Dietary fiber,amino acid,fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the edible seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Durvillaea antarctica

The nutritional composition of the edible seaweeds Durvillaea antarctica (frond and stem) and dried Ulva lactuca was determined, including the soluble (SDF), insoluble (IDF) and total (TDF) dietary fiber content, amino acid and fatty acid profiles along with tocopherols and tocotrienols (pro-vitamin E). Results show that U. lactuca contained 60.5 ± 1.5%, and D. antarctica frond and stem 71.4 ± 1.5% and 56.4 ± 0.4% of TDF, respectively. Levels for the different amino acids ranged from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 1508.4 ± 9.5 (mg/100 g protein) in U. lactuca, from 0.2 ± 0.0 to 2019.9 ± 5.2 (mg/100 g protein) in D. antarctica (stem), and from 0.3 ± 0.0 to 1052.6 ± 2.9 (mg/100 g protein) in D. antarctica (leaves). In the three seaweeds, the most abundant fatty acid was C18:1ω9cis which in U. lactuca accounted for 27.42 ± 2.60%; in D. antarctica it was 25.36 ± 3.10% and 25.83 ± 2.52% in leaves and stem, respectively. In D. antarctica, γ-tocotrienol (651.7 ± 5.1 mg/kg), δ-tocopherol (245.9 ± 3.7 mg/kg) and α-tocopherol (179.4 ± 12.1 mg/kg) were determined in fronds, α-tocopherol (258.0 ± 7.2 mg/kg) was determined in stem. U. lactuca, showed a high γ-tocopherol level (963.5 ± 3.8 mg/kg).     

Detection of alkaline phosphatase by competitive indirect ELISA using immunoglobulin in yolk (IgY) specific against bovine milk alkaline phosphatase

Immunoglobulin in yolk (IgY) (with a titer of 1.3 × 10⁶) specific against bovine milk (BM) alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was obtained by intramuscularly immunizing hens on the thigh and was used as the primary antibody to conduct competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) to determine BMALP in ALPs from BM and Escherichia coli sources. A relationship between the ELISA value and the BMALP level (0.01–10 μg/mL) in whole milk (R² = 0.9019) or in skimmed milk (R² = 0.9402) was observed. The maximal inhibition (%) of BMALP on the microtiter plate by free BMALP at 10 μg/mL whole milk (3.89 mU/μg BMALP) was about 50%, while no inhibition (%) of BMALP by free E. coli ALP at concentrations between 0.01 to 10 μg/mL (60 mU/μg E. coli ALP) was determined. At BMALP levels higher than 0.1 μg/mL, CI-ELISA was proved to be effective in differentiating between BMALP and E. coli ALP and quantifying BMALP in whole milk or skimmed milk in the presence of E. coli ALP with an activity of 0.6 U/mL. Higher inhibition (about 70%) of BMALP on the microtiter plate by free BMALP in diluted (10¹–10⁴ fold) milk samples was observed. The optimal conditions for CI-ELISA in determining BMALP (0.1–10 μg/mL) from ALPs in milk samples were using 10³-fold diluted crude IgY specific against BMALP as primary antibody and 10³-fold diluted goat anti-chicken IgG–ALP conjugate as the secondary antibody.     

In situ production of γ-aminobutyric acid in breakfast cereals

Breakfast cereals are an important part of an equilibrated diet in the Western world, making them extremely suited for carrying health benefits. Intake of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the nervous system, has been related to blood pressure lowering in hypertensive individuals. In vivo, GABA is formed from glutamic acid (GA) by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a widely distributed enzyme in prokaryotic and eukaryotic species. We here enriched breakfast cereals with GABA by recipe and process optimisation. The dynamics of GA and GABA were monitored throughout the production process. Addition of exogenous recombinantly produced GAD of Yersinia intermedia increased GABA levels by 2- to 5-fold. As only trace levels of GABA (<15 ppm) and relatively low levels of its precursor (GA, <100 ppm) are present in the wheat and rice flour used, a well-thought ingredient choice (inclusion of quinoa flour (ca. 90 ppm GABA and 700 ppm GA) or bran enrichment (ca. 66 ppm GABA and 500 ppm GA)) also significantly increases the GABA content in the final flakes. Finally, a strict control of the heating steps during the production process reduces GA and GABA losses. Consumption of one portion (30 g) of the here produced enriched breakfast cereals can even meet up to 55% of the daily intake earlier reported to lower blood pressure (ca. 10 mg).     

Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetables from Indonesia

Extracts from 11 vegetables of Indonesian origin were screened for flavonoid content, total phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The flavonols myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol and flavones luteolin and apigenin were quantified by HPLC. Flavonoid content in mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) was apparently initially reported for Cosmos caudatus H.B.K. (52.19), Polyscias pinnata (52.19), Pluchea indica Less. (6.39), Nothopanax scutellarius (Burm.f.) Merr (5.43), Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd. (3.93), Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Bl. (2.27), and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm (1.18). The flavonoid content of the vegetables studied were mainly quercetin and kaempferol and ranged from 0.3 to 143 mg/100 g fw, with the highest level found in Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr. C. caudatus H.B.K. had the greatest total phenols among the vegetables analysed, with 1.52 mg GAE/100 g fw. P. indica Less. and C. caudatus H.B.K. had the highest antioxidant activity as measured by ferric cyanide reducing power, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) scavenging, and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. Therefore, S. androgynus (L) Merr, C. caudatus H.B.K., and P. pinnata were identified as potentially rich sources of dietary flavonoids and antioxidants.     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli by ozone treatment of apple juice at different pH levels

This research investigated the efficacy of gaseous ozone on the inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and NCTC 12900 strains in apple juice of a range of pH levels, using an ozone bubble column. The pH levels investigated were 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0. Apple juice inoculated with E. coli strains (10⁶ CFU/mL) was treated with ozone gas at a flow rate of 0.12 L/min and ozone concentration of 0.048 mg/min/mL for up to 18 min. Results show that inactivation kinetics of E. coli by ozone were affected by pH of the juice. The ozone treatment duration required for achieving a 5-log reduction was faster (4 min) at the lowest pH than at the highest pH (18 min) studied. The relationship between time required to achieve 5 log reduction (t_5d) and pH for both strains was described mathematically by two exponential equations. Ozone treatment appears to be an effective process for reducing bacteria in apple juice and the required applied treatment for producing a safe apple juice is dependant on its acidity level.     

Folic acid complexes with human and bovine serum albumins

The interaction of folic acid with human serum (HSA) and bovine serum albumins (BSA) at physiological conditions, using constant protein concentration and various folic acid contents was investigated. FTIR, UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods as well as molecular modelling were used to analyse folic acid binding sites, the binding constant and the effect on HSA and BSA stability and conformations. Structural analysis showed that folic acid binds HSA and BSA via both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contacts with overall binding constants of K_{folic acid–HSA} = 8.1 (±0.5) × 10⁴ M⁻¹ and K_{folic acid–BSA} = 1.0 (±0.3) × 10⁵ M⁻¹. The number of bound acid molecules per protein was 1.7 (±0.4) for HSA and 1.5 (±0.3) for BSA complexes. Molecular modelling showed participation of several amino acids in folic acid–protein complexes stabilised by hydrogen bonding network. Folic acid complexation altered protein secondary structure by major reduction of α-helix from 59% (free HSA) to 35% (acid-complex) and 62% (free BSA) to 25% (acid-complex) with an increase in random coil, turn and β-sheet structures indicating protein unfolding. The results suggest that serum albumins might act as carrier proteins for folic acid in delivering it to target molecules.     

Efficacy of enrofloxacin in the treatment of naturally occurring acute clinical Escherichia coli mastitis

The efficacy of the combination of systemic enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg twice with a 24-h interval, first dose i.v., second dose s.c.) and the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent ketoprofen (3 mg/kg i.m. or 4 mg/kg per os daily for 1 to 3 d) treatment was compared with antiinflammatory treatment only in dairy cows with naturally occurring acute clinical Escherichia coli mastitis. A total of 132 cows with acute clinical mastitis and with confirmed growth of E. coli in a pretreatment milk sample were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Response to treatment was evaluated clinically and by bacteriological culturing and determination of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) activity on d 2 and 21 posttreatment. Enrofloxacin treatment did not increase bacteriological (90.5% of treated vs. 86.8% of nontreated cured) or clinical cure (46.7% of treated vs. 57.1% of nontreated cured), cow survival (95.3% of treated vs. 92.7% of nontreated), or quarter milk production assessed 21 d posttreatment (21.8 vs. 29.3% return to preinfection level for nontreated cows), nor did it decrease mammary gland tissue damage estimated using determination of milk NAGase activity (24.0 ± 0.3 vs. 18.3 ± 1.3 pmol of 4-methylumbelliferone per min per μL for nontreated cows). Treatment did not influence the number of study cows remaining in the herd after 6 mo (71.9% of treated vs. 80.6% of nontreated). The only significant effects of enrofloxacin were enhancing the bacteriological cure (odds ratio = 3.32 for treated cows) and decreasing the clinical cure (odds ratio = 0.05 for treated cows) on d 2 posttreatment. Our results did not support the use of enrofloxacin to treat acute clinical E. coli mastitis.     

Inhibitory effects of preventive and curative orally administered spinach glycoglycerolipid fraction on the tumor growth of sarcoma and colon in mouse graft models

The glycoglycerolipid fraction from spinach was purified, and this fraction was used to clarify bioactive functions, such as inhibition of DNA polymerase activity and cancer cell growth. The effects of the spinach glycoglycerolipid fraction on preventive and curative antitumor activities, and acute toxicity were investigated. After oral administration of 20 mg/kg of the glycoglycerolipid fraction for 2 weeks as preliminary medication, colon tumor growth was delayed, and the protein expression level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was decreased in tumor tissue. Five days after tumor cell implantation, oral administration of, not only 70 mg/kg of the glycoglycerolipid fraction, but also the γ-cyclodextrin (CD) glycoglycerolipid fraction complex, for 4 weeks, suppressed sarcoma formation with no adverse reactions in mice. In the acute toxicity test, 2000 mg/kg of orally administered glycoglycerolipid fraction did not show evident toxicity. Hence, these results suggest that the spinach glycoglycerolipid fraction is a safe and effective anticancer bioactive agent and/or food material.     

Effect of multiple factors on accumulation of nucleosides and bases in Cordyceps militaris

In order to improve the accumulation of valuable metabolites (3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, adenine and uracil) in Cordyceps militaris, multiple factors such as carbon sources, nitrogen sources, metal ions and fermentation duration were investigated in liquid shake flasks. Using both potato broth and glucose as carbon sources were found to facilitate the production of nucleosides and bases most, and 2% of glucose was the most suitable initial level. Mixture of 0.3% yeast extract with 0.3% peptone was the best selection of nitrogen sources and supplementing with 0.1 mmol/L Mn²⁺ achieved the maximum biomass and biosynthesis of nucleosides and bases among all investigated metal ions. The most suitable harvest time for C. militaris was found to be the 6th day, because the production of 3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine and uridine began to speed up from the later exponential growth phase until the 6th day. Finally, under optimal culture conditions, the contents of 3′-deoxyadenosine, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, adenine and uracil were increased to 0.212 ± 0.014 mg/g, 5.05 ± 0.31 mg/g, 4.03 ± 0.30 mg/g, 0.556 ± 0.029 mg/g, 6.39 ± 0.33 mg/g, 0.208 ± 0.016 mg/g and 0.437 ± 0.027 mg/g, respectively.     

Quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry

Eleven major phenolic compounds (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, ideain, epicatechin, two procyanidin (PA) dimers, three PA trimers and a PA dimer-hexoside) were quantified in the fruits of 22 cultivars/origins of three species of the Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) by HPLC–ESI-MS-SIR. Hyperoside (0.1–0.8 mg/g dry mass [DM]), isoquercitrin (0.1–0.3 mg/g DM), chlorogenic acid (0.2–1.6 mg/g DM), epicatechin (0.9–11.7 mg/g DM), PA B2 (0.7–12.4 mg/g DM), PA dimer II (0.1–1.5 mg/g DM), PA trimer I (0.1–2.7 mg/g DM), PA trimer II (0.7–6.9 mg/g DM), PA trimer III (0.01–1.2 mg/g DM) and a PA dimer-hexoside (trace–1.1 mg/g DM) were detected in all the samples. Ideain (0.0–0.7 mg/g DM) was found in all the samples except Crataegus scabrifolia. Significant correlations between the contents of individual PA aglycons were observed (r > 0.9, P < 0.01). A strong correlation between flavonols was also shown (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). Fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida var. major had higher contents of PAs but lower contents of flavonols compared with Crataegus brettschneideri. The fruits of C. scabrifolia contained the highest level of PA dimer-hexoside, which was present in trace amounts in the fruits of C. pinnatifida.     

Enhanced heavy metal phytoextraction by Echinochloa crus-galli using root exudates

Heavy metal uptake and growth by Echinochloa crus-galli were investigated to determine if the use of root exudates enhanced phytoextraction. E. crus-galli were planted in soils contaminated with 600 mg kg^− 1 Pb, 40 mg kg^− 1 Cd and 100 mg kg^− 1 Cu. E. crus-galli were then cultivated with and without root exudates from Belamcanda chinensis for 4 weeks. The growth of E. crus-galli in metal-contaminated soils that contained root exudates showed increased roots and shoots when compared to E. crus-galli grown without root exudates (p < 0.05). In addition, the accumulation of metal in E. crus-galli that was cultivated with the root exudates was two- to fourfold higher than in plants that were cultivated without the root exudates. The exchangeable soil fraction in the rhizosphere of E. crus-galli grown with root exudates was greater than when E. crus-galli was grown without root exudates. Finally, the BCF and TF values of Cd, Cu and Pb were greater when the root exudates were added (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results indicate that root exudates can be used as a natural chelating agent to enhance phytoextraction.     

Influence of filtering of cold pressed berry seed oils on their antioxidant profile and quality characteristics

The quality, composition and colour of 11 oils from six different berries were evaluated before and after filtering of the cold-pressed oils. The filtering did not lead to significant compositional or quality differences, except a minor reduction in oxidative stability. Due to their high degree of unsaturation, the peroxide and p-anisidine values were high for all oils. However, the high level of tocopherols and tocotrienols appears to protect the oils during the oil stability test (significant correlation; r = 0.803; p = 0.003). Tocopherol contents between 138 mg/kg (kiwi seed oil, filtered) and 1639 mg/kg (blackberry seed oil, non-filtered) were found. Phenolic compounds, identified and quantified by HPLC, ranged from 90 mg/kg (blackberry seed oil, filtered) to 15,810 mg/kg (strawberry seed oil, filtered). No correlation was found between the quantified phenolic compounds and the oxidative stability of the oils, suggesting that in these oils the tocopherols were the main antioxidants protecting the lipids during storage.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolics of an endophytic Xylaria sp. from Ginkgo biloba

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of cultivated fruiting bodies of an endophytic Xylaria sp. (strain number YX-28), from Ginkgo biloba. The results indicated that the methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant capacity in both 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and β-carotene–linoleic acid model system. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents extracted by different solvents were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and the flavonoid–aluminium method. The results showed that total phenolic and flavonoid contents were the highest in methanol extract (54.51 ± 1.05 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight and 86.76 ± 0.58 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight), while the hexane extract was the lowest (9.71 ± 0.57 mg GAE/g dw and 10.14 ± 0.76 mg RE/g dw, respectively). The correlation coefficients from regression analysis showed a positive relationship between total phenolic content in the extracts and DPPH activity (R² = 0.7336), as well as between total flavonoid content and DPPH activity (R² = 0.9392). Furthermore, GC/MS method was used to confirm the presence of phenolics with antioxidant activity in the methanol extract and resulted in the identification of 41 compounds, esters, phenolics, alkanes, carboxylates and alcohols being the main components. In conclusion, cultivated fruiting bodies of Xylaria sp.YX-28 may have potential as natural antioxidant.     

Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo

Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that high dietary fat intake of mice is associated with many physically degenerative diseases. Since oxidative stress and abnormal lipid metabolism have been speculated to be critical mechanisms underlying degenerative diseases, we hypothesized that a high-fat (HF) diet might induce oxidative stress or lipid oxidation and subsequently contribute to the high risk of some diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ones. To test this hypothesis, male kunming mice were placed on either a HF diet or a normal laboratory diet for 30 consecutive days. This investigation demonstrated that blood fat [low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAG), high density lipoprotein (HDL)], blood sugar (blood glucose and liver glycogen) and oxidative stress (activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of non-enzymic antioxidants) of mice fed high-fat diet (group II) were significantly increased or decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) when compared with the control group (I). The present study revealed that HF diet induced oxidative stress and provided novel evidence regarding the link between high dietary fat and increased risk of degenerative diseases. The administration of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides did not show any effect on the body weight of the experimental mice, but significantly decreased the levels of LDL, TC, TAG, blood glucose and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) or increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) when compared with mice in HF group (II). These findings were further supported by significantly increased non-enzymic antioxidants levels (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), suggesting that L. barbarum polysaccharides showed a noticeable inhibition against lipid oxidation induced by free radicals caused by HF diet intake (groups III, IV, V) on the basis of their antioxidant activities.     

TOXICITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF MACE OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS USED IN MOROCCAN GASTRONOMY: BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL IMPACT

The aril of the plant Myristica fragrans is one of the most broadly used spices in Moroccan gastronomy. This research demonstrated its antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species. Likewise, its toxicity was investigated on Swiss albino mice. Mice were treated orally with 0.003 and 0.3 mg/day during 7 days. Plasmatic markers and antioxidant defense systems were assessed and histological alterations evaluated. Our results showed a significant increase in creatine phosphokinase level. The microscopic evaluation showed that mace induces morphological perturbation in mice's liver. The results also showed an inhibitory effect of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and an important increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, succinate dehydrogenase activities and no change in catalase activities. All of these results show that M. fragrans at 0.3 mg/g in mice affects energy metabolism and oxidative stress.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Mace can be used as a natural antioxidant and preservative in the food industry to increase the shelf life of foodstuffs.     

Effects of Enterococcus faecium (SF68) on immune function in mice

Probiotics exert health benefits on human and animals when administered in adequate amounts. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Enterococcus faecium (SF68) on intestinal colonisation and immune function of BALB/c mice. Six-week-old female BALB/c mice were orally administered with E. faecium (SF68). Results showed that the total anaerobe and lactobacilli in the faeces increased (P < 0.05), while the number of faecal enterobacteria decreased (P < 0.05) in E. faecium-fed mice. Furthermore, supplementation of E. faecium (SF68) increased the percentage of double positive (DP) cells in peripheral blood, the concentration of plasma IgG, and the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in splenocytes of the mice (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that E. faecium SF68 affects the intestinal microbial flora and modulates the immune responses, which indicates a viable probiotic characteristic of E. faecium SF68 in modification of immune function.     

Separation,purification and quantification of verbascoside from Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth

Echinacoside and verbascoside possess a spectrum of significant beneficial bioactivities. A new method of preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for rapid separation and purification of verbascoside from the leaves of Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth was introduced. The solvent system employed here was n-butanol–water (1:1, v/v). The structure was confirmed by IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. According to the quantification results, echinacoside and verbascoside were found to be as much as 5.25 ± 0.13 mg/g and 11.21 ± 0.16 mg/g, respectively, in the leaves of P. barbatus. This indicates that P. barbatus might be an ideal alternative resource for large scale preparation of echinacoside and verbascoside.     

Antidepressant-like effects of fractions,essential oil,carnosol and betulinic acid isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis L.

The aim of this study was to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of fractions from Rosmarinus officinalis L.: ethyl acetate 1 and 2 (AcOEt1 and 2), hexane (HEX), ethanolic (ET), and essential oil-free (EOF) fractions, as well as essential oil, the isolated compounds carnosol and betulinic acid in the tail suspension test, a predictive test of antidepressant activity. Swiss mice were acutely administered by oral route (p.o.) with fractions, essential oil or isolated compounds, 60 min before the tail suspension test or open-field test. All of them produced a significant antidepressant-like effect: AcOEt1, ET, EOF fractions and essential oil (0.1–100 mg/kg, p.o); HEX (0.1–10 mg/kg, p.o) and AcOEt2 fraction (0.1–1 mg/kg, p.o), carnosol (0.01–0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) isolated from the HEX fraction and betulinic acid (10 mg/kg, p.o.), isolated from the AcOEt1 and AcOEt2 fractions. No psychostimulant effect was shown in the open-field test, indicating that the effects in the tail suspension test are specific. This study suggests that carnosol and betulinic acid could be responsible for the anti-immobility effect of extracts from R. officinalis.     

Enhancing the thermal destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef patties by trans-cinnamaldehyde

The effect of trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in undercooked ground beef patties was investigated. A five-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into ground beef (7.0 log CFU/g), followed by addition of TC (0, 0.15, and 0.3%). The meat was formed into patties and stored at 4 °C for 5 days or at −18 °C for 7 days. The patties were cooked to an internal temperature of 60 or 65 °C, and E. coli O157:H7 was enumerated. The numbers of E. coli O157:H7 did not decline during storage of patties. However, cooking of patties containing TC significantly reduced (P < 0.05) E. coli O157:H7 counts, by >5.0 log CFU/g, relative to the reduction in controls cooked to the same temperatures. The D-values at 60 and 65 °C of E. coli O157:H7 in TC-treated patties (1.85 and 0.08 min, respectively) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the corresponding D-values for the organism in control patties (2.70 and 0.29 min, respectively). TC-treated patties were more color stable and showed significantly lower lipid oxidation (P < 0.05) than control samples. TC enhanced the heat sensitivity of E. coli O157:H7 and could potentially be used as an antimicrobial for ensuring pathogen inactivation in undercooked patties. However detailed sensory studies will be necessary to determine the acceptability to consumers of TC in ground beef patties.     

Chemical composition,fatty acid content and antioxidant potential of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves,sunflower cake and grass hay

The present study determined the chemical composition, fatty acid (FA) content and antioxidant capacity of meat from goats supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) or sunflower cake (SC) or grass hay (GH). The meat from goat supplemented with MOL had higher concentrations of total phenolic content (10.62 ± 0.27 mg tannic acid equivalent E/g). The MOL significantly scavenged 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS) radical to 93.51 ± 0.19% (93.51 ± 0.19%) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical to 58.95 ± 0.3% than other supplements. The antioxidative effect of MOL supplemented meat on catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid oxidation (LO) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than other meat from goat feed on grass hay or those supplemented with sunflower seed cake. The present study indicated that the anti-oxidative potential of MOL may play a role in improving meat quality (chemical composition, colour and lipid stability).