多黏菌素的群体药动学/ 药效学研究进展

该文以近年来关于多黏菌素群体药动学/ 药效学文献为依据,对其群体药动学/ 药效学研究现状进行综述,了解相关因素对多黏菌素体内清除的影响,为制定个体化给药方案提供依据。多黏菌素E 的药动学特征为二室模型,多黏菌素B 为一室模型,药效学考察fAUC/MIC 值与MIC 值。多黏菌素E 需根据肾功能及透析周期调整给药方案。多黏菌素B 受肾功能影响较小,需要根据体重调整给药方案,对于肥胖患者不建议多黏菌素B 日剂量超过9 MIU。多黏菌素的体内清除主要受肌酐清除率及体重的影响,未来的多黏菌素群体药动学/ 药效学研究需要更加关注儿童及老年患者群体。     

膝下动脉闭塞性病变药物支架治疗研究进展

随着人民生活水平的提高,下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的发病率逐年上升.重症下肢缺血(critical limb ischemia,CLI)是下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的晚期阶段,主要表现为静息痛、缺血性溃疡或坏疽[1],严重者会导致截肢或死亡.若不治疗,截肢率超过70％[2].糖尿病是下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的主要危险因素,膝下动脉闭塞性病变(简称膝下病变)患者中糖尿病患者约占90％,其截肢率是非糖尿病患者的10倍[3-4].目前我国糖尿病患者已接近1亿,并且仍在逐年上升[4],膝下病变的患者也随之增加.     

膝下动脉闭塞性病变的血管腔内治疗

膝下动脉病变大多呈弥漫多节段,甚至长段闭塞,以往只能采用大隐静脉旁路移植术治疗,但旁路移植术治疗创伤较大,技术要求高,一些患者愿意选择创伤性小的治疗方法[1].因此,当前如何更好地改善膝下动脉血供,减少或避免发生肢端缺血坏死,避免截肢或降低截肢平面,仍是血管外科医师关注的临床课题.我院于2008年3月至2009年12月对9例膝下动脉闭塞性病变采用经皮腔内血管成形术(percutaneots transluminal angioplasty,PTA)治疗,现治疗体会报告如下.     

微球囊血管扩张成形术在膝下动脉闭塞性病变中的应用

目的:总结微球囊扩张成形术治疗膝下动脉闭塞性病变技术要点。方法:采用微球囊扩张成形术治疗106例膝下动脉病变为主的重症周围动脉闭塞性疾病。结果:例患者中,截肢率为2%,死亡率为1%。7例临床未获得成功的患者中截肢率为43%,死亡率为14%。结论:介入治疗成功率93.4%。术后平均随访1年8个月,介入治疗成功的99微球囊扩张成形术治疗膝下动脉闭塞性病变成功的关键是开通经胫前、胫后和腓动脉到达足部的直接血流。     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

目的 总结40例膝下动脉闭塞腔内治疗的疗效.方法 2006年11月至2007年12月期间40例下肢膝下动脉闭寨患者41条患肢行44次腔内治疗,平均年龄(76±6)岁,治疗前踝/肱指数(ankle brachial index,ABI)足背动脉0.39±0.20,胫后动脉0.39±0.23,严重下肢缺血(criticallimb ischemia,CLI)占80.49%(33/41).结果 治疗后ABI足背动脉提高了 0.43±0.22(P<0.01),胫后动脉提高了0.43±0.25(P<0.01).35例36条肢体获随访,平均随访(6±3)个月,Fontaine Ⅰ级与Fontaine Ⅱ A级肢体共计28条,占77.78%,CLI降至19.44%(7/36),显著低于治疗前(P<0.01),随访时ABI足背动脉0.63±0.22,胫后动脉0.56±0.22,与治疗前相比差异均有统计学意义.治疗后及随访时患肢的足背动脉与胫后动脉ABI比较差异无统计学意义.全组围手术期截肢率为0,围手术期死亡率2.5%,总死亡率15%,保肢率100%.结论 膝下动脉腔内治疗后疗效和平均随访6个月的疗效均令人满意;膝下动脉腔内治疗可以成为膝下动脉闭塞治疗的首选方法.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗

Objective To evaluate the results of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion in 40 patients. Methods There were 41 affected limbs in these 40 patients receiving 44 times of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion during Nov. 2006 and Dec. 2007. The average age was 76±6. The ABI(ankle brachial index)before intervention was 0.39±0.20 in anterior tibial artery and 0.39±0.23 in posterior tibial artery. CLI (critical limb ischemia) was 80.49% (33/41). Results The after intervention ABI increased by 0.43±0.22 (P<0.01) in anterior tibial artery and 0.43±0.25(P<0.01)in posterior tibial artery. 35 patients (36 limbs) were followed-up for (6±3) months. The limbs of Fontaine Ⅰ and Fontaine Ⅱ A were 28 (77.78%), CLI decreased to 19.44% (7/36) (P<0.01). At follow-up the ABI in anterior tibial artery was 0.63±0.22 and 0.56±0.22 in posterior tibial artery. The difference were all significant when compared with that before intervention and after intervention. The perioperative amputation rate was 0. The perioperative mortality rate was 2.5%. The total mortality rate was 15%. The limb salvage rate were 100%. Conclusion The effect of endovascular intervention for infrapopliteal arterial occlusion is satisfactory.     

膝下动脉闭塞症的腔内治疗

目的探讨腔内术对膝下动脉闭塞疾病的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析2006年2月至2008年5月复旦大学附属中山医院血管外科收治的86例患有膝下动脉闭塞症的住院病人的病史资料和术后随访资料。结果86例病人（90条患肢）经经皮腔内血管成形术（PTA）治疗,82条患肢获得影像学成功（残留狭窄率＜30%）。技术成功率为911%（82/90）。术前1周和术后1周行下肢节段测压,踝肱指数（ABI）由术前的034±016提高到085±023。1年累计初次通畅率为612%,24月累积初次通畅率为495%,肢体保全率978%,存活率978%。结论PTA治疗膝下动脉闭塞症临床成功率高,并发症少,保肢率高,可以作为膝下动脉闭塞特别是重症肢体缺血的首选。     

膝下动脉闭塞的腔内治疗现状

以下肢动脉硬化闭塞症为代表的外周动脉闭塞性疾病（peripheral artery obstruction disease，PAOD）是临床常见病，临床症状主要包括间歇性跛行和重症肢体缺血（critical limb ischemia，CLI）两大症侯群。在PAOD的发病因素中，糖尿病、吸烟和年龄等都是重要的危险因子。我国正在进入老龄化社会，同时又是糖尿病高发国和烟草消费大国，因此，PAOD的发病率在我国也呈逐年上升之势，成为严重威胁人民生命健康的杀手。     

Silverhawk斑块切除成形治疗严重膝下动脉硬化闭塞性病变

目的：探讨Silverhawk斑块切除成型治疗严重膝下动脉硬化闭塞性病变的安全性和有效性。 方法：回顾分析2年来治疗的9例该病患者临床与随访资料。其中男性3例,女性6例,平均年龄（64.0±9.1）岁,病程（28.9±25.9）个月;下肢间歇性跛行5例,静息痛1例,足趾溃疡1例,坏疽2例;6例病变位于胫腓干动脉,1例位于胫前动脉,2例位于胫后动脉;1例行单纯斑块切除,余8例患者均同时采用介入技术处理了流入道动脉病变。 结果：所有手术均获得成功。出院时所有患者再通血管保持通畅。跛行患者跛行距离均增至500 m以上,1例静息痛术后缓解,1例足趾溃疡面积缩小,2例坏疽呈干性无感染。患者术后踝肱比值（ABI）均较术前增加。所有患者得到随访,平均时间为（24.0±9.5）个月。1例患者术后23个月因心肌梗死死亡;1例患者间歇性跛行距离较术后最好时期有所减少,但仍优于术前;静息痛患者疼痛症状消失;溃疡患者伤口愈合;2例坏疽患者,1例仍保持干性状态,另1例其坏疽两趾脱落,创面愈合。 结论：Silverhawk斑块切除成型治疗严重膝下动脉硬化闭塞病变是一种安全有效的方法,是否能够成为一种常规的技术,还需要随机对照研究远期结果的验证。

     

膝下动脉缺血性病变腔内治疗技术的进展

膝下动脉缺血性病变主要包括糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症、非糖尿病动脉硬化闭塞症和血栓闭塞性脉管炎,其中以糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症为最多见,处理也更棘手.随着我国人民生活水平的不断提高,糖尿病发病率快速增长.目前我国成人糖尿病患者已占总人口的9.6％[1],糖尿病性下肢动脉硬化闭塞症造成的下肢缺血也越来越多.我国有学者研究发现糖尿病下肢动脉硬化闭塞症占2型糖尿病患者的20％～50％ [2-3].因此,糖尿病性下肢动脉硬化闭塞症造成的下肢缺血已经成为老年人的常见病,严重危害着人们的身体健康.国内外多项研究[4-6]均表明糖尿病下肢缺血与非糖尿病动脉硬化相比具有以下几个特点:(1)更为常见,(2)发病年龄更小,(3)无性别差异,(4)多个节段发生病变,(5)病变发生在更远端.这些特点导致了糖尿病下肢缺血治疗的难度和复杂性.     

腔内血管成形术治疗膝下动脉长段闭塞

目的分析探讨介入技术治疗动脉硬化闭塞症膝下动脉长段闭塞的再通成功率和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年10月至2008年11月间,介入技术治疗98例(113条动脉)膝下动脉长段闭塞患者的临床资料。结果 88条动脉(72例,78%)介入治疗获得成功。胫前、胫后动脉及腓动脉开通率分别为68%、74%与83%。48例获得随访,随访时间为6～12个月,CTA显示33例(69%)发生再狭窄,15例(31%)发生再闭塞。结论介入技术可以再通膝下动脉长段闭塞,并能取得较好的近期效果,但长期随访显示仍存在很高的术后再狭窄率和再闭塞率。