综合指数法在河流相储层非均质性研究中的应用——以胜坨油田二区沙二段34储层为例

在储层建筑结构划分、测井多参数处理结果的基础上,根据熵的原理,应用熵权法定量计算了胜坨油田二区沙河街二段3砂层组4小层(简称沙二段3⁴)河流相储层的非均质综合指数,按照不同的开发时期详尽分析了储层的层间、层内、平面非均质性特征,并阐述了储层非均质性的主要影响因素。结果表明:沙二段3⁴储层层内、层间及平面非均质性中等-较强;随着注水开发的进行,非均质性有继续增强的趋势,平面非均质性较之层内和层间非均质性更强烈。同一小层及韵律层在不同开发时期的非均质程度有明显的差异。建筑结构控制储层非均质程度,成岩作用使非均质性复杂化,注采井网不完善加剧了非均质性的差异性。研究成果为剩余油的挖潜提供了重要依据。     

胜坨油田坨28断块沙河街组二段储层非均质性定量研究

运用模糊数学方法计算非均质综合指数和计算渗透率非均质参数,对胜坨油田坨28断块沙河街组二段储层的非均质性进行了定量研究。结果表明：储层的层间,层内和平面非均质性强,随着开发注水的深入进行,非均质性有减弱趋势,但减弱幅度不大;各小层及其韵律层在不同开发时期的非均质程度有明显的差异。沉积微相控制储层非均质程度;成岩作用使非均质性复杂化;注采井网不完善,加剧了非均质性的差异性。研究成果在剩余油挖潜的应用中起到重要作用。     

含泥质灰岩储层的测井流体识别——以中东YL-DS油田为例

中东YL-DS油田高含泥质灰岩储层(泥质含量3%~8%)电阻率低,常规解释的含水饱和度较高,按纯灰岩储层段流体评价标准常被判定为水层。本研究避开对难以量化表征的纯灰岩骨架中束缚水的直接求取,通过计算储层中的泥质束缚水孔隙度来直接校正常规含水饱和度,简单易行,在实践中取得了良好的效果。具体方法为:根据纯泥岩的简化模型计算纯泥岩孔隙度,然后采用能谱测井资料计算干黏土的密度值,计算泥质灰岩储层中的泥质束缚水孔隙度,对常规阿尔奇公式计算的水饱和度进行泥质束缚水饱和度校正而获得视纯灰岩含水饱和度,最后采用校正后的含水饱和度和纯灰岩段标准解释图版综合判断储层流体性质。     

储层微观动态地质作用与剩余油研究——以胜利油区胜坨油田沙二段为例

长期注水开发油田的开发流体,长期对储集层进行浸泡、驱动,使储集层的众多微观孔隙与喉道的极其微小空间发生风化、剥蚀、溶解和沉积等微观动态地质作用。这些地质作用是由于开发流体打破了地下的动态平衡产生的,它对储集层的岩石骨架、孔隙和喉道等进行改造和破坏,进而控制剩余油的形成与分布,并使得微观剩余油存在多种分布模式。研究指出微观动态地质作用是储集层随开发而发生变化的重要原因,是控制剩余油形成和分布的基本因素。微观动态地质作用长期持续存在,并对储集层进行改造和破坏,使得储集层中的剩余油分布更复杂。     

储层沉积微相研究——以下二门油田核三段砂体为例

以河南省下二门油田核三段为例，详细阐述了储层沉积微相研究方法。该油田研究层段属辫状河三角洲体系的前缘相带，可划分出水下分流河道、河口砂坝、前缘席状砂和前三角洲泥四种主要的没积微相类型。通过地岩心和测井资料的分析，建立了该区的岩－电关系图版，并绘制了沉积微相平面展布图，对下二门油田核三段沉积微相在平面上和垂向上的变化规律进行了系统研究。     

致密砂岩气储层有效性识别和定量评价 ——以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界山西组一段为例

储层有效性识别和定量评价是制约致密砂岩油气勘探的关键难题。以鄂尔多斯盆地东南部上古生界山西组一段为研究对象,从储层非均质性研究入手,开展砂岩微观—岩芯—测井尺度的细致观测,将含气储层砂岩划分为三种主要的岩石相,其中贫塑性颗粒岩屑石英砂岩构成了物性和含气性相对较好的有效储集岩石。运用薄片和岩芯数据标定不同岩石相的常规测井响应,建立了基于主成分统计分析的有效储集岩石测井识别模型,认识了有效储层的空间分布规律。将储层有效性研究从微观尺度的岩石相描述拓展到宏观尺度的量化表征,实现了致密砂岩气有效储集空间分布的定量评价。     

胜坨油田一区沙河街组二段1—3砂组测井-沉积相分析

本文在建立取芯井段岩-电转换关系及测井相-沉积相解释模型的基础上,对沙二段1—3砂组进行了详细的沉积相分析。确定其主要为辫状河三角洲沉积体系的水上平原沉积,次为三角洲前缘沉积;识别出三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲3个亚相及分流河道河床、心滩、边滩等11个微相类型;并对各微相类型的沉积特征和剖面结构进行了讨论。     

油田开发阶段储层平面非均质性变化特征：以胜坨油田二区东营组三段为例

以胜坨油田二区东营组三段（以下简称东三段）为例，提出以非均质综合指数为表征参数，以其平面等值图为依据研究目的层不同开发时期储层的平面非均质性。分析了开发初期、开发中期和开发后期的非均质特征，得到了不同时期非均质性的变化规律；探讨了储层平面非均质性与剩余油分布的关系。研究表明，东三段储层的平面非均质程度随注水开发而变化；开发初期以中等—较强非均质性为主，开发中期非均质性增强，开发后期以较强非均质性为主；中部非均质性相对较强，西北部相对较弱；沉积微相主体部位的非均质性变弱，侧缘部位的非均质性变强；平面非均质性增强的趋势仍将持续下去。约75%的剩余油分布在较强非均质性的储层中。     

川西北二叠系栖霞组白云岩储层结构的井筒高精度刻画——以矿2井为例

以川西北地区矿2井为例,对井筒尺度的储层结构进行了高精度刻画。以成像测井为主要手段,在地质标定的基础之上,建立了川西北栖霞组白云岩储层的标准剖面,有效识别出主要的5种岩石类型(生物碎屑灰岩、"豹斑"白云质灰岩、块状中—粗晶白云岩、斑状中—粗晶白云岩和角砾状白云岩)和4种储集空间类型(溶蚀孔洞、晶间孔、扩溶缝和构造缝)。研究表明川西北栖霞组白云岩发育多重孔隙系统,其中,溶蚀孔洞是最主要的储集空间类型,普遍呈层状或准层状,发育于块状中—粗晶白云岩中,共1层厚39.5 m;晶间孔是次一级的储集空间类型,发育于斑状中—粗晶白云岩中,共4个薄层,平均厚1.1 m;另外两种储集空间类型(扩溶缝和构造缝)零星发育,对储集性能的贡献不大。块状中—粗晶白云岩发育于三级层序高位域,斑状中—粗晶白云岩仅发育于高位域中四级层序向上变浅旋回的顶部。     

低渗透储层孔隙结构影响因素及其定量评价——以准噶尔盆地金龙2地区二叠系上乌尔禾组二段为例

利用薄片、扫描电镜、物性及压汞等资料,对金龙2地区三叠系上乌尔禾组二段(P_3w_2)低渗(含砾)砂岩储层孔隙结构及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:①乌二段属于低孔低渗储层,根据压汞曲线参数特征,将其孔隙结构划分为三类。②成岩作用控制了储层孔隙结构,定量计算结果表明,乌二段视压实率平均为53.54%、视胶结率平均为47.53%、视溶蚀率平均为13.84%、视微孔隙率平均为60.67%,表现为中等压实、中—强胶结、弱溶蚀、微孔发育等特征;压实作用、胶结作用、微孔隙发育主要控制储层孔隙结构的形成。③引入成岩综合指数来定量表征各种成岩作用的综合强度,其与储层孔隙结构参数(排驱压力、分选系数)以及储层品质因子(RQI)具有较好的统计相关关系,Ⅰ类储层成岩综合指数大于8%,Ⅱ类储层成岩综合指数为2%～8%,Ⅲ类储层成岩综合指数小于2%。因此,可以利用成岩综合指数定量评价储层孔隙结构。     

应用测井资料定量识别沉积微相

本文利用多种测井曲线及其计算的地质参数曲线提取反映沉积微相的特征参数。应用主成分分析与模糊Ｋ均值聚类方法建立了埕岛油田馆上段地层的测井－沉积微相数值模型，并开发了相应的计算机软件。对埕岛油田几口井测井资料的实际处理结果表明，应用本文提出的方法识别的沉积微相与地质划分的结果吻合较好。文中，给出了实际资料的处理结果。     

河流相储层沉积学表征

以层次分析思想为指导,应用结构要素分析法,结合露头研究,解剖层内薄夹层并对砂体内部建筑结构进行详细研究,认为这样就可以预测性地描绘出胜利油区河流相单砂体的几何形态、连通性、以及储层非均质性,准确判断出砂体的成因类型,揭示了砂体内部建筑结构特征。进而适应高含水后期油田调整挖潜和三次采油的需要。     

Well Conditioning in a Fluvial Reservoir Model

This paper describes a method for conditioning an object model of a fluvial reservoir on facies observations. The channels are assumed parametrized at sections normal to their main channel direction. Projections of the observations on these sections generates a map suitable for drawing conditioning values. This map contains the information from every facies observation between two adjacent sections, enabling handling of any well path. Coupling between well observations is also discussed. The methodology is implemented and demonstrated in examples with complex wells.     

油藏开发阶段河流相基准面旋回划分与储层细分对比方法探讨

用高分辨率层序地层学原理解决油藏开发中的地层划分与对比问题在近几年得到广泛应用,河流相地层基准面旋回的识别、划分及储层细分对比一直是该项研究的难点,主要源于各种自旋回的干扰。从分析河流相构成与基准面旋回的关系出发,探讨了依据河型与河道砂体叠置样式变化、相序与相组合、自旋回特征及冲积平原特征等河流相结构要素进行河流相基准面旋回识别的方法。在基准面旋回等时格架约束下的储层细分对比中,提出要依据自旋回特征识别基准面旋回变化趋势,将短期旋回(自旋回)纳入较长期高级别旋回(基准面旋回)中分层次逐级对比。根据基准面旋回过程中河道砂体的结构类型、叠加样式和相对保存程度的规律性,归纳了不同可容空间条件下河道砂体的对比模式,用以指导河流相储层的细分对比。     

Modeling of Fluvial Reservoirs with Object Models

An object model for fluvial reservoirs that has been developed from 1985 to present is described. It uses a formal mathematical object model (marked point process) describing the distributions of four facies: channel, crevasse, barrier, and background. Realisations from the model are generated using the Metropolis-Hastings simulation algorithm with simulated annealing conditioning on the volume ratios and well observations. The main challenge has been to find a suitable parameterization of the geology of fluvial reservoirs, and to find and implement the generating function of the channels in the simulation algorithm. The model and simulation algorithm can be conditioned on arbitrary well paths including horizontal wells and paths with partly missing observations, well test data, well contacts, seismic data, and general geological knowledge.     

The Aghajari (Upper Fars) Formation in the Folded Zagros Zone, Iran:Insights to Identify Facies, Architectural Elements, Fluvial Systems,Petrography and Provenance

The Aghajari Formation, called also the Upper Fars, develops throughout the Folded Zagros Zone and its thickness in the type section in southwest of Iran is 2966 meters. To analyze the sedimentary basin of this Formation, lithofacies, architectural elements and petrofacies of the related deposits in a section in southeast of Sarvestan in Fars Province of Iran with a thickness of 2221.45 meters were examined. Microscopically studying thin sections, the petrography and the occurrence of the deposits were determined. In this section, 16 lithofacies, 10 architectural elements and 2 sandstone petrofacies were identified. The lithofacies were divided into two major and minor groups, in which the major lithofacies consist of coarse-grained (Gh, Gp, Gt and Gm), medium-grained (Sh, Sp, St, Sl, Sm, Sr and Ss and fine-grained ones (Fm, Fl and Fsm), and the minor lithofacies were evaporative and mixed silisiclastic-carbonate. The identified architectural elements are CH, SB, GB, LA, DA, CR, CS, LV, LS, CH (FF) and FF. By combining evidences from facies analysis and architectural elements together, the Aghajari Formation was divided into three parts in which the related sedimentation environments, from top to bottom, are gravel, gravel-sand and fine-grained meandering river respectively. There have also been playas and shoreface in the lower part. Based on petrography, the sandstones of this formation were classified into two groups: litharenite and sublitharenite. The origin of these deposits (sandstones) was appointed to the recycled orogeny and the source of quartz is low and medium to high metamorphic rank. Using the field evidences, the paleocurrent direction was achieved indicating the direction of the paleocurrent from northwest to southeast at the time of deposition. It is hoped that these data can be used in the interpretation of the basin and reconstruction of the paleogeography in the local and regional scales.     

Object and Pixel-Based Reservoir Modeling of a Braided Fluvial Reservoir

To assess differences between object and pixel-based reservoir modeling techniques, ten realizations of a UK Continental Shelf braided fluvial reservoir were produced using Boolean Simulation (BS) and Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS). Various sensitivities associated with geological input data as well as with technique-specific modeling parameters were analyzed for both techniques. The resulting realizations from the object-based and pixel-based modeling efforts were assessed by visual inspection and by evaluation of the values and ranges of the single-phase effective permeability tensors, obtained through upscaling. The BS method performed well for the modeling of two types of fluvial channels, yielding well-confined channels, but failed to represent the complex interaction of these with sheetflood and other deposits present in the reservoir. SIS gave less confined channels and had great difficulty in representing the large-scale geometries of one type of channel while maintaining its appropriate proportions. Adding an SIS background to the Boolean channels, as opposed to a Boolean background, resulted in an improved distribution of sheetflood bodies. The permeability results indicated that the SIS method yielded models with much higher horizontal permeability values (20–100%) and lower horizontal anisotropy than the BS versions. By widening the channel distribution and increasing the range of azimuths, however, the BS-produced models gave results approaching the SIS behavior. For this reservoir, we chose to combine the two methods by using object-based channels and a pixel-based heterogeneous background, resulting in moderate permeability and anisotropy levels.     

基于地震信息的歧口18-1稀井网区储层预测

针对歧口18-1区块沙河街组扇三角洲储层砂体横向变化快的地质特征和稀井网的资料条件,应用工区的三维地震资料,采用地震属性分析、测井约束反演等方法,分层次开展歧口18-1沙河街组储层砂体空间分布的预测,确定了区块优质储层的分布规律。通过提取各种地震属性,在单井地震属性岩性标定的基础上,优选均方根振幅属性作为参数,确定了歧口18-1区块沙河街组扇三角洲有利相带的空间分布;据此,在扇三角洲内部应用测井约束反演技术预测优质储层的分布规律及其内部结构,为断块有利勘探目标的确定和开发方案的制定提供了地质依据。这种精度逐级提高的层次性储层预测技术,尤其适合稀井网、大井距条件下的海上油田优质储层的确定,可有效地降低开发风险。     

酸性矿山排水影响的水库沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

为了解酸性矿山排水（AMD）影响下水库沉积物中微量元素的质量分数水平及其分布特征,对常年受酸性废水影响的贵州兴仁猫石头水库沉积物中26种微量元素的质量分数、相关性及控制因素进行了分析。结果表明：猫石头水库沉积物柱中Sr、Ba、Zr、V、Cr和As质量分数平均值超过了100 μg/g,其中As质量分数最高,平均值超过800 μg/g;Be、Ta、Co、Ag、Cd、Sn和Se质量分数的平均值都在5 μg/g以下;其他元素质量分数平均值则在10~60 μg/g之间。相较未受AMD影响的水系沉积物,研究区水库沉积物具有明显的As和Sb富集特征。水库沉积物中Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th之间存在显著正相关关系,而As与这些元素之间存在显著负相关关系。元素相关分析、因子分析及微量元素图解表明,Li、Be、Rb、Sr、Cs、Ba、Sc、Y、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th、Cr、Sb等元素受控于流域岩石化学风化和土壤物理侵蚀,这也是控制研究区元素分布最重要的因素,而Cu、Cd等重金属元素则与AMD对地层中元素的溶蚀析出和有机质等细颗粒物的吸附有关。另外,研究区重金属元素中,Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn的生态风险轻微,而As和Sb则具有很强的潜在生态风险。     

储层构型研究进展与展望

本文从储层构型概念出发,概括了国内学者对河流相、冲积扇、三角洲等不同沉积领域的储层构型研究方法和取得的成果,并在此基础上了归纳总结了现阶段储层构型研究所遇到问题,最后针对目前的研究现状和存在的问题,指出了储层构型研究的发展趋势,这将对研究储层非均质性、剩余油分布及提高油气采收率等具有十分重要意义。