骨水泥加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对32例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果 30例获得随访,时间18～36个月。按Harris评分标准进行功能评定:优10例,良16例,可3例,差1例,优良率为86.7%。无人工关节脱位、假体关节感染、假体松动、下沉、钢丝断裂等并发症发生。结论骨水泥加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折安全、有效。     

手术治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折疗效观察

目的探讨采用骨水泥加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄患者不稳定股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对24例高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折患者采用加长柄骨水泥人工股骨头置换治疗。结果 24例获随访,时间8~20个月。术后髋关节功能按Harris评分评定:优良率87.5%(21/24)。患者术后无切口感染、假体脱位及假体松动等并发症。结论骨水泥加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定股骨转子间骨折,术后早期下床活动及负重功能锻炼,减少术后并发症,促进髋关节功能良好恢复,但应严格掌握适应证。     

生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对30例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者使用生物型加长柄行半髋关节置换治疗。根据Harris髋关节功能评分标准评价疗效。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生急性深静脉血栓1例,经积极治疗后恢复正常。30例均获得随访,时间3～24个月。无人工关节脱位、假体周围感染、假体松动等并发症发生。1例术后9个月死于肺部感染。末次随访按Harris髋关节功能评分标准评估疗效:优14例,良12例,一般3例,差1例,优良率86. 7%。结论生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折可缩短患者卧床时间,减少并发症发生,有利于康复,是一种安全有效的方法。     

生物型加长柄髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对51例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折患者采用经髋关节外侧切口前方入路生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换治疗。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术后发生急性深静脉血栓2例,经积极治疗恢复正常。死亡2例,1例术后6个月死于心肌梗死,1例术后10个月死于肺部感染。49例获得随访,时间12~36个月。骨折愈合时间4~10个月,无人工关节脱位、假体周围感染、假体松动等并发症。术后12个月按Harris评分评定患髋关节功能:优18例,良25例,可5例,差1例,优良率87.8%。结论生物型加长柄人工髋关节置换是治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折的一种安全有效方法。     

人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效.方法 采用人工股骨头置换治疗20例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者;按照Harris标准进行髋关节功能评价.结果 患者均获随访,时间12～24个月.髋关节功能:优11 例,良7例,可1例,差1例.结论 人工髋关节置换具有手术创伤小、出血少、显露良好、术后并发症少、患肢功能恢复好等优点,临床效果满意.     

人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨人工股骨头置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法采用人工股骨头置换术治疗15例高龄股骨转子间骨折患者。结果患者均获随访,时间12~24个月。X线片示骨折复位满意;髋关节功能恢复良好,无假体松动、脱位,无深静脉血栓形成等并发症。髋关节功能按Harris评分:优11例,良3例,可1例。结论高龄股骨转子间骨折患者身体素质较差,采用人工股骨头置换术治疗创伤小,卧床时间短,可早期下床活动,并发症少,临床疗效好。     

骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的方法及临床疗效.方法 对46例老年股骨转子间骨折均采用骨水泥型人工股骨头置换术治疗.将分离的大转子骨片予以复位或用钢丝固定,如小转子粉碎严重无法固定,则内侧缺损的股骨矩用骨水泥填塞.所有病例均应用双极人工股骨头,其中有35例选择长柄假体.结果 46例均获随访,时间3～18个月,未发现假体松动、下沉及感染.髋关节功能Harris评分平均为94.6分;优25例,良18例,可3例,优良率为93.5%.结论 骨水泥型人工股骨头置换治疗老年股骨转子间骨折,手术并发症少,安全可靠,术后髋关节功能恢复良好, 是治疗老年转子间骨折较为理想的方法.     

加长柄人工股骨头置换治疗高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折

目的评价应用加长柄股骨头置换治疗高龄骨质疏松不稳定型转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对85例高龄不稳定型股骨转子间骨折采用加长柄人工股骨头置换术,根据Harris髋关节评分评价临床疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间9~18个月。患者髋关节功能均恢复良好,术后3~6个月基本恢复生活能力。术后随访均未出现下肢深静脉血栓、关节脱位、人工假体松动、下沉或断裂、假体周围骨折等并发症。术后9个月根据髋关节Harris评分优良率达90.83%。结论加长柄人工股骨头置换是治疗高龄不稳定型转子间骨折安全、有效的方法,但远期疗效尚需进一步随访观察。     

生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄股骨转子间骨折

目的 探讨生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法 采用生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗24例高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折患者。记录手术时间、术中出血量、术后首次负重时间、骨折愈合时间及术后并发症发生情况，采用髋关节功能Harris评分评价疗效。结果 术后死亡3例；21例获得随访，时间8～12个月。手术时间40～70 min,术中出血量200～500 ml。术后首次负重时间3～14 d。骨折愈合时间45～85 d。切口均一期愈合，无脂肪栓塞、假体周围骨折、关节脱位、假体松动下沉等并发症发生。末次随访时，髋关节功能Harris评分为74～83分，其中良15例，可6例，优良率15/21。结论 生物型加长柄半髋关节置换治疗高龄骨质疏松性股骨转子间骨折可尽早恢复髋关节功能，减少并发症的发生，早期疗效较好。     

人工关节置换治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折

目的评价髋关节置换治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法49例高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者,女性30例,男性19例,年龄75-94岁,平均83.5岁。骨折按Tronzo-Evans分型,Ⅲ型28例,Ⅳ型21例。8例合并髋关节骨关节炎采用全髋关节置换术治疗,5例采用特制粗隆柄人工股骨头置换,其余均采用双极人工股骨头置换。结果所有病例术后X线片显示转子间骨折均复位固定良好,假体位置良好。术后48例获得6-48个月随访,平均22个月。Harris评分,优良率85.4％。结论人工关节置换术具有术后功能恢复快、负重活动早,可避免长期卧床并发症等优点,是治疗高龄不稳定性股骨转子间骨折较为合理的手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.