Comparison of composition and antioxidant capacity of some cereals and pseudocereals

Polyphenols, phenolic acids, fibres and antioxidant capacity were determined in water, acetone and methanol extracts of buckwheat, rice, soybean, quinoa and 3 amaranth cultivars. Their antioxidant activities were comparatively assessed by total radical‐trapping antioxidative potential (TRAP), ferric ion‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric‐reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and nitric oxide (NO^?) assays, which comprised of contributions from polyphenols and phenolic acids (especially from the most abundant ferulic acid). The correlation coefficients between polyphenols and antioxidant activities of cereal and pseudocereal methanol extracts with FRAP, NO^?, CUPRAC and TRAP were 0.99, 0.97, 0.96 and 0.77, respectively. The weakest correlation was with dietary fibres, an average one exhibited with tannins and marked correlation was shown with the phenolics. All the applied methods have shown that pseudocereals have higher antioxidant activity than some cereals (rice and buckwheat) and can be successfully replaced by cereals in case of allergy.     

Importance and utilization of amaranth in food industry. Part 2. Composition of amino acids and fatty acids

Content of amino acids and fatty acids in whole amaranth flour from Amaranthus hypochondriacus was investigated. In comparison with fine wheat flour, used in our experiments, high lysine content was observed (5,95 g/16 g N in comparison with 2,90 g/16 g N). Similarly, a higher amount of essential amino acids in amaranth was found. The highest content from fatty acids had linoleic acid about 50%. On the basis of the results obtained, the analysed raw material proves to be very valuable for the enrichment of some cereal products especially regarding protein content, amino acid composition, mainly essential ones, fatty acid composition, and some important mineral substances and vitamins. It is expected, that amaranth will be utilized in some branch of food industry as well.     

Properties of extruded whole grain cereals and pseudocereals flours

Common cereals such as wheat are widely used worldwide in extruded products. Nevertheless, other locally available grains would be beneficial for local consumers regarding taste preference, nutritional needs and sustainability. Locally available cereals, that is millet, teff, sorghum and pseudocereals, that is quinoa and amaranth flours were extruded at the same processing conditions, and the resulting properties were compared to those of extruded refined wheat flour. Amaranth flour contained the highest protein content (16%). Sorghum was the highest in calories because of its high lipid content (10%). The extrusion process greatly increased a water solubility index (WSI) of amaranth from 11% to 61%, while the WSI level of quinoa was almost not affected (WSI of 4%). The expansion properties varied differently among grain types. These grains had a sectional expansion index (SEI) ranging between 11 and 13, which could not achieve the performance of the refined wheat (SEI of 22). The lowest expansion was observed for amaranth flour which contained the lowest starch content. Sorghum extrudates, interestingly, provided comparable stress at rupture value to that of wheat. For the mechanical properties, none of these local grains could fully replace refined wheat at the employed extrusion conditions.     

Studies on Wheat Steep Liquor Produced During Starch Production

Chemical analysis of wheat steeping liquor, produced from soaking of wheat grains revealed the presence of 1% total soluble solids with 7,15% proteins. A method was devised to obtain large amounts of precipitates with protein content up to 9,84%. Glutamic acid and lysine constitute the largest proportions of the amino acids. Nine essential amino acids were found. The raw wheat steeping liquor and the supernatant resulting after separation of the protein were used as a growth medium for the production of fodder yeast Candida tropicalis.     

总状毛霉与鲁氏酵母耦合发酵 对豆粕营养和风味的增强效应

本文以总状毛霉为主要菌种,探究发酵对豆粕营养和风味的增强作用以及鲁氏酵母耦合发酵和豆粕原料超声前处理对毛霉发酵豆粕品质的作用。结果表明,总状毛霉发酵能显著提高豆粕中性蛋白酶活力、可溶性蛋白含量、感官品质、总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量,并有效降低胰蛋白酶抑制剂活力;28 ℃发酵60 h,各发酵豆粕蛋白酶活力和可溶性蛋白含量均达到最大值,与未发酵豆粕相比,总状毛霉发酵豆粕蛋白酶活达到1032.4 U/g,可溶性蛋白、总氨基酸和游离氨基酸含量分别增加3.16倍、13.64%和5.65倍,胰蛋白酶抑制剂活力降低了84.57%。豆粕原料超声前处理和鲁氏酵母耦合发酵均有助于强化毛霉发酵豆粕的品质,其中超声前处理后毛霉和鲁氏酵母耦合发酵豆粕胰蛋白酶抑制剂含量从4375 U/g下降到350 U/g,减少了92%,游离氨基酸含量增加了7.69倍,总氨基酸含量提高了22.92%,有效提高了豆粕的营养和感官品质,为豆粕的进一步研究和应用提供了参考。     

四川小麦地方品种营养品质分析

为了评价四川小麦地方品种籽粒蛋白质的营养价值，本文通过化学分析法研究了67个四川小麦地方品种的蛋白质和氨基酸含量及其组成特性。结果表明：蛋白质含量平均为11．86％；18种氨基酸中谷氨酸、脯氨酸、亮氨酸和天门冬氨酸含量丰富，而色氨酸、蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸含量较少；必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量分别为3．65％和11．68％；必需氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量之比为31．25％；必需氨基酸含量与蛋白质总量之比为30．78％；氨基酸评分表明，赖氨酸和蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸的氨基酸评分平均值最低分别为47和70，因此赖氨酸和蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸分别为第1和第2限制性氨基酸；必需氨基酸指数平均值为60。67个小麦地方品种中7个品种其赖氨酸含量相对较高，赖氨酸的氨基酸评分都在60以上；11个品种的必需氨基酸指数较高、均大于65，具有较为平衡的氨基酸组成；13个品种的必需氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量之比超过36％。是蛋白较为优质的小麦品种。结论：与WHO模式比较，四川小麦地方品种中存在部分优质营养品质资源。     

豆酱自然发酵过程中蛋白质和氨基酸的变化规律

为研究豆酱在自然发酵过程中蛋白质、氨基酸组成及含量的变化规律,以按照东北豆酱传统方法制作的自然发酵豆酱为研究对象,在检测蛋白质含量、氨基氮含量、氨基酸含量、非蛋白氮含量和水解指数等指标变化的基础上,对豆酱的氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)、化学评分(chemical score,CS)、必需氨基酸指数(essential amino acid index,EAAI)进行分析。结果表明,豆酱蛋白质含量、非蛋白氮含量、蛋白水解指数先上升后下降;氨基氮含量则先不断增加后减少至稳定。自然发酵豆酱中共含有17种氨基酸,但不同发酵时期豆酱中氨基酸含量差异较大,成品豆酱中氨基酸总量维持在41.00 mg/g左右,明显高于生豆粉(11.42 mg/g)和熟豆粉(11.06 mg/g)中氨基酸总量。不同发酵时期豆酱中必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值在0.48~0.77之间,提示豆酱中的蛋白质为优质蛋白。分析不同发酵时期豆酱的AAS、CS和EAAI可知,发酵20 d时EAAI最高达29.41,发酵50~75 d豆酱的EAAI保持在16.16~17.40之间。通过比较4种呈味氨基酸的含量可知,甜味氨基酸苦味氨基酸鲜味氨基酸无味氨基酸。     

6种杂粮营养成分分析及评价

目的 对苦荞、白青稞、白藜麦、黄藜麦、红藜麦和黑藜麦等6种杂粮中所含基本营养成分、矿物质元素、氨基酸及脂肪酸的含量进行检测和分析。方法 依据国家标准方法, 采用液相色谱仪、氨基酸自动分析仪、气相色谱仪等进行成分测定并比较分析。结果 6种杂粮在营养成分上存在一定的差异, 其水分含量为8.68~12.22 g/100 g, 蛋白质含量为10.33~15.41 g/100 g, 脂肪含量为1.25~6.31 g/100 g, 粗纤维含量为1.33~6.64 g/100 g, 灰分含量为1.11~2.53 g/100 g, 碳水化合物含量为67.56~75.85 g/100 g。6种杂粮均富含钾、磷和镁, 白藜麦富含铁, 苦荞富含锌。6种杂粮中不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的含量的75%以上, 除苦荞外, 其他5种杂粮中亚油酸的含量超过了总脂肪酸含量的一半以上。杂粮中氨基酸种类齐全, 尤其是苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸及赖氨酸等必需氨基酸含量均较高。氨基酸评分结果表明, 6种杂粮中苏氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸氨基酸评分均较高, 且含量都高于联合国粮食及农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO)的推荐值。结论 苦荞、白青稞、白藜麦、黄藜麦、红藜麦和黑藜麦等6种杂粮营养丰富, 具有较好的开发价值和利用前景。     

黑豆酱油的开发及其品质分析

以黑豆为原料,采用原池浇淋工艺制备黑豆酱油,并对其品质进行分析。结果表明,黑豆酱油呈黑褐色、酱香浓郁、味道鲜美,其可溶性无盐固形物（16.62 g/100 mL）、全氮（1.53 g/100 mL）、氨基酸态氮（0.85 g/100 mL）含量均高于黄豆酱油,原花青素含量为24.2 mg/100 g,大豆异黄酮含量为6.82 mg/100 g,并可满足相关国标特级酱油要求。黑豆酱油中共鉴定出75种风味化合物,以醇类（740.54 μg/kg）、醛类（230.90 μg/kg）、酯类（121.01 μg/kg）为主;共检测出17种游离氨基酸（含7种必需氨基酸）,总含量为37 749.61 μg/mL（其中必需氨基酸含量为16 793.43 μg/mL）。该工艺制备黑豆酱油生产周期短、产品风味丰满,具有良好的营养保健功效及开发应用前景。     

Study on the complementary effect between the proteins of wheat and amaranth

Wheat flour (W), ‘Walnutacres’ amaranth seeds (A) and three mixtures of them (W: A, 0.87 :0.13, 0.75:0.25 and 0.64:0.36 on a protein basis) were assayed for amino acid score (AAS) and protein value (PV) on rats. Lysine and leucine were the limiting amino acids for wheat and amaranth proteins with an AAS of 50 and 61%, respectively. AAS of the combinations W: A, 0.87:0.13, 0.75:0.25 and 0.64:0.36 were 12, 24 and 34%, respectively, and are higher than that of wheat proteins. The PV of amaranth seeds (4.09) was two times higher than that of wheat (1.94). The combinations W:A, 0.75:0.25 and 0.64:0.36 showed a PV 45% higher than that of the 0.87:0.13 one, which in turn was similar to that of the wheat proteins. It is concluded that the supplementation of wheat flour with ‘Walnutacres’ amaranth up to 20% could improve the protein quality up to 45%.     

2种牛肝菌分子鉴定及营养成分分析

对兴义产白葱牛肝菌和红葱牛肝菌子实体进行分子生物学鉴定,依据国际通用蛋白质评价模式对此2种牛肝菌蛋白质营养进行分析,并与来源于文献的砖红绒盖牛肝菌、黄皮疣柄牛肝菌和灰褐牛肝菌数据进行比较。结果表明:白葱牛肝菌学名是粉黄牛肝菌Boletus roseoflavus,红葱牛肝菌学名是兰茂牛肝菌Lanmaoa asiatica;子实体主要营养成分(g/100 g):粉黄牛肝菌含有蛋白46.20、脂肪2.0、粗纤维15.0、粗多糖4.70、可溶性糖9.60;必需氨基酸11.27、总氨基酸27.80、鲜味氨基酸总量10.84;兰茂牛肝菌含有蛋白56.0、脂肪2.0、粗纤维17.0、粗多糖7.20、可溶性糖7.60、必需氨基酸13.76、总氨基酸33.40、鲜味氨基酸总量13.04。粉黄牛肝菌和兰茂牛肝菌的必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸指数(E/N)分别为0.68和0.70,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量(E/E+N)为40.58%和41.20%,必需氨基酸总量达到FAO/WHO的标准模式,营养组成均衡、含量丰富;EAAI值(必需氨基酸指数)均为1.33,为优质蛋白源。     

爬沙虫主要营养成分分析及其抗利尿作用

目的:对爬沙虫主要营养成分进行测定,并考察爬沙虫的抗利尿作用。方法:分别采用考马斯蓝法、苯酚-硫酸法、索氏提取法、直接干燥法、滴定法测定爬沙虫可溶性蛋白、多糖、油脂、水分及有机酸含量;采用氨基酸分析仪测定爬沙虫氨基酸组分并分析;采用水负荷大鼠模型考察爬沙虫抗利尿作用。结果:爬沙虫冻干粉中可溶性蛋白、多糖、油脂、水分、有机酸含量分别为4.87%±0.03%、1.90%±0.09%、16.45%±0.70%、71.51%±0.66%、3.54%±0.06%;共检测出14种氨基酸,总氨基酸(TAA)含量为52.01 g/100 g,其中必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值(EAA/TAA)为48.18%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为92.99%;抗利尿实验表明,爬沙虫可明显减少大鼠排尿量,同时可明显升高大鼠血清中抗利尿激素含量(AVP)。结论:爬沙虫中蛋白、多糖含量丰富,氨基酸组成比例符合优质蛋白质标准,同时爬沙虫具明显抗利尿作用,具有很好的食用价值与药用开发潜力。     

不同培养模式对微藻Chlorella vugaris代谢与蛋白质组分的影响

研究不同培养模式对小球藻蛋白合成的影响。分别采用自养、异养和混养模式培养小球藻生产蛋白质。结果为混养时藻细胞更易积累生物量,其比生长速率和产率高达0.526 d-1和0.318mg/(L·d),且其蛋白质质量分数和产率分别为35.6%和0.097 g/(L·d),自养时蛋白质质量分数却最高为52.1%;3种方式培养小球藻均含18种氨基酸,且必须氨基酸比例均超过总的40.0%;异养和混养方式下各氨基酸组成比例基本相似,而与自养时相比,Cys-s、Tyr和Met比例差异显著,Cys-s比例分别高了约78.57%,而Tyr及Met分别低27.59%和33.33%左右。营养方式显著影响小球藻蛋白质合成及氨基酸组成比例。     

Immunological evaluation of the alcohol-soluble protein fraction from gluten-free grains in relation to celiac disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy with an immune basis. We established the immune reactivity of the alcohol-soluble fraction from two minor cereals (tef and millet) and two pseudocereals (amaranth and quinoa) which are believed to be nontoxic based on taxonomy. Grains were examined in intestinal T-cell lines (iTCLs), cultures of duodenal explants from HLA-DQ2(+) CD patients and HLA-DQ8 transgenic mice for signs of activation. Our data indicated that tef, millet, amaranth, and quinoa did not show any immune cross-reactivity toward wheat gliadin, and therefore confirming their safety in the diet of CD patients.     

Nutritional study of raw and popped seed proteins of Amaranthus caudatus L and Amaranthuscruentus L

The nutritional value of raw and popped (similar to popcorn preparation) seed proteins of two amaranth species, Amaranthus caudatus L and A cruentus L, was investigated. After popping, the true protein content in A caudatus and A cruentus decreased by 9 and 13% respectively. Among the amino acids, the loss of tyrosine due to the popping effect was the highest, followed by phenylalanine and methionine. Leucine was the first limiting amino acid in the raw samples, followed by lysine, while the reverse order was observed in the popped samples. The in vivo protein quality of raw and popped seeds was tested with male weanling rats and compared with wheat flour and casein samples. There was no difference between the in vivo digestibility of the raw and the popped seeds, although the in vitro digestibility was slightly higher for the popped samples. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) for all the amaranth seed samples was higher than that for the wheat sample, while the PER for the raw amaranth seed samples was close to that for the casein reference protein. The rat blood serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol for all the amaranth samples were lower than those for the reference protein, while the wheat flour sample showed the lowest values. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Behaviour of Malted Cereals and Pseudo‐Cereals for Gluten‐Free Beer Production

Beer, a beverage frequently requested by celiac patients, is toxic to them due the gluten content derived from traditional raw materials used in the brewing process. To understand a possible alternative use of cereals and pseudo‐cereals, micro‐malting experiments on sorghum, buckwheat, quinoa and amaranth were performed using different malting parameters to study their brewing behaviour. Steeping in dilute NaOH solution was one parameter employed to understand any possible positive effect on malt quality. Alkaline steeping has been applied to pseudo‐cereals for the first time and often showed an increase in total soluble nitrogen (TSN) and free amino nitrogen (FAN), especially with buckwheat, where two results showed the TSN content increased by about 500 and 1,000 mg/L. An interesting result was found with amaranth fermentability, which showed a fermentability of 56%, higher than what was previously reported. From these positive results for malt quality, it is possible to affirm that the cereals and pseudo‐cereals investigated in this study could be employed for gluten‐free beer production. Furthermore, the alkaline steeping seems to be a useful process variable for optimisation of malt quality. Future studies about its effect on the diastatic power could be conducted.     

喷施硒肥对大豆理化指标和品质的影响

通过对大豆叶面喷施不同浓度、不同次数的硒肥，研究了硒肥对大豆生理生化指标及品质的影响，结果表明，叶片中非酶类物质可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加，丙二醛含量减少，保护酶系中过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性增强，对提高植株抵御不良环境的能力有重要的作用；籽粒中粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和硒含量均有增加，明显改善了大豆品质。试验说明，喷施硒肥配制适当浓度与施肥次数相结合能增强大豆作物抗性，改善大豆作物品质。     

黑色粮油营养羹的营养成分测定与评价

目的：以黑粘米、黑大豆、黑芝麻为主要原料,加工成一种黑色粮油食品营养羹,通过化学方法研究黑色粮油营养羹的主要营养成分,并对其氨基酸含量及组成特性进行分析。方法：将黑粘米、黑大豆、黑芝麻经发芽、破碎、挤压膨化、微波灭菌等工序加工成营养羹,按国标规定检测其营养成分含量。结果：营养羹中成分含量分别为：水分4.92%、蛋白质24.81%、脂肪18.84%、灰分2.84%、不溶性膳食纤维2.43%、VB1 98.65μg/100g、VB2 96.89μg/100g、VE 6.98mg/100g、钙207.14mg/100g、钠86.62mg/100g、钾702.03mg/100g、镁119.13mg/100g、铁9.04mg/100g、锌2.09mg/100g、锰1.66mg/100g、铜5.88mg/kg、铅小于0.3mg/kg、砷小于0.2mg/kg。每100g蛋白质中氨基酸总量为24.57g,必需氨基酸(EAA)总量8.94g,非必需氨基酸(NEAA)总量为15.63g,EAA/TAA为36.39%,EAA/NEAA为57.20%。氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为1.02、0.65、78.77。结论：以黑色粮油开发制成的营养羹营养全面、结构合理。     

Rheological properties of wheat flour substitutes/alternative crops assessed by Mixolab

Wheat is one of the most common cereals used in the world. However, due to greater public awareness of celiac disease and gluten intolerance as well as consumers demands for healthy food and variety in food products, in many widely consumed staples, such as bread, wheat flour is fully or partially replaced with flour from other cereals, pseudocereals or legumes. Although wheat flour alternatives are readily available in the market, these products are often of inferior quality. The aim of this paper was to predict the suitability of alternative crops such as rice, corn, buckwheat, amaranth and soya for the production of quality bread. Their rheological properties were studied, and compared to the properties of wheat flour which served as a benchmark. The tested alternative cereals, pseudocereals and legumes were selected in order to represent the widely used ones in gluten-free products as well as the ones found to be nutritionally improved according to recent publications. Moreover, the differences between wheat and buckwheat flour, and their wholegrain counterparts were also studied. The determination of rheological properties of wheat flour dough as well as the dough from other raw materials (rice, corn, buckwheat, amaranth and soya) was performed by Mixolab. According to results obtained by Mixolab measurements, flours from different raw materials exhibited Mixolab profiles which greatly differ from wheat flour profile. Samples of rice and both types of buckwheat flour expressed the most similar rheological behaviour to wheat flour. However, since, there was no tested material which exactly mimic wheat flour dough properties, it was concluded that their mixtures would give the optimal rheological profile. Although it is a very challenging task to mimic wheat flour unique breadmaking properties, it is possible to create products having similar rheological behaviour to wheat flour dough, but improved functional properties.     

两种微生物水解脱淀粉小麦中蛋白效果的比较研究

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）和米曲霉（Aspergillus oryzae）对脱淀粉小麦中蛋白质的水解效果,采用前发酵和后发酵获得发酵液,比较两种微生物培养过程中性蛋白酶活力和发酵液的pH值、可溶性无盐固形物、氨基酸态氮含量、氨基酸组成,并对其发酵液进行感官评价。结果表明,在最适前发酵工艺的条件下,枯草芽孢杆菌和米曲霉中性蛋白酶活力分别为1 060.82 U/g和908.02 U/g;两种微生物最终发酵液pH值为7.08和5.37,可溶性无盐固形物为15.60%和18.98%,氨基酸态氮含量为0.73 g/100 mL和0.75 g/100 mL,总游离氨基酸含量为4.35 mg/mL和9.04 mg/mL,蛋白质水解度为55.99%和59.71%。枯草芽孢杆菌发酵液中必需氨基酸的组成和比例更符合氨基酸模式谱,必需氨基酸与总游离氨基酸的比值（EAA/TAA）、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸（EAA/NEAA）的比值也高于米曲霉。感官评价结果显示,米曲霉发酵液好于枯草芽孢杆菌。