犬2型腺病毒毒株纤突蛋白基因的比较分析

根据GenBank中犬腺病毒（canine adenovirus,CAV)纤突基因序列，设计合成2对引物。用PCR方法，对犬2型腺病毒沈阳分离株（CAV-2SY株）第5代强毒（SY-V5）、经蚀斑克隆驯化的第60代毒弱毒（SY-V60）、SY-V60感犬体上传5代的回收毒（SY-CP5）、美国疫苗毒（US-V20）等4个毒株的纤突基因进行了扩增，PCR产物经纯化后进行基因序列测定，测序结果经拼接后得到1个由1629个核苷酸组成的纤突蛋白全基因序列，编码543个氨基酸。犬2型腺病毒与GenBank中的标准的CAV-2强毒株（Toronto A26/61)纤突蛋白基因序列的比较结果表明：CAV-2SY株强毒株与Tornto A26/61株相同；SY-V60株与SY-CP5相同，与驯化前的SY-V5相比，在1134位发生碱基颠换，编码的氨基酸由原来的天冬酰氨（N）变为赖氨酸（K），并导致N-X-S/T潜在糖基化位点发生改变，US-V20该部位与发生同样的突变，本试测定和比较的CAV-2强毒株有5个潜在的N-联糖基化位点，弱毒株仅有4个位点；US-V20与TorontoA26/61差异较大，有11个碱基发生变化，导致8个氨基酸的变异。     

昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区克隆、生物信息学分析及组织表达研究

试验旨在系统研究昆明犬胰岛素样生长因子1（insulin-like growth factor-1，IGF-1）基因的结构和功能，揭示该基因的组织表达规律，为探讨工作犬体型及生长发育性状提供基本数据。以昆明犬为试验材料，运用分子克隆技术扩增IGF-1基因CDS区，应用生物信息学方法进行序列同源性比对并构建系统进化树；获得对应的氨基酸序列并分析蛋白理化特性及蛋白亚细胞结构、亲疏水性和磷酸化位点，利用SOPMA和SWISS-MODEL软件预测蛋白二级结构并构建蛋白质三级结构模型；同时利用实时荧光定量方法检测该基因在昆明犬各组织的表达情况。结果显示，昆明犬IGF-1基因CDS区长462 bp，编码153个氨基酸，其核苷酸序列与家犬的同源性较高（100%），与小鼠和鸡的同源性较低（82.6%和81.2%）。IGF-1蛋白分子质量和理论等电点分别为16.97 ku和9.36，属亲水性分泌型蛋白，无跨膜结构，存在信号肽区域（第1-48位氨基酸）；亚细胞定位分析表明，IGF-1蛋白主要分布于细胞核（56.5%）及线粒体（17.4%）中；磷酸化位点分析发现，IGF-1蛋白存在15个磷酸化位点；该蛋白的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲为主。组织表达显示，IGF-1基因在昆明犬不同组织中均有表达，尤其在脾脏、肝脏及肾脏中呈现高表达。本试验结果为今后深入研究IGF-1基因功能提供了理论参考，并为深入探讨IGF-1基因对昆明犬生长发育性状研究提供一定的基础资料。     

鸭腺病毒A型Hexon基因克隆与序列分析

为明确鸭腺病毒A型Hexon基因特征及其在腺病毒科病毒分类中的作用,本研究从前期分离鉴定的一株番鸭源鸭腺病毒A型分离株（JX2016株）中分段扩增获得其Hexon基因编码区。结果发现,鸭腺病毒A型JX2016株Hexon基因编码区为2 733 bp,编码910个氨基酸,与鸭腺病毒A型（FJ12025株）核苷酸同源性最高,达99.8%;与其他分离株Hexon基因核苷酸同源性均在99.4%以上;与鸭腺病毒2型（GR株,未明确分类地位）同源性仅为54.5%;与禽腺病毒A型Phelps株（鸡源）及P29株（鹅源）的核苷酸同源性分别为53.6%和55.2%。遗传进化树分析发现,所有鸭腺病毒A型分离株在遗传进化上均处于相同的亚分支,且与绵羊腺病毒D型（OAV287株）均处于富AT腺病毒属遗传进化分支。但鸭腺病毒2型（GR株）与禽腺病毒A型Phelps株（鸡源）、P29株（鹅源）却处于同一遗传进化分支,均属于禽腺病毒属遗传进化分支。基于Hexon蛋白的遗传进化分析,建议将鸭腺病毒A型重新命名为鸭源富AT腺病毒A型,将鸭腺病毒2型重新命名为鸭源禽腺病毒。     

非洲狮朊蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已报道的哺乳动物朊蛋白基因序列设计了1对引物，采用PCR方法扩增了16只非洲狮的朊蛋白基因，序列分析结果表明，所得到的非洲狮朊蛋白基因片段长678bp、编码226个氨基酸的前体蛋白，其核苷酸序列的同源性为99．79％以上，发现了4个核苷酸多态性位点，无氨基酸变异。经与已报道的猫、貂、绵羊、牛、鼠和犬等哺乳动物的氨基酸序列进行比较，与猫（AF003087，96．7％）和绵羊（96．2％）的氨基酸同源性最高。     

新城疫病毒贵州分离株F基因的克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中登录的新城疫病毒（NDV）F基因序列设计了一对引物,用RT-PCR方法扩增了8个NDV贵州分离株的F基因片段,并将其分别克隆到pMD-18T载体中。序列分析结果表明,上述分离株F基因长度为1662bp,编码553个氨基酸,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为84.0%～99.7%和87.5%～99.3%,但与LaSota、B1及F48E9等常见毒株的氨基酸同源性为87.2%～97.7%。F蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸序列分别为112R-R-Q-R/K-R-F^117（其中P1、H2、N98、DQ、FW、BY、GZ7株为强毒）和112G-R-Q-G-R-L^117（TN1株为弱毒）。利用MegAlign软件绘制NDV的系统发育进化树,结果表明,4个分离株（P1、H2、、N98、DQ）为基因Ⅶ型,2株（GZ、TN）为基因Ⅱ型,2株（FW、BY）为基因Ⅸ型。     

传染性法氏囊病超强毒Gx株的致弱研究

本研究成功将鸡传染性法氏囊病超强毒vvIBDVGx株通过SPF鸡胚的快速培育及鸡胚成纤维细胞传代致弱，揭示了vvIBDV从超强毒力向弱毒力转化过程中，其主要结构蛋白VP2基因核苷酸及推导的氨基酸序列的变化规律。对不同代次细胞毒进行了序列分析。发现细胞毒在第7代以前，VP2基因序列没有改变。与欧洲标准超强毒氨基酸同源性达100%；细胞毒第8代，有个别核苷酸发生了改变。但没有影响氨基酸序列；细胞毒第9代是变化复杂的过渡代；10代毒VP2基因与欧洲标准弱毒Cu-1氨基酸序列同源性达97%；以后的细胞适应毒至20代。其VP2基因序列不再改变。致病性实验表明原代毒对4周龄SPF鸡致死率为64%。细胞毒第5代的致死率为60%，而20代毒对鸡无致病性。在鸡体内连续传代6代不返强。     

不同型犬腺病毒纤突蛋白基因序列的比较分析

根据已发表的CAV纤突基因序列,用PCR方法,对4个CAV-2毒株和4个CAV-1毒株的纤突基因进行了扩增和测序,测定的核甘酸序列经推导得到分别编码543和542个氨基酸CAV纤突蛋白垒序列。测定的CAV-2比较表明：我国流行的CAV-2SY强毒株与国外标准强毒株TorontoA26／61株相同．其驯化致弱的毒株与驯化前相比在1134位发生碱基颇换。测定的CAV－1比较表明：我国流行的CAV－1株与标准强毒R1261株差异相对较大,而国内CAV-1毒株互相之间相对差别较小CAV-2与CAV-1纤突基因的同源性为80．48％。     

豫西脂尾羊INSIG1基因克隆、序列分析及组织表达

胰岛素诱导基因1（INSIG1）是脂质合成与分解的重要调控基因，为了研究豫西脂尾羊INSIG1基因序列特征及其组织表达规律，试验采用Trizol法提取组织样RNA，RT-PCR扩增后克隆得到INSIG1基因序列并进行分析；采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测INSIG1 mRNA表达情况，并对结果进行比较分析。试验成功克隆了豫西脂尾羊INSIG1基因，其编码区长831 bp，编码276个氨基酸；基因的同源性分析表明，豫西脂尾羊INSIG1基因编码区与绵羊（XM_015095466.2）的亲缘关系相似性达99.64%，编码氨基酸序列的相似性达99.28%；蛋白理化性质分析表明，其分子质量为29.58 ku，理论等电点（pI）为9.07，属于稳定的碱性疏水性蛋白；跨膜结构、信号肽和亚细胞定位分析表明，该蛋白包含5个跨膜结构，没有信号肽，主要分布在细胞质；蛋白质三级结构预测发现，INSIG1蛋白结构含有6个α-螺旋和部分无规则卷曲；实时荧光定量PCR结果表明，INSIG1基因在肝脏中表达量最高，其次为肺脏、小肠和尾脂，肌肉中表达量最低。本研究完善了豫西脂尾羊的数据库，为INSIG1基因的功能及其在肉羊脂肪沉积过程中的作用机制提供了依据。     

鸽源冠状病毒PSH中国分离株S1基因克隆及分子进化分析

对分离鉴定的鸽源冠状病毒PSH株纤突蛋白S1基因进行RT-PCR法扩增、克隆和序列测定分析.结果表明其S1基因由1 626个核苷酸组成,编码541个氨基酸,S蛋白的切割识别位点为精氨酸-精氨酸-苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-精氨酸（RRFRR）,与常见的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（IBV）S蛋白切割识别位点相似（RRF/SRR）.该病毒与火鸡蓝冠病病毒（TCV）Gh、G1株S1基因推导的氨基酸同源性仅为24.7%、25%,而与IBV H52、H120、M41、Beau、Conn、Gray、Hotel、SH1、SH2、SH5、SH6基因推导的氨基酸同源性在75.0%～99.6%,其中与SH2、SH5的氨基酸同源性更是达到了99.6%,进一步证明该冠状病毒可能来源于IBV.     

Monoclonal antibodies to canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 that are type-specific by virus neutralization and immunofluorescence

Monoclonal antibodies were produced against the Mirandola strain of canine adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1) and the Manhattan strain of canine adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2). The monoclonal antibodies were used in vitro in virus neutralization (VN) assays and in indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests to examine several strains of each virus type. Out of 36 monoclonal antibodies produced against the Mirandola strain, 18 were type-specific for CAV-1 by IFA and 13 of those neutralized the virus in vitro. The other 18 antibodies bound both CAV-1 and CAV-2 by IFA; however, 7 of those specifically neutralized only CAV-1. The 160 monoclonal antibodies made against the Manhattan strain of CAV-2 yielded 77 type-specific antibodies by IFA, of which 39 neutralized only CAV-2 in vitro. The remaining 83 antibodies recognized both CAV-1 and CAV-2 by IFA, with 3 of those neutralizing both viral types. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed on a selected monoclonal antibody from each specificity group. Although Type 1 CAV could be readily differentiated from Type 2 CAV by using type-specific monoclonal antibodies in the IFA or VN tests, strains within each type could not be differentiated. This is the first report of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for a mammalian adenovirus.     

Comparative histopathological and immunological study of two field strains of chicken anemia virus

Infection of poultry with chicken anemia virus (CAV) is implicated in several field problems in broiler flocks due to the immunosuppression generated and, consequently, the increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Recently, we have reported an increased occurrence of clinical cases caused by CAV strains distantly related to those commonly used for vaccination. In order to understand the behavior of two Argentinean CAV strains (CAV-10 and CAV-18) in two-week-old chickens, an immune and histopathological study was performed. Neither mortality nor clinical signs were observed in the infected or control groups. Thymus lobes from chickens infected with both CAV viruses were smaller compared to the negative control group. At 14 days post-infection (dpi), only chickens inoculated with CAV-10 show a severe depletion of lymphocytes in the thymus cortex and in follicles from the bursa of Fabricius. Also thymopoiesis disorders, such as reduction in the percentage of total DP (CD4 + CD8α+) thymocytes and alteration in the percentages of DP subpopulations, were more important in animals inoculated with the CAV-10 than the CAV-18 strain. In addition, only animals infected with CAV-10 show a decrease in CD8αβ splenocytes. Altogether our results show that, although both Argentinean CAV strains produce subclinical infections in chickens causing immunosuppression at 14 dpi, they might differ in their in vivo pathogenicity.     

一株鸡传染性贫血病毒的分离鉴定及其致病性研究

从北京某鸡场发生疑似鸡传染性贫血病毒(CAV)感染的鸡只病料中分离到了一株CAV,通过PCR和全基因组测序等方法对其进行了鉴定,命名为AV1550。将其全基因组序列与NCBI上的参考毒株序列进行同源性比对和进化分析,结果显示AV1550株与CAV参考毒株的同源性在91.7%~99.7%,与中国分离株LN15170的亲缘关系最近。VP1序列分析表明AV1550在75、89、125、141和394位氨基酸均为强毒株特征。1日龄SPF鸡经胸部肌肉途径接种含10000 EID50的AV1550病毒液后,接种鸡只出现明显的贫血症状,增长迟缓,死亡率高达50%,表明AV1550是一株具有较强致病性的CAV野毒株。     

Biological and molecular characterization of chicken anemia virus isolates from Slovenia

The presence of chicken anemia virus (CAV) in Slovenia was confirmed by inoculation of 1-day-old chickens without antibodies against CAV and isolation of the virus on the Marek's disease chicken cell-MSB1 line and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Experimental inoculation of 1-day-old chickens resulted in lower hematocrit values, atrophy of the thymus, and atrophy of bone marrow. CAV was confirmed by PCR in the thymus, bone marrow, bursa of Fabricius, liver, spleen, ileocecal tonsils, duodenum, and proventriculus. The nucleotide sequence of the whole viral protein (VP)1 gene was determined by direct sequencing. Alignment of VP1 nucleotide sequences of Slovenian CAV isolates (CAV-69/00, CAV-469/01, and CAV-130/03) showed 99.4% to 99.9% homology. The VP1 nucleotide sequence alignment of Slovenian isolates with 19 other CAV strains demonstrated 94.4% to 99.4% homology. Slovenian isolates shared highest homology with the BD-3 isolate from Bangladesh. Alignment of the deduced VP1 amino acids showed that the Slovenian isolates shared 100% homology and had an amino acid sequence most similar to the BD-3 strain from Bangladesh (99.6%) and were 99.1% similar to the G6 strain from Japan and the L-028 strain from the United States. The Slovenian isolates were least similar (96.6%) to the 82-2 strain from Japan. A phylogeneric analysis on the basis of the alignment of the VP1 amino acids showed that CAV isolates used in the study formed three groups that indicated the possible existence of genetic groups among CAV strains. The CAV isolates were grouped together independent of their geographic origin and pathogenicity.     

Canine adenovirus type 2-induced immunity to two canine adenoviruses in pups with maternal antibody.

Twenty-four Beagle pups with high levels of maternal antibody to canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) and canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) were oronasally inoculated with CAV-2 at 4 weeks of age. The CAV-2 was isolated from pharyngeal swabs on postinoculation days 2 through 6. In spite of the infection, maternal antibody continued to decrease for 4 to 8 postinoculation weeks, and then homologous CAV-2 neutralizing antibody and, to a lesser extent, CAV-1 neutralizing antibody began to increase. When these pups were challenge inoculated with CAV-1 and CAV-2 at a time when maternal antibody to CAV-1 would normally have disappeared, they were immune. In addition, 3 pups with maternal antibody to CAV-1 and CAV-2 were intramuscularly inoculated with CAV-2 at 3 weeks of age. Virus was not isolated from these pups, and maternal antibody decreased at a normal rate. These pups were not immune to challenge inoculation with CAV-1 and CAV-2.     

Antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2, canine distemper virus, and canine adenovirus type-1 in adult household dogs

Serum antibody titers for canine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus type-1 (CAV-1) were investigated in 1031 healthy adult household dogs (2 to 18 years old) given an annual inoculation in the previous 11 to 13 months. The number of dogs retaining significant titers of antibodies against CPV-2, CDV, and CAV-1 were 888 (86%), 744 (72%), and 732 (71%), respectively. There were no differences between males and females in antibody titers against the 3 viruses. Antibody titer for CPV-2 was significantly higher in younger dogs than in older dogs, CDV antibody was significantly higher in older dogs than in younger dogs, and CAV titer was not associated with age.     

乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白抗原优势区域的鉴定

流行性乙型脑炎（Japanese Encephalitis,JE）是一种人与动物共患的虫媒病毒性疾病,严重危害着人畜的健康。E蛋白是乙型脑炎病毒（Japanese Encephalitis Virus,JEV）的主要结构蛋白,在病毒的吸附、融合、血凝、细胞趋向性、病毒毒力和诱导保护性免疫反应中起重要作用。为了确定该蛋白的抗原优势区域,本研究设计了3对引物,将E蛋白分成3个大段,分别是EF1（1～291aa）、EF2（292～402aa）和EF3（403-500aa）,又将EF1分成4个相互重叠的小片段,分别是EF1-1（1～88aa）、EF1—2（68～155aa）、EF1—3（129～222aa）和EF1—4（202～291aa）,将以上基因片段分别克隆到原核表达载体进行GST融合表达。SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定各融合蛋白均获得表达,各表达产物以包涵体的形式存在。通过Western blot分析表明融合蛋白GST-EF1、GST—EF2、GST—EF1—1、GST-EF1-2、GST—EF1—3和GST—EF1～4均能被阳性血清识别。通过ELISA鉴定,GST-EF2反应性最强,GST-EF1反应性比GST-EF2稍弱,而GST-EF3反应性最弱,GST-EF1-1、GST-EF1—2、GST-EF1—3和GST—EF1—4片段融合蛋白反应性与GST—EF1相似。由此本研究鉴定出1-402aa是E蛋白的抗原优势区域,在此区域内包括了12个Cys的保守区及域Ⅰ、域Ⅱ和域Ⅲ3个主要抗原域。E蛋白抗原优势区域的鉴定,为E蛋白抗原表位的鉴定以及针对于E蛋白诊断试剂的开发奠定了基础。     

Canine adenovirus type 1 infection of a Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra)

A 10-year-old female Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra) died after prolonged anorexia and weight loss in the Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Seoul, Republic of Korea. On necropsy, the liver was found to be swollen and friable with 1 lobe enlarged and necrotic. The other organs showed no significant alterations except for mild atrophy of the right kidney. Microscopically, there was multifocal hepatic necrosis. The hepatocytes around the necrotic areas were swollen and contained large basophilic intranuclear inclusions. Periportal infiltration by plasma cells and lymphocytes was also evident. Transmission electron microscopy revealed characteristic hexagonal virus particles sized approximately 70 nm in diameter in the nuclei of the hepatocytes, which were consistent with an adenovirus. Polymerase chain reaction of the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver sections was used to determine whether the virus was either the canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), or some other viral agent. The results of these tests showed that the virus was CAV-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a CAV-1 infection in an otter.