肌肉生长抑制素基因在哺乳动物中的最新研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）,也称为生长分化因子8（GDF8）,是转化生长因子β（TGF-β）超家族成员,主要在骨骼肌中表达,在负向调控肌细胞的生长发育中起关键作用。本文对MSTN研究的最新进展进行了综述,讨论了MSTN信号通路与其他通路之间的相互关系,重点阐述了试验条件下MSTN对肌肉发育相关基因的作用,介绍了通过基因操作或使用抗体的方法抑制MSTN的表达对于提高动物产肉量、治疗肌肉萎缩等疾病以及延缓衰老的重要意义。     

猪肌肉生长抑制素基因侧翼区新微卫星标记的鉴定及分析

提取包含猪肌肉生长抑制素基因的BAC克隆,以EcoRⅠ进行酶切并回收其中大于4kh的酶切产物,连接到pGEM-3zf( )载体后得到了亚克隆。测序分析表明,插入片段不属于猪肌肉生长抑制素基因的一部分,但其中包含13拷贝的(TG)n重复。以该重复序列的侧翼设计引物对猪的基因组进行分析,得到了PCR扩增产物。对一个“双肌臀”大白猪家系进行PCR扩增及非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分析的结果表明,该位点以并显性方式遗传,是一个新的微卫星标记。对莱芜猪、长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克、皮特兰、民猪和二花脸7个品种的381个无关个体的检测均显示该基因座只有两个等位基因,重复数分别为13和19,是一种多态性较低的微卫星标记。与包含该基因的序列(AY208121)比对分析表明,该微卫星属于肌肉生长抑制素基因(MSTN)侧翼区的一个分子标记,在猪肉用性状QTL的精细定位和MSTN功能分析中将发挥重要作用。     

不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因单核苷酸多态性分析

用PCR-RFLPs和PCR-SSCP分析方法,对"双肌臀”大白猪、大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏、皮特兰、二花脸、东北民猪、湖北白猪和部分杂交猪等不同品种猪肌肉生长抑制素基因3＇编码区、5＇调控区及内含子1区3个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs)进行了分析.结果表明,3＇编码区的SNP发生的频率较低,在274头猪中未检出突变纯合体.对5＇调控区的SNP,引进猪种(大白猪、长白猪、杜洛克、汉普夏和皮特兰)及其杂交猪以等位基因T为主,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01).东北民猪的3种基因型近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg衡状态.对内含子1区的SNP,大白猪及其与长白猪的杂交猪等位基因G占优势,二花脸和湖北白猪则以等位基因A为主,均偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＜0.01);东北民猪和大二猪的等位基因G和A近乎相等,处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态."双肌臀”大白猪在5＇调控区和内含子1区这两个位点的A等位基因稍高于普通大白猪.5＇调控区和内含子1区SNPs所产生的等位基因表现出连锁遗传现象.     

大黄鱼肌肉生长抑制素基因微卫星序列多态性分析

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)参与肌肉生长和脂肪发生的调节．本研究在克隆大黄鱼MSTN cDNA的基础上,对3′端非编码区微卫星序列的多态性及其与体长、体重和肌肉脂肪含量的关系进行了分析．结果表明,获得的cDNA长1 886 bp,在3′端非编码区存在微卫星序列（CA）_n．在受检的52个个体中,微卫星序列长度在64～126 bp之间.大部分个体的微卫星序列内存在碱基替换,最常见的碱基替换形式是C→T,属于非完美型微卫星序列．根据该位点微卫星序列长度,在实验群体中共检测到23个等位基因,其中频率为0.019 2的等位基因11个,0.038 5的5个, 0.076 9的3个,0.057 7的2个,0.115 4和0.134 6的各1个．该基因位点的群体杂合度为0.932 7,多态信息含量为0.928 8．微卫星序列长度与大黄鱼体长、体重和肌肉脂肪含量之间的相关系数分别为0.409、0.435和-0.026,P值分别为0.021、0.016和0.878．碱基替换对大黄鱼生长及肌肉脂肪含量均无显著影响．     

鱼类肌肉生长抑制素研究进展

肌肉的分化、生长和发育是动物生长发育的重要环节和过程,肌肉也是动物为人类提供的食品的主要成分。肌肉的生长和发育在不同层次受许多因素的影响,如环境(气候、营养等因素) 、激素和分子水平的调控。       

锌指核酸酶技术制备肌肉生长抑制素基因敲除的五指山小型猪成纤维细胞

敲除猪肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin, MSTN)基因可能提高猪瘦肉率, MSTN基因敲除猪也可作为相关疾病的动物模型。文章利用锌指核酸酶(Zinc-finger nucleases, ZFNs)技术敲除五指山小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞MSTN基因, 为制备MSTN基因敲除猪奠定基础。ZFNs质粒或编码ZFNs的mRNA均能高效敲除MSTN基因, 使用ZFNs mRNA能直接得到MSTN+/-和MSTN-/-两种基因型的细胞克隆。DNA序列测定与分析发现, 细胞克隆的突变类型多为ZFNs作用靶位点处不大于10 bp的碱基插入或缺失(92.18 %); 氨基酸预测发现, 突变型MSTN基因的终止密码子常常提前出现。将MSTN基因敲除的细胞进行体细胞核移植(Somatic cell nuclear transfer, SCNT)发现, 胚胎体外早期发育潜力与野生型无显著差异, 表明这些细胞可用于后续MSTN基因敲除猪的制备。     

松江鲈肌肉生长抑制素基因克隆和序列特征分析

肌肉生长抑制素(myostatin)属于转化生长因子β(TGF-β)超家族中的一个成员,是控制骨骼肌生长发育的重要细胞因子.该研究以松江鲈肌肉总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR、5'-RACE和3'-RACE的方法,获得了松江鲈MSTN基因的3个片段,测序后拼接得到2568 bp全长cDNA序列,其包含了1131个核苷酸的开放性阅读框,翻译编码376个氨基酸.松江鲈MSTN具有MSTN的共同特征,有蛋白酶水解位点RARR和10个保守的半胱氨酸残基:核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分析发现,松江鲈MSTN基因序列与石首鱼、条纹狼鲈、美洲白鲈、金眼石鮨等同源性较高;与哺乳动物和鸟类同源性较低.系统发育分析表明,松江鲈MSTN与石首鱼亲缘关系最近.RT-PCR分析表明,该基因在肌肉表达量最高;在肠中也有较高表达:在脑和肿脏中也能检测到表达.此结果表明,松江鲈MSTN基因除对肌肉生长发育有调控作用以外,可能还有其他功能.     

抑制素基因的研究进展

抑制素是性腺分泌的一种糖蛋白激素,它具有抑制垂体促卵泡素合成和分泌的作用。本文介绍了抑制素α亚基基因（INHA）、抑制素βA亚基基因（INHBA）、抑制素βB亚基基因（INHBB）的克隆、结构、定位、多态性、表达、分子调节及其与繁殖性能和癌症的关系。绵羊INHA、INHBA和INHBB基因分别被定位到2q41→q43、4q26和2q31→q33。INHA、INHBA和INHBB基因对绵羊产羔数都有显著的影响。抑制素βB亚基基因突变的雌性小鼠有明显的发育和繁殖缺陷。INHA 基因与妇女卵巢早衰显著相关。 Abstract：Inhibins are gonadal glycoprotein hormones belonging to the transforming growth factor-βsuperfamily that act to suppress pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion. In this paper, we briefly introduced the cloning, structure, localization, polymorphism, expression, molecular regulation of inhibin-α(INHA), -βA (INHBA) and -βB (INHBB) subunit genes and their relationships with reproductive performance and cancer. The inhibin genes (INHA, INHBA and INHBB) had significant effect on litter size in sheep. The ovine INHA, INHBA and INHBB genes had been mapped to chromosomes 2q41→q43, 4q26 and 2q31→q33, respectively. The female mice carrying INHBB mutations suffered from distinct developmental and reproductive defects. The INHA gene was significantly associated with premature ovarian failure in women.     

牛肌肉生长抑制素基因突变的遗传效应与育种应用

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因主要在骨骼肌中表达,参与调控骨骼肌的生长发育。MSTN基因在不同物种中具有极强的进化保守性,同时还具有较多的突变多态性。在牛的不同品种中,存在不同位点的有义突变,突变型牛均表现为骨骼肌发达,呈现双肌表型,生长速度与产肉率显著提高。同时,该基因突变也引起显著的生理性遗传效应。对国内外肉牛的MSTN基因突变类型、突变后遗传效应及在肉牛育种应用等方面作了重点阐述,以期为我国地方品种肉牛改良和选育研究提供参考。     

Disruption of the Myostatin Gene in Porcine Primary Fibroblasts and Embryos Using Zinc-Finger Nucleases

Myostatin represses muscle growth by negatively regulating the number and size of muscle fibers. Myostatin loss-of-function can result in the double-muscling phenotype and increased muscle mass. Thus, knockout of myostatin gene could improve the quality of meat from mammals. In the present study, zinc finger nucleases, a useful tool for generating gene knockout animals, were designed to target exon 1 of the myostatin gene. The designed ZFNs were introduced into porcine primary fibroblasts and early implantation embryos via electroporation and microinjection, respectively. Mutations around the ZFNs target site were detected in both primary fibroblasts and blastocysts. The proportion of mutant fibroblast cells and blastocyst was 4.81% and 5.31%, respectively. Thus, ZFNs can be used to knockout myostatin in porcine primary fibroblasts and early implantation embryos.     

Gene Expression and Polymorphism of Myostatin Gene and its Association with Growth Traits in Chicken

Myostatin is a member of TGF-β super family and is directly involved in regulation of body growth through limiting muscular growth. A study was carried out in three chicken lines to identify the polymorphism in the coding region of the myostatin gene through SSCP and DNA sequencing. A total of 12 haplotypes were observed in myostatin coding region of chicken. Significant associations between haplogroups with body weight at day 1, 14, 28, and 42 days, and carcass traits at 42 days were observed across the lines. It is concluded that the coding region of myostatin gene was polymorphic, with varied levels of expression among lines and had significant effects on growth traits. The expression of MSTN gene varied during embryonic and post hatch development stage.     

大肠杆菌ptsG基因的敲除及其对L-phe生产的影响

L-phe是重要的食品和医药中间体,用大肠杆菌发酵葡萄糖生成phe时,对葡糖糖转运起重要作用的磷酸烯醇丙酮酸糖磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)对phe产量合成有很大影响,在大肠杆菌PTS系统中,葡糖糖主要由ptsG基因编码的葡萄糖特异性转运蛋白酶ⅡCBGlc转运入细胞,通过基因敲除技术获取ptsG缺陷菌株,可以减少菌株对葡糖糖的摄取,减少乙酸的生成,利于菌株的高密度发酵和相关代谢中间物获得。利用Red同源重组技术将大肠杆菌染色体上的ptsG基因进行敲除,得到PTS缺陷菌株MD-ptsG-。该菌株在以葡萄糖为惟一碳源的培养基中摇瓶培养,菌密度为对照菌株的3.5倍,L-phe产量提高12%。     

基因敲除技术及其在微生物代谢工程方面的应用

应用基因工程技术对微生物细胞内的代谢通量进行重新设计,是获得高产高效的工业菌株的重要手段之一。基因敲除是20世纪80年代发展起来的一项重要的分子生物学技术,利用基因敲除技术可阻断细胞的代谢旁路。或通过引入突变位点改变目的产物的产量或质量而达到调节代谢流,优化代谢途径的目的。简单介绍了基因敲除技术的操作过程,重点讨论基因敲除技术的敲除策略及在微生物代谢工程方面的应用,并展望了相关技术在诸多领域的发展趋势。     

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of the Myostatin Gene in Sea Perch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lateolabrax japonicus</Emphasis>)

Myostatin (MSTN) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development and growth in mammals. However, few reports are available about the structure and function of MSTN in teleost. Here, the MSTN gene was cloned from sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus) by homology cloning and genomic walking. In the 4873-bp genomic sequence, three exons, two introns, and 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences were identified. The sea perch MSTN gene encodes a 374-amino acid protein, including a signal peptide, conserved cysteine residues, and a RXXR proteolytic cleavage domain. Expression analysis of MSTN revealed that MSTN was highly expressed in eyes, brain, and muscle; intermediately in intestine; and weakly in gill, spleen, liver, and heart. It was demonstrated that MSTN mRNA was highly expressed in embryonic stem cell line (LJES1), but it was undetectable in several types of somatic cell lines from sea perch, including fibroblast-like cell, epithelioid cell, and lymphocyte-like cell. Further, it was demonstrated that the 5′ flanking region of the MSTN gene can drive the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene in LJES1 cells and transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio). This is the first report on the expression profile of MSTN gene in various types of cell cultures.     

水生动物抗菌肽及其基因工程研究

抗菌肽是一类具有杀菌作用的免疫活性物质,是动物非特异性免疫系统的重要组成部分。水生动物抗菌肽的种类丰富,生化组成和分子结构多样,具有重要的研究价值和应用前景。本文介绍了2大类主要的水生动物(甲壳类和鱼类)的抗菌肽的种类和结构特点、基因克隆和体外表达、分子文库建立以及转抗菌肽基因动物的研究进展,并展望了其作为新型绿色、安全、环保的饲料添加剂的应用前景。