新型的陶瓷薄膜制备工艺—Sol—Gel法

近年来在陶瓷制备领域中出现了一种引人注目的工艺溶胶-凝胶法，由于这种工艺诸多的优越性，越来越多地应用于制备陶瓷薄膜方面，本文介绍了溶胶-凝胶法制备陶瓷薄膜的工艺过程，并对其研究现状及进一步发展趋势作了简要的评述。     

钛酸铅系薄膜的热释电性能及其应用

叙述了钛酸铅系薄膜的热释电原理，介绍了国际上近几年钛酸铅系薄膜材料、制备工艺及热释电性能，并与块状陶瓷材料进行了比较，分析表明钛酸铅系薄膜具有优良的热释电性能及可观的应用前景。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备无机纳米材料的研究现状

简述了溶胶鄄凝胶法制备无机纳米材料的工艺过程以及溶胶鄄凝胶法在无机纳米材料制备中的应用,尤其是在纳米微粒、纳米薄膜的制备及粉体的表面包覆等方面的应用。分析了溶胶鄄凝胶工艺中的各种影响因素,并指出了今后溶胶鄄凝胶法的研究方向。     

CuInSe2薄膜的化学溶液制备方法

采用了一种低成本化学溶液法制备铜铟硒(CuInSe_2,CIS)薄膜.研究了预退火温度、硒化温度及基片衬底等实验参数对材料性能的影响.采用硝酸铜和氯化铟配置前驱体溶液,旋涂法制膜,后经480℃硒化退火得到CIS薄膜.XRD测试结果表明薄膜结晶性良好,具黄铜矿结构;SEM测试结果显示薄膜由较大晶粒组成,表面相对平整致密;EDX测试显示薄膜组分相对合理,略贫Cu而富Se.采用此薄膜为吸收层制备CIS原型薄膜太阳能电池,其光电测试显示单层CIS光伏响应达到1.6%.     

纳米氧化锡制备方法的研究进展

从制备氧化锡的方法,原理和工艺特点等几方面综述了近年来纳米氧化锡粉末、薄膜、棒、线、带的最新研究进展。着重阐述了制备准一维纳米氧化锡的过程及各自的生长机制。并对纳米氧化锡粉体制备的研究方向和产业化发展趋势作了展望。     

真空磁控溅射镀膜设备及工艺技术研究

磁控溅射技术在薄膜制备领域广泛应用,适合的工艺和制造技术对磁控溅射镀膜有着重要的影响。介绍了用于薄膜电路的生产工艺流程以及由此而决定的设备组成及控制技术,并重点叙述了薄膜制备的方法、参数选择、设备设计方法。     

LPCVD制备氮化硅薄膜工艺

氮化硅（摘要）薄膜具有许多优良特性,在半导体、微电子和MEMS领域应用广泛。本文简要介绍了利用CVD方法制备摘要薄膜以及Si3N4薄膜的特性,详细介绍了低压化学气相淀积（Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition）LPCVD制备氮化硅的工艺。工艺制备中通过工艺参数的调整使批量生产的淀积膜的均匀性达到技术要求。     

水热法制备TiO2纳米晶薄膜的光电性能研究

利用水热法制备了纳米TiO2粉体,分别利用该粉体和经过氢氧化钠溶液水热处理后的粉体涂覆在导电玻璃上制备成薄膜,然后组装为染料敏化太阳能电池.利用XRD和SEM对该薄膜进行表征,并用I-V测试仪对电池的光电性能进行研究.结果表明:未经处理的粉体制备的薄膜粒径小,分布均匀,为纯锐钛矿晶型,组装的电池光电转化效率为4.09%...     

SiC半导体在薄膜物理制备中的研究

作为新一代的半导体材料,SiC具有优良的化学物理性质,因此,SiC薄膜的制备工艺也越来越受到人们的关注。本文主要对当前SiC薄膜的物理制备工艺进行详细的研究介绍,并进一步总结讨论了各种制备工艺的优缺点。     

脉冲激光沉积高性能薄膜制备及其应用研究进展

随着脉冲激光器的飞速发展和成本下降,利用脉冲激光沉积制备高性能薄膜逐渐成为近年来的一个研究热点,被广泛应用于多个领域。本文首先概述了脉冲激光沉积的基本原理和特点;然后从材料体系的角度系统地综述了近年来脉冲激光沉积高性能薄膜的研究现状,详细地介绍了脉冲激光沉积制备的金属薄膜、合金薄膜、碳薄膜、化合物薄膜以及复合薄膜的工艺、结构、形貌和性能特点,继而对薄膜沉积技术在光电、新能源、生物、超导、电子封装等重点和新兴领域的应用现状进行介绍;最后对脉冲激光技术制备高性能薄膜进行了总结和展望。     

Toxicity of cadmium telluride,copper indium diselenide,and copper gallium diselenide

This paper reviews recently derived toxicity data for Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS), Cadmium Gallium Diselenide (CGS) and Cadmium Telluride (CT), promising new materials on which a new generation of thin-film photovoltaic cells for generating electricity may be based. The new data deal with systemic and reproductive toxicity, acute pulmonary toxicity, and comparative pulmonary absorption, distribution and toxicity of these materials in laboratory rats. CT is shown to have higher lung toxicity than CIS, with the CGS toxicity being the lowest in the group. These data are extended to human exposure levels and exposure limits for CT are derived. The implications of these findings to the photovoltaic industry are also discussed. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government Work and is in the public domain in the United States.     

Thin-film Photovoltaic Cells: Health and Environmental Issues in their Manufacture Use and Disposal

The large-scale manufacture of thin-film photovoltaic cells may present health and safety hazards if adequate precautions are not taken. In this paper, we examine the hazards associated with producing and using Si, CdTe and CIS thin-film photovoltaic modules. We focus especially on the potential of workers in manufacturing facilities to be exposed to chronic, low levels of Cd. Pertinent regulations are reviewed and control options are presented that can minimize the risks to workers. Also, we investigate occupational safety hazards and the associated engineering and administrative options related to using pyrophoric silane in making amorphous silicon cells. Finully, recycling and disposal options for spent photovoltaic modules are discussed.     

Research opportunities in polycrystalline compound solar cells

Polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) materials show substantial promise for achieving the U.S. Department of Energy PV costs and performance goals. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and CuInSe₂ (CIS) both have recently demonstrated device efficiencies in the 15 percent range with promise of achieving 20 percent efficiencies. Large area thin film CIS and CdTe modules in the 0.4 to 0.7 m² size have also been fabricated with aperture efficiencies approaching ten percent. In spite of these results, polycrystalline thin film materials are relatively unexplored. Fundamental research opportunities in materials for thin film solar cells can be categorized under three major headings, from the most general to the most specific: areas with long-range potentialities, areas with a larger exploratory content, and areas with specific need. Each of these issues can play a vital role in the development of improved solar cells. The discussion of research opportunities in this paper starts with the more general opportunities and works its way to the most specific ones: (i) updating the basic investigation of defect properties and compensation in Group II-VI and related materials; exploring the basic materials science of the growth process for synthesis from layers of the elements, and exploring the potentials of bandgap engineering; (ii) search for new materials, interactions between defects and grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials, and exploration of the p-i-n structure for solar cells in a more general way; and (iii) doping of and contacts to p-CdTe, junction transport and effects of heat treatments on CdTe and CuInSe₂, and development of Group II-VI ternaries.     

CuInSe2 cells and modules

Recent CuInSe₂ photovoltaic technology advances are discussed. 14.1% active area efficient test cells and the fabrication of monolithic integrated modules with power outputs of 112 W/m² on 940 cm² and 91.4 W/m² on 3900 cm² have been achieved. Packaged modules are stable outdoors. Studies indicate a recombination controlled junction mechanism and imply a wide CIS compositional range over which high-efficiency junctions are possible. Processing improvements already demonstrated on test cells and 940 cm² modules will yield 52-W, 3900-cm² CIS modules     

Evaluating the economic viability of CdTe/CIS and CIGS/CIS tandem photovoltaic modules

We analyze the potential cost competitiveness of two frameless, glass–glass thin‐film tandem photovoltaic module structures, cadmium telluride (CdTe)/CuInSe₂ (CIS) and CuIn_0.3Ga_0.7Se₂ (CIGS)/CIS, based on the demonstrated cost of manufacturing the respective component cell technologies in high volume. To consider multiple economic scenarios, we base the CdTe/CIS module efficiency on the current industrial production of CdTe modules, while for CIGS/CIS, we use an aspirational estimate for CIGS efficiency. We focus on four‐terminal mechanically stacked structures, thus avoiding the need to achieve current matching between the two cells. The top cell in such a tandem must have a transparent back contact, which has not been successfully implemented to date. However, for the purpose of understanding the economic viability of both tandems, we assume that this can be implemented at a cost similar to that of sputtered indium tin oxide. The cost of both tandem module structures was found to be nearly identical on an equal‐area basis and approximately $30/m² higher than the single‐junction alternatives. Both tandem modules are about 4% (absolute) more efficient than a module by using the top‐cell material alone. We find that these tandem modules might reduce total system cost by as much as 11% in applications having a high area‐related balance‐of‐system cost, such as area‐constrained residential systems; however, the relative advantage of tandems decreases in the cases where balance‐of‐system costs are lower, such as in commercial and utility scale systems. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recycling strategies to enhance the commercial viability of CIS photovoltaics

Recycling of photovoltaic (PV) modules at the end of their useful life is important for the success of commercializing PV technologies. There are economic, regulatory and technical issues related to recycling; these are addressed here in a case study o f recycling CuInSe₂ (CIS) PV modules, which is focused on: economics of the use and re-use of materials; regulations on environmental disposal and waste handling; logistics and economics of recycling and disposing of products by industries face d with comparable environmental issues; and a workable program of the PV industry of the future. The main conclusions are that there are potential regulatory hurdles but these can be overcome by paying attention to module design elements. In the case of l arge installations, collection of decommissioned PV modules is feasible with current infrastructure, whereas collection from small remote installations is problematic. Collecting and consolidating used PV modules will be simplified if modules are returned to the manufacturer or to a contracted recycling center as ‘products’ destined for refurbishment and/or re-use. The projected cost of recycling CIS PV modules ranges from 0 to 0.08 US$ W⁻¹, depending on the specific methods, participants and regulations of recycling.     

光伏发电系统并网控制技术现状与发展(上)

太阳能是理想的可再生能源,随着太阳能光伏并网发电应用越来越广泛,光伏并网控制技术成为新的研究热点,而不同的电路拓扑结构所采用的并网控制策略有所不同,因此本文对光伏并网发电系统的应用前景以及并网控制技术现状进行了综述,在介绍光伏并网发电系统的拓扑结构与并网控制技术工作原理的基础上,按照并网滤波器的分类分别阐述了基于L型、LC型滤波器的单级式三相光伏逆变系统的数学模型与并网电流控制策略。     

有机共混结构太阳电池的阴极界面修饰的研究进展

太阳电池阴极界面的有效修饰能改善器件中载流子的收集与传输,从而提高太阳电池能量转换效率。对于高效、稳定的有机光伏器件来说,合理选择界面修饰材料至关重要,它已成为有机光伏领域研究的重点内容。文章综述了近年来有机共混结构太阳电池阴极界面修饰的研究进展,介绍了各种阴极界面的修饰方法及原理,阐述了国内外有机共混结构太阳电池阴极界面修饰的研究现状及存在问题,为高性能有机太阳电池的研究提供了有价值的参考。     

钛酸铅系铁电光伏材料研究进展

铁电材料由于具有反常光生伏打效应,使其在光传感器、光驱动器、铁电光伏电池等领域具有重要的应用前景。钛酸铅系铁电材料具有大的自发极化强度,成为研究热点。文章介绍了铁电材料反常光生伏打效应的原理及钛酸铅系铁电光伏材料的研究进展,提出了研究中需要解决的一些问题。     

Health,safety and environmental risks from the operation of CdTe and CIS thin-film modules

This paper identifies the materials embedded in one type of CIS (copper indium diselenide) and four different types of CdTe (cadmium telluride) thin-film modules. It refers to the results of our outdoor leaching experiments on photovoltaic (PV) samples broken into small fragments. Estimations for module accidents on the roof or in the garden of a residential house, e.g. leaching of hazardous materials into water or soil, are given. The outcomes of our estimations show some module materials released into water or soil during leaching accidents. In a worst-case scenario for CdTe modules the leached cadmium concentration in the collected water is estimated to be no higher than the German drinking water limit concentration. For the CIS module scenario the estimated leached element concentrations are about one to two orders of magnitude below the German drinking water limit concentration. For broken CIS and CdTe modules on the ground no critical increase of the natural element concentration is observed after leaching into the soil for 1 year. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.