求解任务可拆分多项目协同调度问题的启发式算法

生产项目计划与调度过程中任务可以被拆分为更小粒度的子任务分批次执行,实现缩短项目总工期的优化目标.针对抢占式任务可拆分多项目调度问题,从协同优化角度探讨任务拆分与重组方式,提出一个长工期任务优先拆分、长工期项目优先拆分和高资源利用率项目优先拆分3种任务拆分优先级判断规则,设计一种求解任务可拆分多项目协同调度问题的启发式算法.最后通过数值实例和仿真分析验证了所提出方法在多项目调度总工期的优化效果和求解效率.     

基于多面体的分布式WiMAX Mesh网络带宽调度算法

在轮询带宽调度和随机带宽调度两种经典算法的基础上,提出一种基于多面体优先列表的带宽资源调度算法来分析和优化WiMAX网络Mesh模式的带宽请求和调度过程.该算法通过为各个用户站构建不同的静态优先请求次序,避免或者减少了"带宽资源分配不均"现象,使带宽资源能够在网络局部得到优化调度,并扩展到整个无线网络.分析和仿真结果表明,本算法能够极大地改善整个网络的运行性能.     

一种基于市场竞拍机制的网格资源管理分配方法

提出了一种基于市场机制的网格资源分配方法：以均衡理论和第二价格竞拍机制为基础, 依靠市场机制, 实现计算网格资源的优化分配。描述了基于市场的资源分配框架, 它包括三个层次: 资源层、市场层和消费者层;采用第二价格竞拍规则作为资源分配策略,满足了网格对分配系统可扩展性和全局最优调度的需求。     

基于遗传算法的电磁环境构设仿真资源分配研究磁

仿真资源分配问题在构设逼真的电子战训练电磁环境有重要作用。文中针对基于遗传算法的电磁环境仿真资源分配方法进行了研究,建立了以实现最佳仿真效果为目标的仿真资源分配模型,并进行了仿真,仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效优化仿真资源分配问题,利于取得较好的电子战训练效果。     

基于改进遗传算法的多天线地面站硬件资源分配方法

多天线卫星地面站硬件设备资源分配问题是一个基于约束满足的复杂资源组合优化问题。在考虑任务执行时间、地面站可见时间窗口、地面站设备接收能力和设备链路约束的情况下,对多天线地面站硬件资源分配问题建立了高可用模型。以加权任务执行总时间为目标,以经典遗传算法为基础,根据问题特点改进了相关遗传算子,在进行遗传变异的过程中,通过深度优先搜索算法确定单个染色体对应的最佳资源分配方案,同时利用启发式信息优化搜索过程。最后通过高可用算例仿真表明,所建模型和算法是合理有效的。     

基于QoE的LTE多业务资源分配算法

高效地利用无线频谱资源和保证用户体验质量是未来无线网络的主要目标。基于此，提出一种基于QoE的LTE多业务资源分配算法。在考虑信道信息、QoS要求及公平性的基础上，引入QoE来计算的用户优先级。特别的，引入最小QoE约束来保证RT用户QoE要求；提出一种次优资源块（Resource Block，RB）分配算法来解决复杂的资源分配优化问题，该算法主要分为两步：保证RT用户最小QoE要求；最大化系统加权和速率。仿真结果表明，相较现有的RT/NRT资源分配算法，该算法在用户分组丢失率、平均QoE和小区频谱效率方面性能都有所提升。     

基于关键链的资源受限项目调度新方法

针对资源受限项目调度问题（RCPSPs）的实际需求建立了多目标优化调度模型，综合运用现有研究成果，设计了基于关键链的项目调度方法。该方法首先采用基于优先规则的启发式算法生成工期最小的近优项目计划，再在该计划中嵌入输入缓冲和项目缓冲，保证项目计划在非确定环境下的稳定执行。论文引用RCPSPs的标准问题库PSPLIB中大量案例对算法进行了的仿真试验，结果表明本文方法较传统项目调度方法有很大改进，论文最后对仿真结果进行了深入讨论，并指出了未来的研究方向。     

粒子群优化的时频联合资源分配算法

针对航空通信环境中正交频分多址系统的资源分配问题,在信道资源有限的约束条件下,以最大化用户节点的效用总和为目标,提出了一种基于粒子群优化(PSO)的时频联合资源分配算法.该算法采用离散变量来编码粒子位置,并针对离散空间构建新的基于概率信息的粒子速度和位置更新算法.仿真结果表明:所提出的资源分配算法在效用总和、公平性等方面优于现有资源分配算法.     

柔性资源受限多项目调度的混沌粒子群算法研究

为解决柔性资源受限多项目的调度问题,有效实行资源分配和工作时间安排,采用混沌粒子群算法结合混合优先规则,形成优先规则序列。针对多项目问题,避免了传统方法将多个项目合并为一个项目,而是形成一个链表在项目的各工序间进行选择调度,并在初始化中嵌入混沌理论,在迭代过程中使用并行算法,有效避免了算法易陷入局部最优解的可能。改编标准库的多模式算例,对比多种算法下的结果,验证了该方法在求解该问题的可行性和有效性,对于项目管理中柔性资源受限问题具有实际应用价值。     

采用优先规则的粒子群算法求解RCPSP

优先规则是解决大规模资源受限的项目调度问题（Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem,RCPSP）强有力的方法,但是单一的优先规则的往往仅在某些特定的问题上表现出良好的性能。以粒子群算法为基础,提出了基于优先规则编码的粒子群算法（Priority Rule based Particle Swarm Optimization,PRPSO）,求解资源受限的项目调度问题。该方法能够通过粒子群算法搜索优先规则和调度生成方案的组合。分别对PRPSO采用串行调度方案、并行调度方案和混合调度方案时,不同任务数和资源强度的问题实例进行了分析。通过对PSPLIB进行测试,结果表明该方法与其它基于优先规则的启发式方法相比有较低的偏差率,因而有较好的性能。     

A method of defuzzification based on the approach of areas' ratio

The new method of defuzzification of output parameters from the base of fuzzy rules for a Mamdani fuzzy controller is given in the paper. The peculiarity of the method is the usage of the universal equation for the area computation of the geometric shapes. During the realization of fuzzy inference linguistic terms, the structure changes from the triangular into a trapezoidal shape. That is why the universal equation is used. The method is limited and can be used only for the triangular and trapezoidal membership functions. Gaussian functions can also be used while modifying the proposed method. Traditional defuzzification models such as Middle of Maxima − MoM, First of Maxima − FoM, Last of Maxima − LoM, First of Suppport − FoS, Last of Support − LoS, Middle of Support − MoS, Center of Sums − CoS, Model of Height − MoH have a number of systematic errors: curse of dimensionality, partition of unity condition and absence of additivity. The above-mentioned methods can be seen as Center of Gravity − CoG, which has the same errors. These errors lead to the fact that accuracy of fuzzy systems decreases, because during the training root mean square error increases. One of the reasons that provokes the errors is that some of the activated fuzzy rules are excluded from the fuzzy inference. It is also possible to increase the accuracy of the fuzzy system through properties of continuity. The proposed method guarantees fulfilling of the property of continuity, as the intersection point of the adjustment linguistic terms equals 0.5 when a parametrized membership function is used. The causes of errors and a way to delete them are reviewed in the paper. The proposed method excludes errors which are inherent to the traditional and non- traditional models of defuzzification. Comparative analysis of the proposed method of defuzzification with traditional and non-traditional models shows its effectiveness.     

An approach to the synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems with a priori unknown model of an object

A method of synthesis of fuzzy stabilization systems for a broad class of dynamic objects under the assumption that the mathematical model of the object is not known a priori is proposed. The control is formulated in the form of a proportional law of adjustment as a function of a macro-variable; the square of the Euclidean norm of the phase variables is adopted as the macro-variable. An analogous variable characterizes the distance of the object from the equilibrium position. Despite the simplicity of the control law, its sign remains constant due to the fact that the macro-variable is positive-definite over the entire phase space. The switching times of the signals are determined by fuzzy identification of the system’s dynamic modes on the basis of measurement of the derivatives of the macro-variable.     

Complement of Source Equation of Elastic Line

A new notion of joint, defined in terms of the state of motor (active or locked) and type of the elastic or rigid element, gear and/or link that follows after the motor, is introduced. Special attention is paid to the motion of the flexible links in the robotic configuration. The paper deals with the relationship between the equation of elastic line equilibrium, the “Euler–Bernoulli approach” (EBA), and equation of motion at the point of elastic line tip, the “Lumped-mass approach” (LMA). The Euler–Bernoulli equations (which have for a long time been used in the literature) should be expanded according to the requirements of the motion complexity of elastic robotic systems. The Euler–Bernoulli equation (based on the known laws of dynamics) should be supplemented with all the forces that are participating in the formation of the elasticity moment of the considered mode. This yields the difference in the structure of Euler–Bernoulli equations for each mode. The stiffness matrix is a full matrix. Mathematical model of the actuators also comprises coupling between elasticity forces. Particular integral of Daniel Bernoulli should be supplemented with the stationary character of elastic deformation of any point of the considered mode, caused by the present forces. General form of the elastic line is a direct outcome of the system motion dynamics, and cannot be described by one scalar equation but by three equations for position and three equations for orientation of every point on that elastic line. The choice of reference trajectory is analyzed. Simulation results are shown for a selected robotic example involving the simultaneous presence of elasticity of the gear and of the link (two modes), as well as the environment force dynamics.     

3 Laser transmission joining in microtechnology

The laser is a joining tool which is particularly suitable for the application in microtechnology. The process variant laser transmission joining can be used both for welding thermoplastics and bonding of silicon and glass. The investigations presented in this paper cover detailed examinations of both processes. Concerning laser transmission welding of plastics it is examined how far the content of carbon black in the material influences the formation of the weld seam. It is shown that the optical depth of penetration, the weld seam width as well as the formation of the weld morphology differ with varying content of carbon black. Selective laser radiation bonding (SLB) is a novel method for joining silicon and glass based on the transmission heating of the interface of both joining partners and the thermo-chemical principles of silicon direct bonding. SLB shows advantages in reference to the thermal load of sensitive components like sensors and to the selectivity of the joining geometry. In this study the principle method of SLB and the latest advances like the integration of the thermal process control in the laser processing head will be presented. Also experimental test results of the process with constant laser power and thermal process control and the comparison of them will be shown.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Remote sensing of spring phenology in boreal regions: A free of snow-effect method using NOAA-AVHRR and SPOT-VGT data (1982-2004)

Measurements of spring phenological dates in boreal regions using NDVI can be affected by snowmelt. This impacts the analysis of interannual variations in phenology and the estimates of annual carbon fluxes. For these two objectives, snowmelt effect must be removed from the phenological detection. We propose a methodology for determining the date of onset of greening in the 1982-2004 period using SPOT-VEGETATION (VGT) and NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. From 1998 onwards, the date of onset of greening is taken as the date at which the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), calculated from SPOT-VGT near and short-wave infrared bands, starts increasing. This index decreases with snowmelt but increases with vegetation greening. For the 1982-2001 period, the date of onset of greening is the date at which AVHRR-NDVI equals a pixel specific threshold (PST), determined using the results of the NDWI method in the years common to the two datasets. The methods are validated using in situ measurements of the dates of leaf appearance. RMSE of 6.7 and 7.8 days, respectively, is found using NDWI-VGT and PST-NOAA methodologies, and the difference between the two methodologies in the common years is small. Very importantly, the dates are not biased. The interannual variations of the 23-year spring phenology dataset on the study area in northern Eurasia are analysed. In average over the study area, an advance of 8 days and a delay of 3.6 days are, respectively, found over the periods 1982-1991 and 1993-2004. These results confirm and complete previous studies about the greening trend, remove the uncertainty due to snow, and may improve carbon budget calculations.     

Spark平台下聚类算法的性能比较

通过实验,从运行时间、加速比、可扩展性和规模增长性4个方面比较了 Spark平台中3种典型的聚类算法即K-means聚类算法、二分K-means聚类算法和高斯混合聚类算法 的性能。实验结果表明:1)随着节点个数的增加,3种算法对百兆以上规模数据集聚类的运行时间明显减少;2)当数据集规模大于500MB时,3种算法的加速比均有明显提高,且随着节点个数的增加,加速比近似于线性增长;3)3种算法的可扩展性随着节点个数的增加而降低,当数据集规模大于500MB时,相对于K-means和高斯混合算法,二分K-means算法的可扩展性最差;4)当数据集规模大于100MB时,高斯混合算法的规模增长性远高于K-means和二分K-means算法。     

协作机器人的构型分析研究

针对协作机器人的构型分析研究,得出了偏置是影响机器人构型的一个重要因素。首先,对现有典型协作机器人的构型进行分析,通过构型间的内在联系与演化过程得到构型之间的差异。然后利用构型之间的差异引出了偏置的定义,并通过偏置对关节运动范围的影响将其分为S型偏置和Y型偏置。最后以全局性能指标、工作空间体积指标和灵活工作空间指标为性能评价标准,对iiwa、Sawyer、Yumi三种典型构型的性能进行了仿真。通过对比分析可知,偏置的存在使构型的全局性能和工作空间体积性能降低,但对灵活工作空间性能有提高作用。结果表明偏置是影响机器人性能的重要因素,该分析研究为协作机器人的构型设计提供了理论依据。     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).     

Overview of ATM networks: functions and procedures

The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the ATM technique. The basic principles of the ATM transfer technique, the B-ISDN layered protocol reference model, as well as the architecture and the main functions of the ATM network, are described in this tutorial. In particular, we present the main characteristics of the ATM technique, the structure of the ATM cell, the functions which deal with the protection from errored cells (HEC procedure) and the identification of the boundaries of the ATM cells (cell delineation and scrambling). The VP/VC concept is explained in detail, and the main principles and functions of the three lowest layers (Physical, ATM and Adaptation) of the B-ISDN layered protocol reference model are surveyed. The issue of Quality of Service parameters in ATM networks is reviewed, and the problem of the allocation of the network resources in response to user demands, as well as the problems of congestion control, Usage Parameter Control (UPC) and traffic modelling in ATM networks, are assessed. Finally, we present ‘possible’ sets of traffic characterization parameters, and show how possible B-ISDN sources can be modelled according to the basic on-off ATM traffic source model.