOS) and purified. Oyster was fermented with 25% NaCl (w/w) at 20 °C for 6 months. FOS was passed through a 40-mesh sieve, desalted using an electrodialyzer and then lyophilized. ACE inhibitory activity of FOS was investigated, and the IC₅₀ value was determined to be 2.45 mg/ml. ACE inhibitor from FOS was purified using SP-Sephadex C-25 ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G-50 gel chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) column and reversed-phase HPLC on a C₁₈ column. The purified inhibitor had an IC₅₀ value of 0.0874 mg/ml, and it exhibited competitive inhibition against ACE. The purified peptide was evaluated for its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) following oral administration. Rat blood pressure significantly decreased after inhibitor injection.     

Purification and characterisation of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysate of ovotransferrin

Three novel peptides, IQW, IRW and LKP, were predicted in our previous study in the thermolysin–pepsin ovotransferrin hydrolysate. The aims of the present study were to purify the peptides, and determine if the predicted peptides purified from the hydrolysate would have the same activity as the synthetic ones. We also determined the stability of the peptides under simulated gastrointestinal condition. IQW, IRW and LKP were then successfully purified from crude ovotransferrin hydrolysate through multi-step chromatographic purification comprising of cation exchange chromatography followed by three-step reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and their sequences were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Our results showed that their activities were comparable to the synthetic ones. Simulated gastrointestinal incubation showed that IRW was degraded into a dipeptide of IR and a free amino acid of W by pancreatin, LKP was degraded into a dipeptide of KP and a free amino acid of L by mucosal peptidase, while IQW was stable against the digestive enzymes.     

具有ACE抑制活性的大豆肽的RP-HPLC分离和结构鉴定

在优化RP-HPLC洗脱条件的基础上，对经大孔吸附树脂DA201-C、凝胶过滤色谱Sephadex G-15分离得到的ACE抑制活性大豆肽组分进行进一步的纯化。在分离得到的11个组分中，峰9的ACE抑制活性最高，在0．2mg／mL．的浓度下，其ACE抑制率达到96．92％。分析型RP—HPLC纯化组分9得到三个组分，其中组分9-Ⅰ具有最高的ACE抑制活性，为98．46％，其含量约占组分9的50％以上。经过LC-MS序列分析，降血压组分9-Ⅰ的分子质量为772．4，有三种可能的结构：VISTGAEP、VLSTGAEP和ANSAGTVGP。     

Purification and characterisation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from lysozyme hydrolysates

Hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) was hydrolysed with trypsin, papain and a combination of the two. The prepared hydrolysates exhibited ACE inhibitory activity. The hydrolysates were fractionated using ultrafiltration and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Three fractions, which showed the highest ACE inhibitory activities, were purified by RP-HPLC. They were the F₇ (from papain-trypsin hydrolysate), F₈ (from papain hydrolysate) and F₃ (from trypsin hydrolysate) fractions. The IC₅₀ values were 0.03, 0.155 and 0.23 mg/ml for F₇, F₈ and F₃, respectively. The F₇ fraction was the most potent ACE inhibitor peptide, and was composed of 12 amino acids, Phe-Glu-Ser-Asn-Phe-Asn-Thr-Gln-Ala-Thr-Asn-Arg (MW: 1428.6 Da). Lineweaver-Burk plots suggest that the F₇ peptide acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor against ACE. The kinetic parameters (K_m, V_max, and K_i) for the F₇ peptide were measured and compared to the control.     

Purification and identification of antihypertensive peptides from seaweed pipefish (Syngnathus schlegeli) muscle protein hydrolysate

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE-I) inhibitory peptides were purified from the seaweed pipefish muscle protein using papain, alcalase, neutrase, pronase, pepsin and trypsin. Among them, the alcalase hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE-I inhibitory activity. The alcalase hydrolysate was separated into four fractions (Fr1, Fr2, Fr3, and Fr4) by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) on a Hiprep 16/10 DEAE FF anion exchange column. Among four fractions, Fr3 has shown the highest ACE-I inhibitory activity and it was further purified into three fractions (Fr3-I, Fr3-II, and Fr3-III) using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a Primesphere 10 C18 (20 × 250 mm) column. The Fr3-II has exhibited the highest ACE-I inhibition (IC₅₀, 0.62 mg/ml) than the Fr3-III (IC₅₀, 1.44 mg/ml). The amino acid sequences of the obtained peptides from Fr3-II and Fr3-III were identified as Thr-Phe-Pro-His-Gly-Pro (MW, 744 Da) and His-Trp-Thr-Thr-Gln-Arg (MW, 917 Da) respectively. Furthermore, cell viability assay showed that no cytotoxicity of alcalase hydrolysate on human lung fibroblasts cell line (MRC-5). These results suggest that peptides derived from seaweed pipefish can be developed as antihypertensive ingredients in functional foods.     

Relations between structure and bitter taste of amino acids and peptides. I. Amino acids and related compounds]

About 60 amino acids, amino acid esters, N-acyl amino acids, amines, and other related compounds were tested for bitter taste. The recognition thresholds are in the range from 100 muMol/ml (L-2-amino butyric acid) to 0.8 muMol/ml (benzamide). Essential structural requirements for bitter compounds are a polar (electrophilic) group and a hydrophobic one, which must be arranged in a defined manner. The results are summarized in a model which shows the zones of contact between bitter compound and receptor.     

微生物发酵法制备乳源性ACE抑制肽的研究新进展

近年来,对乳源性ACE抑制肽[AngiotensinI-ConvertingEnzyme(ACE)inhibitorypeptides]的研究已成为了一个新的热点。由于它可以降低血压,并且具有安全性、保健性,所以可被广泛地应用于功能性食品市场。旨在促进ACE肽在我国的研究开发,综述了微生物发酵法制备乳源性ACE抑制肽的国内外研究现状,同时较系统地讨论了发酵法制备乳源性ACE抑制肽应注意的几个问题,及对其应用前景进行了展望。     

大球盖菇肽基料超声制备及其食药特性分析

为探究大球盖菇十肽的呈味特性和潜在的生物活性,以两种大球盖菇十肽（RIEDNLVIIR和SLPIKPRVPF）为研究对象,采用虚拟筛选、分子对接和分子互作技术,对两种大球盖菇十肽的呈味特性和ACE抑制活性作用机制进行预测和验证。结果显示,两种大球盖菇十肽均具有咸鲜呈味肽片段和ACE抑制活性肽片段。RIEDNLVIIR具有咸味呈味特性,SLPIKPRVPF具有鲜味呈味特性。两种大球盖菇十肽可与ACE靶标蛋白受体结合形成氢键和静电相互作用。体外活性验证结果表明,大球盖菇咸味十肽RIEDNLVIIR的ACE抑制效果较好,IC₅₀值为0.012 mg/mL。分子互作热力学和动力学结果显示,RIEDNLVIIR与ACE受体之间结合是焓驱动反应的特异性结合。虚拟筛选活性预测结果、体外活性验证结果、及分子对接和分子互作的ACE抑制机制解析结果具有一致性。研究为理解大球盖菇十肽呈味特性和ACE抑制活性作用机制提供理论依据,为具有ACE抑制活性的大球盖菇咸鲜味十肽在健康调味品和功能产品中的应用奠定基础。     

复合酶解乳清蛋白制备降血压肽的研究

采用碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白制备ACE抑制肽,通过体外检测法测定其ACE抑制率。通过正交试验,得出最优水解条件,即碱性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶[E1/E2]之比为5:4,温度为45℃,pH值为8.0,时间为150min,水解度11.92%的条件下,乳清蛋白肽对ACE的抑制能力最强,达到60.19%。     

乳清蛋白酶解制备ACE抑制肽的研究

采用碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白制备ACE抑制肽，通过体外检测法测定其ACE抑制率。结果表明，碱性蛋白酶水解物的ACE抑制率最大。采用三因素二次通用旋转设计对碱性蛋白酶水解乳清蛋白的水解条件进行优化。研究了底物浓度、温度和酶与底物的质量比对ACE抑制率的影响，建立了回归方程，分析了各因素对ACE抑制率的影响．确定了最优的水解条件。     

Macroporous resin purification of grass carp fish (Ctenopharyngodonidella) scale peptides with in vitro angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory ability

The adsorption dynamics and thermodynamics of grass carp fish scale peptides (FSPs) onto non-polar macroporous resins (MARs), DA201-C, have been investigated. The adsorption of FSPs was affected by time, pH and peptide concentration. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and was endothermic (ΔH < 43 kJ/mol). The predominant force in adsorption of FSPs onto DA201-C was hydrophobic. Depending on this force, the dynamic adsorption and gradient desorption results showed that DA201-C resins were good at desalting and enriching peptides with higher contents of hydrophobic amino acids, and these peptides had higher ACE inhibitory capabilities in vitro. The lowest concentration at which the eluted fraction possessed half of its original ACE activity (IC₅₀) was 0.13 mg/ml. The results indicated that fish scale peptides produced showed good ACE-inhibitory effect in vitro and fish scales are a good source of peptides with in vitro ACE inhibitory activity.     

Antimicrobial and human cancer cell cytotoxic effect of synthetic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides

Four peptides with high angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory effect were separated from beef sarcoplasmic protein hydrolysates using commercial enzymes. They were identified as GFHI, DFHING, FHG, and GLSDGEWQ and their 50% inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) values against ACE were 117, 64.3, 52.9, and 50.5 μg/ml, respectively. These peptides were synthesised and further biological activities of these four peptides were measured, including antimicrobial, cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, and macrophage-stimulating effect. Peptide GLSDGEWQ showed growth inhibition on Salmonella Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes at a 100 ppm level but not on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Peptide GFHI showed higher inhibition activity on the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at concentrations of 200 and 400 μg/ml. However, peptide FHG inhibited only P. aeruginosa at 200 and 400 μg/ml. The effect of separated peptides on breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (A549), and stomach cancer (AGS) cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Peptide GFHI showed a slight decrease of MCF-7 cell viability in a dose dependent manner. When 400 μg/ml of peptide GFHI was applied to the AGS cell, its viability was decreased by 75%. However, peptide DFHINQ seemed to act as a nutrient to AGS cell because it increased its viability. None of the four peptides had a cytotoxic effect on A549 cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production of peptide GFHI by stimulation of macrophage was investigated at 100, 300, and 1000 μg/ml concentration. NO was not produced in all treatments. From these results it is expected that the ACE inhibitory peptides identified from beef sarcoplasmic protein hydrolysates have both antimicrobial and cancer cell cytotoxic effects.     

The antioxidant, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity, and phenolic compounds of bamboo shoot extracts

This study was undertaken to evaluate the functional properties of two of the most popular species of edible bamboo shoots in Korea (Phyllostachys pubescens and Phyllostachys nigra). Powdered bamboo shoots were extracted with methanol and an aqueous suspension of the obtained methanol extract was partitioned successively with chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol, leaving a residual water extract. All obtained extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity, and ascorbic acid and phenolic compound content. Methanol and water fractions showed a particularly high ascorbic acid contents. The ethyl acetate fraction contained a high concentration of phenolic compounds. Among all extracts, the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed particularly high antioxidant activity. Methanol extract had a significantly higher ACE inhibitory activity than other extracts. None of the extracts inhibited the tested bacteria.     

An active peptide purified from gastrointestinal enzyme hydrolysate of Pacific cod skin gelatin attenuates angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) activity and cellular oxidative stress

Seafood processing by-product, Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) skin, was utilised to purify an active peptide with ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activities. Gelatin was extracted from the skin and it was hydrolysed with gastrointestinal endopeptidases (pepsin, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin). Assay-guided purification of the hydrolysate resulted in an active peptide, Leu-Leu-Met-Leu-Asp-Asn-Asp-Leu-Pro-Pro (1301 Da). The peptide showed potent non-competitive ACE inhibition (IC₅₀ = 35.7 μM) and effectively protects cellular macromolecules from reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated damage. The peptide significantly reduced the oxidation levels of membrane lipids, proteins and DNA in RAW264.7 cells by effectively scavenging the intracellular ROS. Moreover, it was found that the peptide treatment upregulated the m-RNA expression of cellular antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase) and thereby enhanced the intracellular antioxidant mechanisms. These findings suggest that Pacific cod skin could be effectively bioconverted to produce a bioactive peptide, which could be used as a functional food ingredient to control ACE activity and oxidative stress.     

苋籽ACE抑制肽的大孔树脂分离纯化

比较6种大孔树脂对苋籽ACE抑制肽的吸附-解吸效果,从中筛选出合适该活性肽分离纯化的树脂,并对其吸附-解吸工艺进行优化。结果表明,DA201-C树脂最适合苋籽ACE抑制肽的纯化,在样品质量浓度10mg/mL,pH为5,上样量1BV,流速6mL/min时,树脂的吸附效果最佳,吸附率达83.69%,再用5BV体积分数75%乙醇,以5mL/min的流速进行洗脱,此时几乎把吸附的多肽全部洗脱下来,解吸率为98.69%。经树脂纯化,样品的蛋白纯度为89.47%,脱盐率为88.86%,短肽含量提高了20.96%,ACE抑制活性提高了27.91%。