含灰含水烟气的脉冲放电脱除NO和NOx的研究

脉冲放电脱除ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ（ＮＯ＋ＮＯ２）的实验表明,烟气中的飞灰对ＮＯｘ具有２％－４％的吸附脱除作用,对脉冲放电又有抑制作用,使ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除具有降低的趋势,增加烟气含水量增强了飞灰粒子表面的化学吸附能力,使得在烟气含水量为１５％和单位体积烟气注入能量小于３Ｗ．ｈ／Ｎ,＾３时,ＮＯ和ＮＯｘ脱除率提高５％－１５％。     

窄脉冲电晕放电烟气脱硫产物粒径分析的实验研究

为了便于脱硫产物的收集和应用,用沉降法采样,用电子显微镜对产物气溶胶进行粒径分析．实验在窄脉冲电晕放电装置上,模拟含硫烟气在工况条件下（气体流量２ｍ３／ｈ,反应器入口处ＳＯ２浓度２０００ｍｌ／ｍ３,ＳＯ２和ＮＨ３在通道中停留时间为５ｓ以上,温度６０℃、水蒸气体积比７．５％,相对湿度３８．２％）进行．电子显微镜的观测结果显示,脱硫产物粉尘结构疏松,颗粒形状不规则．根据电镜照片的统计结果,得出产物粉尘的数目中位径ＮＭＤ为０．４０μｍ,几何标准偏差σ１＝５．２１;质量中位径ＭＭＤ为２．８２μｍ,几何标准偏差σ２＝１．４３     

脉冲放电烟气脱除尘与除SO_2和NO_X的研究

对脉冲放电烟气除尘与脱除ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ进行实验研究与分析的结果表明，烟气中的飞灰对ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ吸附脱除２％～５％，吸附脱除量随着飞灰浓度和烟气含量的增加而增大。在单位体积烟气注入能量为４Ｗｈ／Ｎｍ３和烟气在反应器中停留时间小于３秒，飞灰与水蒸气的协同作用使ＳＯ２和ＮＯＸ脱除率分别达到２３％和３３％。同时，脉冲放电使反应器对飞灰具有良好的协同作用，收集效率为９７％。     

热处理对含氮活性碳纤维脱除SO_2能力的影响

考察中高温热处理对含氮沥青基活性碳纤维［ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）］脱除ＳＯ２的能力的影响结果表明，在９００—１１００℃尤其是在１０００℃下热处理可显著提高ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）脱除ＳＯ２的能力．当在３０℃下模拟烟气中ＳＯ２、Ｏ２和Ｈ２Ｏ的浓度分别为０．００２ｍｌ／ｍｌ、０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ和０．１ｍｌ／ｍｌ，气体流动速率为１００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ时，０．２５ｇ的３种不同比表面积的ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）完全除去ＳＯ２的时间分别从热处理前的０．２５ｈ、１ｈ和１ｈ延长到热处理后的１ｈ、２ｈ和３．５ｈ，ＳＯ２穿透后的稳态浓度从热处理前的７３％、５４％和３８％下降到热处理后的３２％、２４％和１０％．脱硫活性的提高主要是由于热处理增强了ＰＡＣＦ（ＮＨ３）对ＳＯ２和Ｏ２的吸附作用，加速了ＳＯ２的氧化反应．     

脉冲电晕等离子法烟气脱硫的扩大实验研究

采用实际锅炉烟气进行脉冲电晕等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到了与模拟烟气进行的小实验相近的结果。结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子法能有效去除锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２，脱硫率可达９５％以上。烟气的停留时间、脉冲电源放电功率及添加ＮＨ３等对脱硫率有较大影响，前两者越大，脱硫率越高，但应与处理量、能耗综合考虑，有函数关系η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）０．１１１１。加ＮＨ３量选取与烟气含ＳＯ２量１：１的当量比最有利，产物可用做肥料。试验结果为实用性放大提供了基础资料。     

静电旋风除尘技术的现场试验

对静电旋风除尘技术的机理进行了探讨,现场试验表明,此技术用于电厂旋风水膜除尘器的改造,可将平均除尘效率由９２．５５％到９８．４％,且对不同浓度的烟尘除尘效率比较稳定,在处理烟气量为１０６００Ｎｍ＾３／ｈ时,阻力为８００－９２０Ｐａ,高压电源的单位能耗为０．２Ｗ·ｈ／（ｍ＾３·ｈ）。     

含硫废水电净化工艺试验研究

对电氧化处理含硫废水的工艺和机理进行了探讨和模拟实验。在容积为１０Ｌ，ｐＨ７０～１００，Ｓ２－浓度５０～１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤＣｒ２６０～２７００ｍｇ／Ｌ的无隔离电净化槽液中，温度３０～６０℃，槽压３～５Ｖ，通过电量０８～３６Ａｈ／Ｌ时，脱硫率与ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率分别达９３％和８５％，每ｋｇ硫能耗４９５ｋＷ·ｈ或每污水耗能２００ｋＷ·ｈ。处理成本为氧化脱硫或汽提脱硫的１／３～１／２。     

脉冲等离子法烟气脱硫的放大实验

锅炉烟气进行脉冲等离子法脱硫的扩大实验，得到与模拟烟气实验相近的结果。研究表明，脉冲等离子法对锅炉烟气中的ＳＯ２去除率可达９５％以上，烟气在反应器内的停留时间（ｔｓ）、脉冲电源的放电功率（Ｐ）和添加ＮＨ３等条件，对脱硫效率９η）有较大影响。ｔｓ、Ｐ越大、η越高。处理烟气量（Ｑ）、能耗（Ｐ）与η存在函数关系：η＝１１８．０（Ｐ／Ｑ）＾０．１１１１。烟气中加入适量ＮＨ３，对脱硫效率有显著提高，以ＮＨ３     

厌氧-水解反应器稳定运行的试验研究

采用造纸废水对厌氧水－水解反应器的启动、运行进行试验研究。结果表明，当ＭＬＶＳＳ在１５ｇ／Ｌ左右，ＣＯＤ容积负荷为１．４５ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３·ｄ），水力负荷为２．０ｍ＾３／（ｍ＾２·ｈ），水国停留时间为４ｈ，污泥颗粒化程度较高，反应器运行效果稳定可靠。     

脉冲电晕放电脱硫产物研究

模拟烟气的脉冲放电等离子体活化脱除ＳＯ２产物分析结果表明：在温度６０℃￣７０℃,氨硫化学计量比为１：１条件下,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４含量占脉冲放电脱硫产物含量的８０％以上;５０％左右的产物吸附于反应器内,其余部分随着尾气排出;提高电压有利于正盐的生成;尾气与反应器中（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４比值也随之增大。测定了不同温度下（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ的化学平衡常数,得出在氨硫化学计量比１：１,温度６０℃￣７０℃的脉冲烟气     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.