乙烯裂解炉管焊接接头鼓胀高温寿命研究及失效分析

在高温服役过程中,炉管及焊接接头等工作部分会出现鼓胀问题。通过蠕变试验和有限元数值模拟技术,对比分析了鼓胀对炉管长期服役寿命的影响,同时通过对炉管的化学成分、金相及抗拉强度进行分析得到其差异的原因。通过对鼓胀和未鼓胀试样进行服役温度下的单轴蠕变试验,得到蠕变曲线,通过数据拟合得到改进K-R本构模型的材料损伤参数;利用有限元方法进行了蠕变损伤分析和寿命预测。2种试样的化学成分分析和拉伸性能分析表明材质不合格为其失效的主要原因之一;利用SEM对组织进行分析,发现炉管在高温下服役会发生渗碳,造成局部温度过高,导致材料的耐高温能力下降造成鼓胀,最终导致材料的失效。     

热采锅炉炉管爆裂原因分析

对热采锅炉爆裂炉管材料进行了宏观检查、化学成分、水垢X射线衍射、光学金相组织、常温力学性能、断口能谱元素分析，结果表明，因水质差致使炉管内壁结垢影响传热，炉管较长时间处于过热状态，材料的热强性降低，导致蠕变开裂。     

Failure analysis of T91/Incone1601 dissimilar metal welded joint under long-time and high-temperature service

对长时高温服役状态下发生开裂的T91/Inconel601异种钢焊接接头进行了组织结构表征和失效原因分析。结果表明,焊接接头的开裂性质为蠕变损伤造成的脆性开裂。焊接接头较高应力水平是构成开裂的力学因素,而熔合线靠近T91钢一侧碳化物富集带的产生是开裂的冶金因素。碳活度差异驱动的碳元素迁移和镍基焊缝中较低的碳原子扩散速度的综合作用造成熔合线附近T91钢侧碳化物富集析出。     

长时高温服役T91/Inconel601异种钢焊接接头失效分析

对长时高温服役状态下发生开裂的T91/Inconel601异种钢焊接接头进行了组织结构表征和失效原因分析。结果表明,焊接接头的开裂性质为蠕变损伤造成的脆性开裂。焊接接头较高应力水平是构成开裂的力学因素,而熔合线靠近T91钢一侧碳化物富集带的产生是开裂的冶金因素。碳活度差异驱动的碳元素迁移和镍基焊缝中较低的碳原子扩散速度的综合作用造成熔合线附近T91钢侧碳化物富集析出。     

440CL钢轮辋焊缝开裂的原因

440CL钢汽车轮辋焊缝在扩径过程中开裂。对焊缝开裂的两件轮辋(被编为1和2号)进行了宏观检验、化学成分分析、断口分析、硬度测定、金相检验和能谱分析,以明确焊缝开裂的原因。结果表明：1号轮辋与2号轮辋焊缝开裂的原因不同,1号轮辋是铜脉冲电极受热熔化并进入焊缝,焊缝有块状铁素体和魏氏组织,力学性能降低,扩径或滚压变形时焊缝开裂;2号轮辋是闪光焊时热输入量较大,导致焊缝形成网状铁素体和魏氏组织等异常组织,晶粒粗化,且存在密集氢气孔,从而焊缝力学性能降低,扩径时开裂。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(上)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因——焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(下)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因--焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的问题及争议(中)

讨论高铬铁素体耐热钢管发展中的一些问题及争议。介绍造成高铬铁素体耐热钢管发生早期损毁的主要原因——焊接热影响区的Ⅳ型开裂;分析国外高铬铁素体耐热钢管母材和焊接接头横向的蠕变断裂特性,及该产品国产化进展情况和国内产品的蠕变特性;解析T/P/G91钢的Ⅱ型化学成分设计及存在的异议;探讨高铬铁素体耐热钢蠕变的宏观力学规律和微观演化动力,以及焊缝热影响区蠕变劣化比母材快和G91钢焊缝金属化学成分附加w(Mn+Ni)≤1.4%的原因等。     

HC750/980MS马氏体钢焊管焊缝锯切开裂的原因

采用电阻焊工艺焊接的HC750/980MS马氏体钢管飞锯锯切后发现焊缝开裂。为了弄清其开裂的原因,对两件开裂焊管即管1和管2进行了化学成分分析、金相检验和力学性能检测,并分析了锯切过程中焊缝的受力状况。结果表明：焊管1母材强度较高、塑性较差,导致母材、热影响区和焊缝的变形性能不同而焊缝锯切开裂;焊管2母材强度较低,在相同的焊接压力下产生了搭接,降低了焊缝的有效厚度并产生应力集中,在锯切力的作用下焊缝开裂。通过降低HC750/980MS钢的碳和钛含量,提高铬含量,严格控制钢板力学性能的均匀性,解决了HC750/980MS钢焊管焊缝锯切开裂的问题。     

仪表连接管异种钢焊缝断裂失效分析

采用化学成分分析、金相试验和力学性能试验等方法,研究了某电厂仪表连接管异种钢焊缝断裂失效的原因。研究结果表明,仪表连接管的选材不当, 20Cr13钢管的晶界上碳化物呈链状分布,晶内有碳化物颗粒, 20Cr13钢管的组织发生相变,材料长期超温使用,造成性能下降,在性能比较薄弱的焊缝熔合区断裂。为此,文中提出了更换仪表连接管材质的建议。     

低碳钢管道焊接残余应力有限元分析

利用ＡＤＩＮＡ非线性分析有限元程序,对低碳钢管道环焊缝接头焊接残余应力进行有限元分析。在热弹塑性分析中考虑了材料热物理和力学性能依赖于温度变化。结果表明：在管道接头内表面焊缝中心及近缝区轴向和环向残余应力均为拉应力,随离开焊缝距离的增加,逐渐过渡为压应力。在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余力为压应力,而环向残余应力为拉应力。计算预测值和实侧值基本一致,表明有限元法能够经济而有效地预测管道环焊缝接头的焊接残余应力。     

微合金化元素对离心铸造炉管焊接接头组织和性能影响

针对添加Ti,W等微合金化元素的离心铸造炉管焊接接头,研究了微合金元素对焊接接头组织和力学性能影响规律及作用机理.结果表明.在1 050℃、14~25 MPa条件下,使用Ti和W元素微合金化的25Cr35NiNb和35Cr45NiNb炉管焊接接头高温性能显著高于未微合金化焊接接头.微合金元素Ti显著影响炉管焊接接头组织,Ti元素含量高的焊接接头原始焊态组织中含NbTiC,经过高温时效后,组织中含铌相主要为NbTiC,在蠕变空洞周围局部转变为G相（Ni16Nb6Si7）;Ti元素含量低的焊接接头原始焊态组织中含NbTiC和NbC,经过高温时效后全部转变为G相.微合金元素W主要通过固溶强化的方式,提高炉管焊接接头的高温性能.     

Failure Analysis of Weld Cracking in a Thick-Walled 2.25Cr-1Mo Steel Pressure Vessel

A crack in thick-walled 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessel girth weld was found during manufacturing. To investigate the cause of failure, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, transmission electron microscopy, and microhardness tester were used in this study. According to test results, the fracture is classified as reheat cracking with multiple origins. The cracking occurred during surfacing or final post-weld heat treatment process. Coarse-grains in the weld and bulk-carbides precipitated along grain boundaries induced by multiple heating are main causes of the fracture from material aspect, while high level of the hoop stress component and excess localized deformation in stress relief procedure are mechanical aspect causes of the cracking. The fracture surfaces present major intergranular feature with a small fraction of transgranular morphologies. Large numbers of M₃C and M₂₃C₆ carbides particles were found on the fracture surface, these carbides mainly precipitated on prior austenite-grain boundaries, columnar-grain boundaries, and sub-grain boundaries. Additionally, several proposals were also offered to reduce weld cracking of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessels.     

10Cr9Mo1VNbN/12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的蠕变损伤及界面失效

针对马氏体耐热钢 10Cr9Mo1VNbN和珠光体耐热钢 12Cr1MoV ,采用TGS -9cb、H10Cr5Mo、TR31三种焊丝形成高、中、低匹配焊接接头 ,利用脉冲电流氩弧焊、高温加速模拟工况、力学性能试验及电子显微分析 ,研究了 10Cr9Mo1VNbN/ 12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的力学性能、高温强度、界面蠕变损伤及失效特征。试验结果表明 ,焊前预热 2 5 0℃ ,焊后回火 75 0℃× 1h ,加速模拟运行 5 0 0h后 ,高匹配和中匹配接头的力学性能劣化明显 ,界面蠕变损伤及失效倾向较大 ;而低匹配接头的力学性能优于高匹配和中匹配接头 ,界面蠕变损伤较轻 ,失效倾向较小。因此 ,选用TR31焊丝作为10Cr9Mo1VNbN/ 12Cr1MoV异种钢焊接接头的填充材料较为合适。     

Effect of the long‐term service of the gas pipeline on the properties of the ferrite–pearlite steel

The thorough mechanical, corrosion‐mechanical, hydrogen permeation studies of X52 steel in as‐received condition and after 30 years of service in gas pipeline have shown the degradation of the bulk metal properties due to the exploitation. The structure degradation of exploited steels decreased the resistance to crack propagation, to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), HE and HIBC. The exploited steel exhibited specific anomalies of mechanical behaviour: (1) decrease in resistance to brittle fracture with simultaneous decrease in hardness; and (2) the opposite change of the plasticity parameters: decrease in the RA accompanied by the increase in elongation. Deformation ageing and formation of micro defects, assisted by entering and accumulated hydrogen evolved in corrosion processes which takes place in brine deposited inside the pipes, have been proposed to be responsible for the metal degradation and specific modification of the properties during the long‐term service of pipes. The extent of the steel degradation not being able to be detected by the standardized mechanical properties and routine microstructure observation can be efficiently determined by the specially modified methods and conditions. The information may be used in assessment of the conditions and of the life‐time of operated and newly constructed gas pipelines.     

X60螺旋缝埋弧焊管在湿H2S环境中的腐蚀行为

采用自行设计的焊管实物管段腐蚀试验方法和装置研究了内胀成形和外控成形两种X6 0螺旋缝埋弧焊管在含H2 S的NACE溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明 ,焊管在H2 S介质中的损伤表现为母材表面氢鼓泡及应力腐蚀裂纹 ;随着施加应力的提高及残余应力的增大 ,H2 S腐蚀倾向增大 ;在H2 S介质中和外加应力及残余应力的共同作用下 ,焊管的氢损伤机理既有氢致开裂 ,又有氢致应力腐蚀 ,应力不但促进氢致应力腐蚀 ,同时也促进氢致开裂过程 ;试验结果说明改进焊管焊缝表面质量、降低残余拉应力、控制工作应力是改善和控制焊管H2 S腐蚀的重要措施     

Evaluation of the effect of heat input in superduplex stainless steel deposition by the plasma powder process*

Plasma powder surfacing is one of the latest processes for application of coatings, with control of dilution as its main feature. Surfacing with superduplex stainless steels is an interesting option for the construction and repair of equipment for applications in a highly corrosive environment, allowing the desired characteristics to be achieved: corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The aim of this work is to assess the ferrite content in the weld metal and the mechanical characteristics via microhardness profiles in surfacing of C-Mn steel pipes with deposition of UNS S32760 by plasma powder surfacing. Welding operations were carried out on pipes with deposition of SDSS, employing three welding heat input levels, varying the welding speed or the welding current. Then the geometry was analysed, the ferrite content in the weld metal was quantified and the microhardness profile was recorded. Variation in welding heat input caused changes in weld bead geometry, with variation in the welding current producing the most significant changes. Increase in heat input caused decrease in ferrite content of the weld metal. Regarding microhardness, only the condition with a higher level of welding current gave sufficiently high levels of microhardness in the weld metal.     

镍基合金复合钢板的焊接

环化塔预热器壳体的设计材料是Hastelloy C-276、Monel 400两种镍基合金复合不锈钢板,焊接是制造这台设备的关键技术.通过分析镍基合金复合钢板的焊接特点,指出镍基合金复合钢板焊接的关键是控制基层根部焊接时,焊缝金属中不要熔入复层合金成分;复层堆焊后的合金成分接近或达到焊材的化学成分,满足耐蚀要求.采用台阶式坡口形式,是避免根部焊缝金属互熔的最好措施;控制焊接线能量的多层焊是保证堆焊复层耐蚀性的关键.     

Examples of metal and resin processing using high power diode lasers

In this work, the pitting corrosion resistance of welding duplex stainless steel 2205 was studied. Joints were made using the GMAW process with different fillers: duplex ER 2209 and two austenitic fillers (ER 316LSi and ER 308LSi). The microstructure obtained with the duplex ER 2209 filler is similar to the duplex 2205 base material, but the joints produced with the austenitic fillers cause a decrease of the α/γ phase ratio. In order to evaluate the influence of the filler on the weld, the pitting corrosion resistance was determined by means of an electrochemical critical pitting temperature test, and the mechanical properties by the hardness test. The phase imbalance produced for the different fillers causes variation of the pitting corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties. The variation in the mechanical properties of the material was also studied by means of hardness tests.