中子诱发^235U裂变时^95Zr、^140Ba和^147Nd裂变产额随中子能量的变化

本厂作用直接γ能谱法测量了热中子和3.0、5.0、5.5、8.0和14.8 MeV中子诱发235U裂变时的裂变产物产额。本工作的目的是测量95Zr、140Ba、147Nd等核素的产额随入射中子能量的变化关系,进而研究其规律性。其中,140Ba是作为监督核测量的,它位于产额双驼峰曲线重峰的峰区。在本测量工作中,对样品中裂变产物的测量使用了直接γ能谱法。最后给出的测量结果除热中子是绝对测量值外,其余能点各核素的裂变产额值均是通过“快热比”方法给出的,即是以热中子诱发235U裂变产额为基准的相对产额值。采用“快热比”方法测量     

基于多核素的相对效率法

核取证学中材料成分分析、核恐怖事件中裂变产物分析和大样品活化分析等非破坏性测量中,探测效率刻度存在较大的挑战。本文解析了大样品多核素相对效率分析方法的基本原理,建立了基于多元素相对效率拟合方法。并通过某特殊形状铀辐照样品中裂变产物的特征峰信息,进行了双核素(母子体)和三核素(非母子体)效率拟合验证,研究表明多核素自刻度方法校准因子与母子体衰变校正因子在2%误差范围内一致。研究结果为特殊形状辐射样品无损分析技术奠定了基础。     

克量级铀中微量铕和铽的放化分离方法研究

为提高中子诱发铀裂变时低产额裂变产物~(156)Eu和~(161)Tb产额测量的精度,需获得放化纯的~(156)Eu和~(161)Tb样品。本工作建立了氢氧化物共沉淀法除铝、氟化钙共沉淀法除铀、TRPO萃取法提取稀土元素、阳离子交换色谱法从混合稀土元素中分离Eu和Tb的流程,可用于大量铀、铝和裂变产物中微量Eu和Tb的分离。在待分离样品中含2 g铀、0.65 g铝和裂变产物的条件下,该流程对Eu、Tb的化学回收率均大于80%,对U、~(239)Np、~(95)Zr、~(103)Ru、~(131)I、~(132)Te、~(140)Ba、~(140)La、~(141)Ce、~(147)Nd等主要干扰物质的去污因子达到10~6。该方法可满足中子诱发铀裂变时~(156)Eu和~(161)Tb产额精确测量的要求。     

1.4MeV-5MeV中子诱发~(238)U裂变产额测量

~(238)U裂变产额测量工作在核数据测量中有着重要意义,本工作利用2.5MeV质子静电加速器产生的1.4MeV-5MeV单能中子诱发238U裂变,通过对裂变产物放射性的测量对裂变产物核素~(135)I、~(133)I、~(105)Ru和~(91)Sr的产额进行了测定。照射过程中中子通量用活化法确定。分析了影响实验测量的多个因素,包括用MCNPX程序对中子在靶头及样品中的多次散射和自屏蔽效应进行了修正,对γ射线在样品中的自吸收进行修正等。得到产额数据典型误差为3.5%,最后把测量结果与已有的裂变产额数据进行比对。     

从铀及其裂变产物中提取~(140)Ba

一、引言自铀及其裂变产物中提取~(140)Ba的方法较多,通常是先用离子交换法或萃取法除去大量的铀和高价态离子,然后用发烟硝酸将Sr,Ba与其他裂变产物分离,最后再进一步纯化Ba。这样操作麻烦费时。本文推荐一个方便快速的制取高纯~(140)Ba的方法,而且用此程序可分离测定铀样品中的~(140)Ba。     

~(252)Cf自发裂变中子诱发~(235)U裂变时几个核素裂变产额的绝对测定

引言 在燃耗测量工作中,常应用质量产额曲线峰上的裂变产物核素作为监测体。一般说来,这些核素的裂变产额随入射中子能量的变化不灵敏。但是~(99)Mo的情况比较复杂。文献中~(235)U热中子裂变的产额数据相互符合得较好,但是裂变谱或快堆谱诱发裂变时,数据比较混乱,     

燃料元件中~(235)U丰度的快中子诱发裂变测量方法研究

铀同位素丰度分析是确保核燃料元件在堆中安全可靠运行非常重要的质量控制环节。本文从裂变产额质量分布曲线图中,选取位于双驼峰曲线两翼的、裂变产物的产额随可裂变核素的不同有较大的变化的核素~(88)Rb、~(107)Rh、~(135)I作为测量对象,绘制了平均裂变产额比Y_((88 Rb))/Y_((107 Rh)、Y_(88 Rb)/Y_(135 I)与铀丰度之间的关系曲线。利用两条工作曲线对不同堆型元件的模拟样品进行了分析,并就元件包壳对分析结果的影响进行了理论和实验研究。为了验证方法的准确性,分别对3.03%的模拟样品测量了各5次,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%。     

裂变产额差异法测量~(235)U丰度

利用裂变产额差异法,从裂变产额质量分布曲线,选取位于双驼峰曲线两翼的裂变产物的产额随可裂变核素的不同有很大变化的核素88Rb、104Tc和92Sr作为测量对象,选择平均裂变产额比88Rb Y/104Tc Y、92Sr Y/104Tc Y为监测对象,研究了平均产额比与铀丰度之间的关系曲线,获得了平均产额比/i j Y Y随丰度H0变化的关系式Y1/Y2-f(H0)。利用两条关系曲线分别对72.2%的模拟样品测量5次,RSD均优于2%。将样品分析结果与无源γ射线法的结果相比较,两种方法在规定的误差范围内结果是一致的。     

14.8 MeV中子诱发~(238)U裂变产物产额测量

裂变产物产额作为裂变过程的一个重要参数,其准确测量对有关裂变的很多方面都有重要意义。为了准确测量中子诱发~(238)U裂变产物产额,利用中国工程物理研究院PD-300加速器上的T(d,n)4He反应,产生14.8MeV的中子,诱发~(238)U裂变。辐照过程中,通过金硅面垒半导体探测器监测中子通量的变化。使用Al片作为监测片计算整个照射过程中样品的平均中子通量。辐照结束后,利用高纯锗(High-Purity Germanium,HPGe)探测器测得裂变产物特征γ射线计数,计算得到裂变产物的产额,使用MCNPX软件对中子的多次散射和自屏蔽效应进行修正,并通过计算得到样品和监测片的自吸收修正、中子通量波动因子。得到了95Zr、127Sb、140Ba、147Nd、131I、103Ru等长半衰期产物的累积产额值,并将结果与以前的文献值做了比对,研究结果有助于~(238)U裂变产物产额的分析和评价。     

14.9MeV中子诱发~(235)U裂变时几个核素累积产额的绝对测量

引言 在裂变产额数据中,人们对单能中子诱发裂变的数据越来越感兴趣,其中14MeV中子诱发裂变产额测量工作较多,但在所发表的数据中,除~(99)Mo和~(140)Ba是绝对测量值外,其余大部分是相对测量值,并且数据分歧较大。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.