内蒙古清水河水源地地下水允许开采量计算

为解决内蒙古清水河县城新区供水问题, 在分析水源地水文地质条件的基础上, 利用勘察获得的资料, 对评价中相关水文地质参数的确定进行了讨论。经计算, 研究区的降水入渗系数为0.19, 河流补给量为873.13 m3/d。采用均衡法进行地下水资源评价, 确定了研究区地下水允许开采量为 40 769.14 m3/d, 能够满足该区未来需水量。     

Depth variation of seismic source scaling relations: implications for earthquake hazard in southeastern Australia

Advances in earthquake data acquisition and processing techniques have allowed for improved quantification of source parameters for local Australian earthquakes. Until recently, only hypocentral locations and local magnitudes (M_L) had been determined routinely, with little attention given to the inversion of additional source parameters. The present study uses these new source data (e.g. seismic moment, stress drop, source dimensions) to further extend our understanding of seismicity and the continental stress regime of the Australian landmass and its peripheral regions.

Earthquake activity within Australia is typically low, and the proportion of small to large events (i.e. the b value) is also low. It is observed that average stress drops for southeastern Australian earthquakes appear to increase with seismic moment to relatively high levels, up to approximately 10 MPa for M_L 5.0 earthquakes. This is thought to be indicative of high compressive crustal stress, coupled with strong rocks and fault asperities. Furthermore, the data indicates that shallow focus earthquakes (shallower than 6 km) appear to produce lower than average stress drops than deeper earthquakes (between 6 and 20 km) with similar moment.

Recurrence estimates were obtained for a discrete seismogenic zone in southeastern Australia. Decreasing b values with increasing focal depth for this zone indicate that larger earthquakes (with high stress drops) tend to occur deeper in the crust. This may offer an explanation for the apparent increase of stress drop with hypocentral depth. Consequently, earthquake hazard estimates that assume a uniform Gutenburg–Richter distribution with depth (i.e. constant b value) may be too conservative and therefore slightly overestimate seismic hazard for surface sites in southeastern Australia.     

Estimation of earthquake hazard parameters for incomplete and uncertain data files

The maximum likelihood estimation of earthquake hazard parameters (maximum regional magnitudem _max, activity rate , and theb parameter in the Gutenberg-Richter distribution) is extended to the cases of incomplete and uncertain data. The method accepts mixed data containing only large (extreme) events and a variable quality of complete data with different threshold magnitude values. Uncertainty of earthquake magnitude is specified by two values, the lower and upper magnitude limits. It is assumed that such an interval contains the real unknown magnitude. The proposed approach allows the combination of different quality catalog parts, e.g. those where the assignment of magnitude is questionable and those with magnitudes precisely determined.As an illustration of the method, the seismic hazard analysis for western Norway and adjacent sea area (4–8°E, 58–64°N) is presented on the basis of the strongest earthquakes felt during the period 1831–1889 and three complete catalog parts, covering the period 1890–1987.Paper presented at the 21st General Assembly of the European Seismological Commission held in Sofia, 1988.On leave from Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.     

蒙古塔木察格盆地塔南凹陷烃源岩特征及潜力评价

烃源岩潜力评价是油气田勘探的重要步骤,对于岩性油气藏勘探尤为重要,需考虑多方面因素。受塔南凹陷实际条件的限制,选取烃源岩厚度、有机碳含量、干酪根类型、热解指标、有机质成熟度等5 项指标,对研究区下白垩统铜钵庙组、南屯组、大磨拐河组烃源岩特征及潜力进行评价。研究表明,研究区烃源岩特征整体优好; 南屯组的烃源岩最优,大磨拐河组次之,铜钵庙组最差。使用 “直接乘法”对研究区9 小层烃源岩生烃潜力进行综合排队,其中南屯组SQ3-3 小层的烃源岩发育最好,铜钵庙组I 油组的烃源岩发育最差,其先后顺序及评价为: SQ3-3、SQ3-2、SQ3-5、SQ3-1、SQ3- 4、SQ4-1、II 油组、SQ4-2 及I 油组。     

内蒙古锡林浩特—阿鲁科尔沁地区上二叠统 林西组烃源岩有机地球化学特征

内蒙古锡林浩特—阿鲁科尔沁地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩以暗色泥岩、板岩为主.借助油气有机地球化学分析测试手段,从有机碳含量、热解参数、干酪根类型、干酪根C同位素等资料,综合分析了该地区上二叠统林西组的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,并对其进行了综合评价.研究认为,本地区上二叠统林西组烃源岩TOC含量主要分布于0.6％～0.8％之间;分层统计显示,烃源岩TOC大于0.4％的地层厚度为1827m,TOC大于1.0％的优质烃源岩地层统计厚度为469.7m.有机质类型主要为Ⅲ型,有机质热演化程度高,样品R.大部分高于2.0％,达到高成熟—过成熟演化阶段.评价研究区内具有代表性的必鲁特(BL)、翟家沟官地(GD)剖面,认为本区是有利烃源岩发育区域,具备生产高熟天然气、凝析气和非常规能源页岩气的能力.     

内蒙古安家营子金矿与侵入岩的关系及其地球动力学意义

位于华北陆块北缘金矿成矿带的安家营子中型金矿属赤峰-朝阳金矿化集中区。金矿体主要赋存于安家营子花岗岩岩体内。区内广泛分布着与金矿化相伴生的流纹斑岩脉。与金矿化密切相关的安家营子花岗岩具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损、较低的^87Sr／^86Sr初始比值、Ba—Sr含量高等特点,暗示该花岗岩浆形成深度较大。这些特点与我国胶东地区与金矿有关花岗岩的特征非常相似,但区别于较早期的喀喇沁花岗岩和成矿后的流纹斑岩脉。锆石U—Pb年龄表明,安家营子花岗岩侵位时代为132—138Ma,而穿切矿体的流纹斑岩岩脉的成岩时代为124．9—126,5Ma,进而金矿成矿时代可以限定在126．132Ma。这一年龄结果与华北克拉通中生代动力学体制发生转折的时间相吻合。研究表明,早中生代前后华北东部曾发生了动力学机制的重大转折,如挤压向伸展转变和岩石圈的减薄达到高峰导致岩浆作用增强等。华北克拉通绝大多数金矿床集中形成于这一转折时期暗示成矿作用可能与深部作用过程有关,即早白垩世地慢物质-能量强烈上涌的同时,使金等威矿元素活化迁移至地壳层次,并在有利的构造部位富集成矿。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对内蒙古额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组岩性特征、暗色泥页岩油气地球化学特征研究的基础上,总结了烃源岩的纵向分布特征,以及有机质丰度、干酪根类型和热演化的特征。二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩分布层段集中,暗色泥页岩累计厚度达296.9m。总有机碳(TOC)含量平均为0.59%,TOC大于0.3%的样品占92.86%。干酪根类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型,Ro平均为1.08%,表明干酪根演化进入成熟阶段。生物标志化合物分析结果显示,Pr/Ph为0.64~0.78,为强还原环境的沉积。综合评价认为,二叠系埋汗哈达组具有较好的生烃条件。     

Lithospheric flexure, uplift and expected horizontal strain rate in the Pannonian Carpathian region

The Apuseni Mountains are located between the Pannonian Basin and the Transylvanian Basin along a direction of SE convergence with the Carpathian belt. A flexural model based on the cylindrical bending of a semi-infinite, isostatically supported, thin elastic plate is here examined with the Apuseni playing the role of flexural bulge, and under the assumption that the plate is deforming under the action of a vertical shear force and a bending moment applied at the end of the plate, beneath the Carpathians. The model yields estimates of the plate thickness ranging between 13 and 14.5 km, depending on the assumed density contrast between crust/sediments and mantle providing buoyancy. The vertical shear force which is necessary to bend the plate is in the range between 60 and 300 × 10¹¹ N m^− 1, depending on the assumed density contrast. This force is shown to be modelled by a gravitational ‘slab pull’ force, using model parameters derived from seismic tomography. If the height of the flexural bulge, after correction for erosion, is allowed to increase, the model yields an estimate of the horizontal strain rate at the top of the bulge. For example, 5 mm/yr vertical change of the flexural bulge of a 14 km thick plate results in a horizontal deformation rate of approximately 7 nanostrain/yr at the top of the bulge, a value which is at the threshold of sensitivity of continuous GPS measurements. Different vertical rates will change the horizontal strain rate almost proportionally.     

内蒙古岱海表层沉积物中孢粉的分布及来源

岱海位于半干旱区东部边缘及东亚夏季风的尾闾区，生态环境体系脆弱，气候和环境变化敏感，是研究环境变化的理想地区。65个湖泊表层及入湖河流冲积物样品的孢粉分析揭示了岱海表层孢粉沉积特征及孢粉来源。岱海表层孢粉主要来源于区域性植被的孢粉，其总体特征反映了区域植被的组成，但不同部位孢粉组合的差异反映了湖滨当地植被的变化。受沉积环境的影响，岱海湖区孢粉浓度总体上要低于入湖河流孢粉浓度，湖区中部孢粉浓度最高。岱海孢粉以河流携带的为主，同时受风力传播的影响。蒿、藜科、桦、虎榛子等花粉和蕨类孢子以河流搬运的为主，松、禾本科及莎草科花粉可能还受风力传播的影响。一些仅在个别样品中出现且百分比很低的花粉类型如豆科、十字花科等还有可能是昆虫、鸟类或人类活动携带而来。     

内蒙古东北部上二叠统林西组暗色泥岩有机地球化学特征及其意义

对内蒙古东北部地区进行野外地质勘查、典型剖面实测、样品采集及实验分析,确定上二叠统林西组为暗色泥岩发育的重要层位。应用有机岩石学与有机地球化学分析方法对林西组暗色泥岩进行研究显示,林西组暗色泥岩有机碳含量为0. 45% ～ 3. 55%,平均值为1. 09%; 有机质类型以Ⅱ1 － Ⅱ2 为主; 82%样品镜质体反射率介于2. 0% ～ 44. 0%,处于高--过成熟演化阶段。林西组暗色泥岩有机质丰度高、厚度大、分布范围广,是内蒙古东北部地区潜在烃源岩层位,具有较好的生气潜力。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的发育特征和生烃潜力评价

定量评价盆地的烃源岩生烃潜力是油气勘探首先要解决的问题之一。采用多项有机质丰度、类型和成熟度指标定量或定性地分析了额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的生烃潜力,证实额济纳旗及邻区的石炭系—二叠系发育了浅海陆棚相以泥页岩为主的烃源岩。研究表明,该区石炭系—二叠系的阿木山组、埋汗哈达组和哈尔苏海组3套烃源岩,厚度大,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,热演化程度与构造活动、埋藏深度有关,多数有机质演化程度处于成熟阶段,显示区内石炭系—二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景。     

内蒙古孟恩陶勒盖银铅锌铟矿床的铅同位素组成及矿石铅的来源探讨

内蒙古盂恩陶勒盖矿床产于由黑云母斜长花岗岩和白云母斜长花岗岩组成的海西期盂恩花岗岩基的中心部位，矿体受东西向断裂控制。呈脉状。矿床主要有用组分为Pb,Zn,Cu,Ag，含Sn富In,Ga,Cd等分散元素，为一典型的多元素共生的多金属矿床。矿石铅同位素组成与赋矿的海西期花岗岩和矿区外围燕山期花岗岩的长石及全岩铅同位素组成明显不同，显示出矿石铅既不是由这两期岩浆活动提供的，也不是来自这两期花岗岩的改造，矿石铅与不同期次岩浆岩铅的对比显示，矿石铅来源于地幔岩浆分异，矿区深部可能存在地幔来源的岩浆岩。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木乌苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.80~0.87,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-48.19‰~-50.87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.91~0.92,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-21.56‰~-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征。该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟—高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根。表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系—白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木乌苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.80~0.87,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-48.19‰~-50.87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C1/C总)为0.91~0.92,甲烷C同位素δ13C1为-21.56‰~-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征。该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟—高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根。表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系—白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系-二叠系的分布特征、岩性特征和沉积环境进行初步研究的基础上,通过对烃源岩展布、有机质丰度和热演化史的研究,结合储、盖务件与保存条件评价,总结了区内石炭系-二叠系油气地质条件.区内残留了厚数千米的上石炭统-上二叠统,岩性组合为碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩,反映了裂谷型盆地的沉积特征.广泛发育的浅海陆棚相泥页岩具有较好的生烃条件,以Ⅱ-Ⅲ类干酪根为主,TOC含量中等,R_0一般为0.79%～1.08%,烃源岩演化以成熟为主,部分剖面受构造动力作用的影响达到过成熟.受盆地沉积与演化的控制,区内发育滨岸相砂砾岩、台地斜坡相生物碎屑灰岩、火山碎屑岩(或火山角砾岩)、火山熔岩、风化壳等多种类型的储集层.广泛分布的白垩系为良好的区域盖层,主要成烃期之后的构造作用以坳陷沉降或挤压抬升为主,有利于油气系统的保存.获得了一些与石炭系-二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存的信息,显示区内石炭系-二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗地区X井油气显示特征与油气源探讨

根据内蒙古额济纳旗地区X井白垩系额济纳旗组、侏罗系麻木鸟苏组、古生界顶面风化壳等不同层段的油气显示特征和钻井泥浆烃类气体组分、甲烷C同位素的分析结果,认为侏罗系和白垩系油气显示特征相同,为油与气显示,气体样品的干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.80～0.87,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-48.19‰～-50,87‰,表现了低成熟热解气的特征;古生界风化壳为气显示,天然气干燥系数(C_1/C_总)为0.91～0.92,甲烷C同位素δ~(13)C_1为-21.56‰-30.91‰,表现了高成熟热解气的特征.该井及邻区的中生界、古生界烃源岩干酪根类型及其演化程度具有显著的差别,中生界烃源岩以低成熟混合型干酪根为主,古生界烃源岩为成熟-高成熟(或过成熟)的混合型-腐泥型干酪根.表明该区存在以中生界侏罗系-白垩系低成熟烃源岩为油气源的油气系统和古生界高成熟(或过成熟)烃源岩为气源的油气系统,指示了古生界油气资源前景.     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗雅干地区二叠系埋汗哈达组烃源岩的特征

在对额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系的分布特征、岩性特征和沉积环境进行初步研究的基础上,通过对烃源岩展布、有机质丰度和热演化史的研究,结合储、盖条件与保存条件评价,总结了区内石炭系—二叠系油气地质条件。区内残留了厚数千米的上石炭统—上二叠统,岩性组合为碎屑岩+碳酸盐岩+火山岩,反映了裂谷型盆地的沉积特征。广泛发育的浅海陆棚相泥页岩具有较好的生烃条件,以Ⅱ—Ⅲ类干酪根为主,TOC含量中等,Ro一般为0.79%~1.08%,烃源岩演化以成熟为主,部分剖面受构造动力作用的影响达到过成熟。受盆地沉积与演化的控制,区内发育滨岸相砂砾岩、台地斜坡相生物碎屑灰岩、火山碎屑岩(或火山角砾岩)、火山熔岩、风化壳等多种类型的储集层。广泛分布的白垩系为良好的区域盖层,主要成烃期之后的构造作用以坳陷沉降或挤压抬升为主,有利于油气系统的保存。获得了一些与石炭系—二叠系烃源岩有关的油气赋存的信息,显示区内石炭系—二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的发育特征和生烃潜力评价

定量评价盆地的烃源岩生烃潜力是油气勘探首先要解决的问题之一。采用多项有机质丰度、类型和成熟度指标定量或定性地分析了额济纳旗及邻区石炭系—二叠系烃源岩的生烃潜力,证实额济纳旗及邻区的石炭系—二叠系发育了浅海陆棚相以泥页岩为主的烃源岩。研究表明,该区石炭系—二叠系的阿木山组、埋汗哈达组和哈尔苏海组3套烃源岩,厚度大,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,热演化程度与构造活动、埋藏深度有关,多数有机质演化程度处于成熟阶段,显示区内石炭系—二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景。     

内蒙古西部额济纳旗及其邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩的发育特征和生烃潜力评价

定量评价盆地的烃源岩生烃潜力是油气勘探首先要解决的问题之一.采用多项有机质丰度、类型和成熟度指标定量或定性地分析了额济纳旗及邻区石炭系-二叠系烃源岩的生烃潜力,证实额济纳旗及邻区的石发系-二叠系发育了浅海陆棚相以泥页岩为主的烃源岩.研究表明,该区石炭系-二叠系的阿木山组、埋汗哈达组和哈尔苏海组3套烃源岩,厚度大,有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,热演化程度与构造活动、埋藏深度有关,多数有机质演化程度处于成熟阶段,显示区内石炭系-二叠系具有良好的油气资源前景.     

Lithospheric mantle beneath the south-eastern Siberian craton: petrology of peridotite xenoliths in basalts from the Tokinsky Stanovik

We provide petrographic, major and trace element data for over 30 spinel peridotite xenoliths from the Tokinsky Stanovik (Tok) volcanic field on the Aldan shield to characterize the lithospheric mantle beneath the south-eastern margin of the Siberian craton, which formed in the Mesoproterozoic. High equilibration temperatures (870–1,010°C) of the xenoliths and the absence of garnet-bearing peridotites indicate a much thinner lithosphere than in the central craton. Most common among the xenoliths are clinopyroxene-poor lherzolites and harzburgites with Al₂O₃ and CaO contents nearly as low as in refractory xenoliths from kimberlite pipes (Mir, Udachnaya) in the central and northern Siberian craton. By contrast, the Tok peridotites have higher FeO, lower Mg-numbers and lower modal orthopyroxene and are apparently formed by shallow partial melting (3 GPa). Nearly all Tok xenoliths yield petrographic and chemical evidence for metasomatism: accessory phlogopite, amphibole, phosphates, feldspar and Ti-rich oxides, very high Na₂O (2–3.1%) in clinopyroxene, LREE enrichments in whole-rocks.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at