金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草对小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草3种常见食药用菌对小鼠体内抗氧化酶活性的影响,采用金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草低、中、高剂量（金针菇和香菇分别为0.8、1.6、2.5 g/kg,蛹虫草分别为0.08、0.16、0.25 g/kg）连续4周灌胃ICR清洁级小鼠,观察其对小鼠血清和肝脏总抗氧化能力（total anti-oxidant capacity,T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力、全脑单胺氧化酶（monoamine oxidase,MAO）活力及心脏过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）活力的影响。结果表明：金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草均能不同程度地提高血清和肝脏中T-AOC、SOD活力和GSH-Px活力,降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量,降低全脑MAO活力和提高心脏POD的活力,说明金针菇、香菇和蛹虫草具有良好的体内抗氧化作用,且蛹虫草的体内抗氧化作用优于香菇和金针菇。其抗氧化机制可能与提高机体总抗氧化能力、提高抗氧化酶活力、清除自由基和减少过氧化脂质有关。     

桑果发育期生物活性物质含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化

本研究探讨桑果发育期生物活性物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。以3龄和5龄桑树果实为材料,研究果实发育期总酚、总黄酮、酚酸、单宁、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素、花色素苷、可溶性糖等生物活性物质及总抗氧化能力、抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,桑果在发育成熟过程中,果肉内总酚、总黄酮、酚酸、单宁、花色素苷和可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a含量逐渐下降,叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量先上升后下降;整个发育期,3龄树桑果果肉总黄酮和酚酸含量高于5龄树桑果,但总酚、单宁和类胡萝卜素含量则低于5龄树桑果。果肉内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性先下降后上升,过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性逐渐降低,总抗氧化能力逐渐上升;整个发育期,3龄树桑果果肉内的SOD、CAT和PAL酶活性高于5龄树桑果,但APX酶活性低于5龄树桑果,5龄树桑果果肉的总抗氧化能力高于3龄树桑果。因此,桑果果肉中生物活性物质及抗氧化酶活性变化规律与果实成熟度、树龄大小有关。在桑果发育过程中,桑果果肉的总抗氧化能力不断提高,在花后第25 d达到最高。树龄越大的桑果总抗氧化能力比越强。     

棉铃虫和烟青虫对两种烟草的嗅觉和取食偏好性

为明确棉铃虫和烟青虫成虫的产卵偏好性与幼虫的取食偏好性之间的关系,在选择性和非选择性试验条件下,测试了两种昆虫的1龄、3龄和5龄幼虫对普通烟草(K326)和黄花烟草(马合烟)的嗅觉反应和取食反应以及成虫对两种烟草的产卵选择反应。对幼虫的嗅觉选择性测试结果表明,棉铃虫5龄幼虫和烟青虫1龄幼虫对黄花烟草表现出显著的嗅觉偏好性,其他龄期的两种幼虫则对两种烟草的嗅觉偏好性不明显。取食反应表明,选择性条件下棉铃虫喜食普通烟草,烟青虫喜食黄花烟草;非选择性条件下两种昆虫幼虫均喜食普通烟草。产卵选择反应结果表明,棉铃虫对普通烟草的产卵选择性略大于黄花烟草,但差异不显著,而烟青虫偏好在黄花烟草上产卵。综上所述,棉铃虫和烟青虫成虫在普通烟草和黄花烟草之间的产卵选择性与其幼虫的取食偏好性基本一致,这种现象符合昆虫寄主选择的"Preference-performance"假说。     

外源亚精胺对黄果柑果实抗氧化酶活性的影响

为探索亚精胺（spermidine,Spd）与3 种抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性变化的关系,以及黄果柑果实成熟过程中抗氧化酶活性的变化趋势。以5 a生黄果柑果树为实验材料,设置3 个不同质量浓度的亚精胺处理,通过叶面、果面喷施亚精胺,研究外源亚精胺对黄果柑果实发育后期抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：外源Spd能显著提高黄果柑果实中Spd和精胺含量,极显著降低腐胺含量;显著提高黄果柑果实转色初期CAT、POD和SOD活性;显著降低成熟后果实丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量,推迟MDA含量快速累积的时间。结果显示,外源Spd具有改善黄果柑果实抗氧化保护系统的功能,通过调控黄果柑果实抗氧化酶活性,提高自由基防御系统的防御能力。     

玉米氮气气调启封后品质变化规律研究

本文以初始含水率13.7%和14.5%的玉米为实验对象,采用99%浓度的氮气进行气调处理,对启封后的玉米分别在20、25、30 ℃条件下储藏过程中的抗氧化酶活性等品质进行检测和对比分析。结果表明：气调启封后气调组和对照组玉米游离脂肪酸（FFA）含量、过氧化物酶(POD)均有所下降,FFA含量降幅较明显,启封后储藏180天气调组和对照组分别降低了2.67μmol/L～5.34μmol/L和2.09μmol/L～3.39μmol/L;脂肪酸值、丙二醛含量（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸含量（DHA）等指标呈上升趋势。其中,12组抗氧化酶活性的综合评价得分均大于0.63,表明启封后在20 ℃条件下储藏6个月的抗氧化酶活性保持效果较好。     

烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂的毒力及其保护酶的影响

为了筛选对烟蚜茧蜂安全性高的药剂并明确烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂保护酶的影响,测定了3种烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂成虫的毒力以及不同浓度的吡虫啉对烟蚜茧蜂成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂成虫的毒力大小顺序为:啶虫脒 > 高效氯氟氰菊酯 > 吡虫啉;从不同浓度的吡虫啉对烟蚜茧蜂生命活动和防御机制的影响来看,除LC₁₀浓度吡虫啉促进烟蚜茧蜂成虫体内POD活性提高和3个浓度处理后12 h成虫CAT活性显著提高外,其余处理浓度和时间对3种酶的活性呈现抑制作用。此结果为探明烟蚜茧蜂对杀虫剂的防御机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

转基因稻谷Bt蛋白降解及长期取食对印度谷螟体内3种抗氧化酶活性的影响（网络首发、推荐阅读）

转Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac基因稻谷（华恢1号）可以用于储粮害虫印度谷螟的防治，前期研究表明在其短期取食含有Bt毒蛋白的稻谷后，其体内三种主要的抗氧化酶过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）、过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）的活力会发生明显变化。聚焦储藏期间的特性开展研究，结果发现，转基因稻谷稻壳和糙米中Bt蛋白含量分别为5.534 μg/g和1.003 μg/g，在25 ℃下经过270 d，其降解率分别为67.3%和27.7%。利用酶活力测定方法研究长期取食转Bt稻谷所制大米粉对印度谷螟幼虫体内上述三种酶活性的影响，结果表明，在含有不同比例的转Bt大米粉饲喂印度谷螟12 d及连续饲养5个月后，其体内的SOD活力均受到了显著抑制。但是对于POD而言，在长期取食不同含量的转Bt大米粉后，印度谷螟体内POD活性与对照相比产生了显著提高。同时，在印度谷螟幼虫长期取食转Bt大米粉后，其体内CAT活力随着含Bt大米粉比例的提高而显著增强。另外，使用转基因大米粉连续饲养5个月的印度谷螟种群体内的保护酶活力同喂食12d后的酶活变化趋势一致。结果说明在长期取食含有Bt毒素的大米粉后，印度谷螟幼虫体内三种保护酶的增降趋势存在差异，这表明印度谷螟体内三种保护酶可能存在不同的调节机制来应对Bt毒素的胁迫，这对于转Bt作物的毒理和相关抗性机理研究提供了理论依据。     

食料对烟草甲药剂敏感性及共生菌和解毒酶活性的影响

从食料-昆虫-药剂三者的关系出发,研究了由甘草、麦粒和烤烟3种食料饲养的烟草甲幼虫对药剂敏感性及其体内共生菌数量和酶活性的变化。结果表明,取食不同食料的烟草甲幼虫对供试杀虫剂的敏感性有较明显的差异,以麦粒饲养的烟草甲幼虫耐药性最强,烟草和甘草饲养的较弱。麦粒饲养的烟草甲幼虫中肠处的共生菌数量明显多于其它2种食料饲养的。同时,食料也不同程度地影响了烟草甲幼虫体内的解毒酶活性。     

艾叶总黄酮提取物体内外抗氧化活性研究

本文探究了艾叶总黄酮提取物（total flavonoids extract from folium of Artemisia argyi,TFEFAA）主要成分含量及其体内外抗氧化活性。本文采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法同时检测TFEFAA中异泽兰黄素和棕矢车菊素的含量;以1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、2,2-联氮-二（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）和羟自由基三种自由基的清除率和总还原力为指标,考察TFEFAA的体外抗氧化活性;将秀丽隐杆线虫（线虫）同期化后分别培养在含有0、50、100 μg/mL的TFEFAA的线虫生长培养基中,研究TFEFAA对线虫热应激和H₂O₂氧化应激的影响,同时检测线虫体内相关抗氧化酶活力和丙二醛（MDA）的含量。结果表明,异泽兰黄素和棕矢车菊素的含量分别为0.2%和0.06%;TFEFAA对DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基和羟自由基均具有显著的清除作用（P<0.05）,其半数清除浓度（IC₅₀）分别为96.51、67.73和279.38 μg/mL,清除能力与TFEFAA均呈剂量-效应关系,同时还具有较强的总还原力;100 μg/mL TFEFAA能极显著延长线虫在热应激和H₂O₂氧化应激条件下的存活时间（P<0.01）,同时极显著提高线虫体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）的活力（P<0.01）,并且显著降低线虫体内MDA含量（P<0.05）。TFEFAA在体内外均具有较好的抗氧化活性,其机制可能与提高体内抗氧化酶活性有关。因此,TFEFAA有望被开发成新型天然绿色食品抗氧化剂。     

采后水杨酸处理对金刺梨果实活性氧和苯丙烷代谢的影响

以金刺梨为材料,采后采用1.5 mmol/L水杨酸溶液浸泡10 min处理,并对果实贮藏期间腐烂率、失重率、细胞膜完整性、活性氧代谢以及苯丙烷代谢关键酶与代谢产物等指标进行测定,研究水杨酸对金刺梨果实活性氧代谢和苯丙烷代谢的影响。结果表明: 1.5 mmol/L水杨酸溶液浸泡处理可有效降低贮藏期间果实的失重率、腐烂率以及保持果实细胞膜完整性。提高了果实中O₂?·产生速率以及H₂O₂含量,同时提高了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性。另外,处理还提高了果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和4-香豆酰-辅酶A连接酶（4CL）活性,诱导果实中总酚和木质素的积累。由此表明,水杨酸可通过激活金刺梨果实体内抗氧化酶活性,苯丙烷代谢相关酶活性以及抗菌物质的积累来提高果实抗氧化能力,延缓果实衰老。     

食蚜瘿蚊对烟蚜的捕食作用

为研究食蚜瘿蚊不同龄期幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的捕食能力,通过室内试验评估不同龄期食蚜瘿蚊幼虫的捕食功能反应和食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的种内干扰作用。结果表明,食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的捕食功能反应均为Ⅱ型,其中2龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对1~2龄烟蚜的处理时间短（2.0525 h）,理论最大捕食量最大（11.69头）;3龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的控制作用均强于2龄食蚜瘿蚊幼虫,对高龄烟蚜（3~4龄）的控制效果最为明显;食蚜瘿蚊3龄幼虫对不同龄期烟蚜的日均捕食量随着食蚜瘿蚊密度的增加而显著增大,但平均捕食率随着食蚜瘿蚊密度的增加而逐渐减小。食蚜瘿蚊捕食不同龄期烟蚜的种内干扰作用不同,干扰程度为1~2龄（0.76） > 4龄（0.64） > 3龄（0.57）。因此,食蚜瘿蚊对烟蚜的控制潜能较大,是一种可应用的蚜虫天敌。     

Development of resistance in stored grain pest,Trogoderma granarium (Everts) against deltamethrin and its effective control by synergistic toxicity of bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos

The current investigation was conducted to estimate the resistance level against deltamethrin in fourth and sixth instar larvae of Trogoderma granarium collected from wheat storage warehouses of Dera Ghazi Khan (DGK), Okara (OKR) and Gujranwala (GUW). Results showed that the fourth and sixth instar larvae of collected strains warehouses moderately resistant to deltamethrin compared with the same developmental stages of insecticide susceptible laboratory strain (LAB-S). Efficacies of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and their various combinations were analyzed against fourth and sixth instar larvae of different strains of pest populations to minimize the development of resistance against deltamethrin. LC_50s of bifenthrin against fourth and sixth instar larvae of all the four populations were recorded at low concentrations compared to deltamethrin. The LC₅₀ values of bifenthrin against fourth instar larvae of LAB-S, DGK, OKR and GUW populations were 359.32, 416.58, 524.01 and 598.91 ppm, respectively, while these values were 204.30, 262.98, 301.89 and 355.22 ppm against sixth instar larvae of those populations, respectively. Chlorpyrifos was found to be the most effective insecticide compared to bifenthrin and deltamethrin. The LC₅₀ values of chlorpyrifos were 189.33, 305.37, 376.30 and 459.15 ppm against fourth instar larvae of LAB-S, DGK, OKR and GUW populations, respectively, whereas for sixth instar larvae those values were 98.24, 129.61, 163.43 and 230.74 ppm, respectively. Various combinations of bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos viz., 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 1:2 and 1:3 were also tested. Based on the values of LC₅₀ and relative toxic unit, 1:3 combination was observed as the most effective among all combinations. The LC₅₀ values of fourth instar larvae of all the four populations against each insecticide and their combinations were recorded at high concentration compared to that of sixth instar larvae. Results of current investigation need to be considered in present stored grain insect pest control program of warehouses in Punjab¹.     

Effects of azadirachtin on post-embryonic development, energy reserves and α-amylase activity of Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The effects of azadirachtin on the fourth instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera) were investigated. When incorporated into the diet at 2 and 4 ppm, azadirachtin provoked larval weight loss, developmental delay and high larval and pupal mortality. Spectrophotometric assays showed that azadirachtin caused a severe reduction in protein, glycogen and lipid contents 7 days after the beginning of the treatment. In addition, α-amylase activity was reduced in larvaefed azadirachtin.     

Effects of different food commodities on larval development and α-amylase activity of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The present work was undertaken to study the influence of four commodities (wheat flour, dates, sorghum and barley) on Plodia interpunctella post-embryonic development. Larval weight, larval mortality, pupation and adult emergence were recorded. The study also aimed to find out the effect of these commodities on protein and glycogen production as well as on α-amylase activity. Results indicated that the weight of fourth instar larvae placed on dates increased gradually. Percentage mortality was low. Pupation and adult emergence were delayed. In contrast, the weight of larvae placed on wheat flour, sorghum or barley remained low. Pupation and adult emergence occurred sooner than among those placed on dates and the percentage mortality was highest for larvae placed on barley. Results also showed that protein content and α-amylase activity were lower for larvae placed on dates than for those placed on other commodities. The biochemical composition of different commodities showed that dates are a rich source of glucose, while their protein and starch contents were very low as compared to the other commodities. In contrast, wheat flour, sorghum and barley contained large amounts of starch and protein and low amounts of glucose. Thus, the reduction in α-amylase activity was probably due to the high levels of glucose in dates.     

Assessment of eight rice cultivars flour for feeding resistance to Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an important pest of processed stored grains worldwide. Study of life history, feeding efficiency and digestive function of an insect on different host cultivars can indicate their resistance for the insect's population increase. Due to the economic importance of T. castaneum on stored rice flour, this research was aimed to investigate the life history, feeding indices and digestive enzymatic activity of T. castaneum on flour of eight rice cultivars (Ali-Kazemi, Dom-Siah, Fajr, Gilaneh, Gohar, Hashemi, Khazar, and Neda). A delay in the developmental time of T. castaneum was detected on cultivar Gohar. The lowest fecundity and egg fertility were observed on cultivar Gohar. Feeding indices of fourth instar larvae were the lowest on cultivars Gohar and Neda. The amylolytic activity of fourth instar larvae was the highest on cultivars Hashemi, Dom-Siah, Ali-Kazemi and Gilaneh, and the lowest on cultivar Gohar. Also, the highest and lowest proteolytic activities of fourth instar larvae were on cultivars Khazar and Hashemi, respectively. Significant correlations were detected between tested parameters of T. castaneum with starch and protein value of examined cultivars flour. The results of cluster analysis indicate that Dom-Siah, Hashemi and Ali-Kazemi are relatively susceptible cultivars, and other tested cultivars, especially Gohar, are relatively resistant cultivars for feeding of T. castaneum. The resistant rice cultivars could be further evaluated to identify secondary biochemicals that contribute to T. castaneum resistance.     

Feeding efficiency and digestive physiology of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) on different rice cultivars

The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the economic pests infesting many stored cereals in the world. The effects of six commercial rice, Oryza sativa L. cultivars including Hashemi, Shiroodi, Gilane, Khazar, Ali Kazemi and Domsiah were evaluated on nutritional indices and digestive enzymatic activity of fifth instar T. granarium at controlled conditions (33±1 °C, relative humidity of 65 ± 5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h). Fifth instar larvae consumed more food when reared on Gilane, and less food when reared on Khazar and Ali Kazemi. The larvae fed with Khazar had the lowest weight gain, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and growth index. The relative growth rate was the highest when larvae were fed with Gilane and lowest when they were fed with Khazar. The highest midgut proteolytic and amylolytic activities of larvae were on Gilane. However, the lowest proteolytic activity was on Khazar and the lowest amylolytic activity was on Khazar and Ali Khazemi. According to the obtained results, Khazar is an unsuitable cultivar for feeding and growth of T. granarium.     

流动注射式酶生物传感器检测蔬菜中农药残留的定量标准的研究

本文基于酶抑制原理,采用固定化鸡肝酯酶和自行研制的流动注射式酶生物传感器,研究了不同农药对酶的抑制程度,确定了甲胺磷作为农药检测的定量标准。同时,针对不同的抑制前的初始酶活,绘制了相应的抑制率--甲胺磷含量的标准曲线。并在此基础上,选用了甲胺磷、氧化乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、西维因和灭多威作为强化农药,对添加了一定强化农药量的黄瓜、青菜进行了定量测定,发现通过标准的建立可以较真实地反映样品中的农药残留量。     

Effect of particle size of soft wheat flour on the development of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The effect of soft wheat flours, characterized by different particle size, protein and starch content, on the development of Ephestia kuehniella was studied. The attractiveness of the substrata to first and third instar larvae was also considered.The different protein content of the flours did not significantly affect the development of E. kuehniella, nor did it affect the ability of the flours to attract larvae. In tests with soft wheat flours with the same nutritional value but different particle size, the highest mean number of adults and the shortest developmental period were recorded on samples with greatest particle size (250-419 μm).In order to test the attractiveness of soft wheat flour to larvae, a one-way olfactometer was used. There were no significant differences observed in the number of first and third instar larvae found on flours with different protein composition and particle size. Larvae of this species show limited mobility, in fact few individuals of either instar can reach the flour from a distance of 2 m. No larvae of either instar contacted the different substrata from a distance of 2.5 m.     

The action modes of an extracellular beta-1,3-glucanase isolated from Bacillus clausii NM-1 on beta-1,3-glucooligosaccharides

The mode of action of an extracellular -1,3-glucanase from Bacillus clausii NM-1 on beta-1,3-3glucooligosaccharides and their alditols was studied. The enzyme could not hydrolyze laminaribiose or laminaritriose. beta-1,3-Glucooligosaccharides higher than laminarihexaose were rapidly hydrolyzed, while laminaritetraose was slowly hydrolyzed. The k(cat)/K(m) ratios for a series of beta-1,3-glucooligosaccharides from laminaritetraose to laminariheptaose showed that the substrate binding site of the enzyme covered a wide range of beta-1,3-glucooligosaccharides having six glucose residues. The action pattern of the enzyme on the alditols corresponding to each laminarioligosaccharide suggested that the catalytic site of the enzyme existed between the third and fourth glucose residue from the non-reducing terminal. The value of k(cat)/K(m) also suggested that the sixth binding position contributed to the catalytic efficiency and stability.