A novel sensorless control method for brushless DC motor

The authors present the theory and implementation of a novel sensorless control method for the interior permanent magnet (IPM) brushless DC motor (BLDCM). The proposed new sensorless technique can accurately detect the zero-cross point (ZCP) of back electromotive force (BEMF), which is based on a comparison of the terminal voltage of the un conducting phase during the first and second part of a pulse width modulation (PWM) cycle. Compared with the conventional BEMF sensorless approach, the proposed new sensorless method solves the problem of the sensorless BLDCM drives at very low speeds. Experimental results confirm the validity of the new method.     

Sensored and sensorless speed control methods for brushless doubly fed reluctance motors

The study considers aspects of scalar V/f control, vector control and direct torque (and flux) control (DTC) of the brushless doubly fed reluctance machine (BDFRM) as a promising cost-effective alternative to the existing technological solutions for applications with restricted variable speed capability such as large pumps and wind turbine generators. Apart from providing a comprehensive literature review and analysis of these control methods, the development and results of experimental verification, of an angular velocity observerbased DTC scheme for sensorless speed control of the BDFRM which, unlike most of the other DTC-concept applications, can perform well down to zero supply frequency of the inverter-fed winding, have also been presented in the study     

A new measuring method to detect the emissions of metal working fluid mist

During metal machining the rotating machine tool or grinding wheel is generating fine droplets and vapor which can cause occupational health problems. A new continuous measuring method was developed to detect both droplets and vapor of metalworking fluid mist and to provide information about the droplet size distribution. According to this method, an air sample of the metalworking fluid mist is segregated by impactors of different cut sizes, carried out in several successive passes. In each pass the droplets that are not collected in the impactor are fed into an evaporator that immediately evaporates all droplets, and subsequently the sample is analyzed in-line by a Flame Ionization Detector (FID). By subtraction of the value measured at the respectively next smaller fraction, the oil amount of the metalworking fluid mist found in a certain droplet size range is obtained. The metalworking fluid mist is thus segregated according to the droplet size, and a definite cut size between droplet and vapor can be defined, below which we can say "vapor". This method was calibrated with Di-2-Ethylhexyl-Sebacat (DEHS) as equivalence substance for further measurements applied on various metalworking fluids.     

基于参数辨识的永磁同步电机自校正速度控制方法

针对永磁同步电机伺服系统的机械参数经常发生变化的情况,提出了一种通过辨识转动惯量和摩擦系数实现速度控制器系数自校正的方法.辨识转动惯量和摩擦系数采用的是根据波波夫超稳定理论设计的一种转动惯量和摩擦系数的模型参考辨识算法.辨识中引入了负载转矩观测器的观测值,使辨识算法不需要附加条件.参数辨识的结果用于速度控制器的校正.通过实验分析了速度环采用比例积分(PI)控制器时控制器的系数不等于理论计算值的问题,得出了一种简单的控制器系数自校正规律--比例系数和转动惯量成正比,且积分系数和摩擦系数也成正比.这种方法能够根据机械参数的变化校正控制器,提高速度控制的性能.仿真结果证明了参数辨识方法和控制器系数校正规律的有效性.     

Initial rotor position estimation and sensorless direct torque control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors considering saturation saliency

For a practical direct torque-controlled (DTC) permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, the information of the initial rotor position, which is usually obtained by a mechanical position sensor, is essential for starting under the full load. To avoid the disadvantages of using mechanical position sensors, great efforts have been made on the development of sensorless control schemes. An initial rotor position estimation strategy is presented for a DTC PMSM drive based on a nonlinear model of PMSM incorporating both structural and saturation saliencies. In the new scheme, specially designed high-voltage pulses are applied to amplify the saturation saliencies. The peak currents corresponding to the voltage pulses are used, in combination with the inductance patterns, to determine the d-axis position and the polarity of the rotor. The presented initial rotor position identification strategy has been implemented in a sensorless DTC drive for a surface-mounted PMSM. Experiments are conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the method and the performance of the drive system.     

一种滤除衰减简谐振动信号中奇异点的新方法

提出了将带有奇异点的衰减简谐振动信号成分转换成简谐信号 ,再用畸点衰减法滤除奇异点的新思想。在分析衰减简谐振动信号与简谐信号幅值特性的基础上 ,发展了通过在衰减简谐振动信号中乘以逆衰减因子 ,将衰减简谐振动信号成分变换成简谐信号的新方法。对仿真和实测信号的应用研究表明 ,所提新方法切实可行且精度较高 ,能满足工程实际需要。     

微透镜列阵浮雕深度控制的新方法

在对材料光刻阈值特性进行研究的基础上,提出了一种可有效克服材料非线性特性影响,提高微透镜浮雕深度的新方法——基底曝光法。在曝光之前,对抗蚀剂整体施加一定量的曝光,提升抗蚀剂刻蚀基面。该方法可制作出面形均方根误差小于3%的微透镜阵列。     

A new method of accurate polarization measurement on isobaric analog resonance to detect parity non-conservation effect

For the study of parity mixing in the compound states, a method to measure the longitudinal analyzing power A_z of the isobaric analog resonance (IAR) as a function of energy in the proton elastic scattering is discussed. A thick target is used and energy loss of the protons in the target is utilized to measure the energy dependence. The energy resolution is presented and the sources of the systematic errors in A_z are discussed together with the way of their elimination. The method has been shown to be quite efficient for deriving both the transverse and the longitudinal analyzing powers. The measurement of A_z for the s-wave IAR at E_cm=5.86 MeV in ⁹⁰Zr(p,p) and the analysis to derive PNC matrix elements are described.     

A digital method for the determination of the magneticcharacteristic of variable reluctance motors

A digital method is proposed for the measurement of the magnetic flux, starting from the digital integration of the induced electromotive force (EMF). The method features sensitivity and accuracy greater than, or at least as high as, that of other methods, and is applied to the determination of the flux-linkage-versus-current diagrams of a variable-reluctance (VR) motor. Two different methods are proposed to determine flux variations in the motor magnetic circuit, and the results of the experimental work carried out on a typical 4-kW switched reluctance (SR) motor, show that the methods are in good agreement. The methods allow quicker and more accurate determination of the flux-linkage characteristics than other proposed methods, and allow the measurement of flux-linkage values for any value of the excitation current and of the rotor position. For this reason, the methods are useful for the determination of flux-linkage characteristics to be used in the analytical prediction of VR motor performance     

A new method for quality control of zinc pyritione pharmaceutical and cosmetic forms

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed to determine zinc pyritione in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Reversed-phase chromatography was conducted using a C₁₈ column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of a suitable mixture of methanol, acetonitrile, and water (30:2.5:20). The effluent was monitored on a ultraviolet (UV) detector at 243 nm. The method was validated following International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) suggestions and proved accurate, precise, and specific.     

一种基于Chord的完全分布式克隆TPM检测方案

针对直接匿名验证(DAA)协议中使用可变名字基时检测克隆可信平台模块(TPM)存在的困难,在保持TPM高匿名度的前提下,提出了一种基于Chord的完全分布式克隆TPM检测方案.将访问服务的TPM映射到Chord覆盖层中,在不依赖可信第三方(TTP)参与的情况下实现了对克隆TPM的有效检测.以服从泊松分布的TPM访问规律和服从负指数分布的服务时间为模型,对该方案和已有方案的性能进行了分析与仿真,结果表明该方案具有高检测率和零虚警率等特性.该检测方案思想可以在不增加额外开销的情况下部署到基于分布式哈希表(DHT)的完全分布式系统中.     

A new approach to detect and size closed cracks by ultrasonics

The effect of a crack on time-of-flight of shear waves (4.5 MHz) polarized in perpendicular (t ) and parallel (t ) directions to the crack surface, propagating parallel to the direction of crack growth is investigated. The first and second back-wall echoes are used instead of the weak crack-tip echo for the measurement of time-of-flight. The measurement is made for fatigue cracks grown by different loading histories in ferritic steel (pressure vessel steel A533B-1) under the condition of no loading. The normalized time-of-flight (t –t )/t at the crack position is found to change proportionally as the ratio of crack depth to specimen width increases. The change is mainly due to the effect of plastic deformation occurring around the crack ont . It is shown that the depth of tightly closed fatigue crack in austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) also can be evaluated under the condition of no loading by using this relationship.     

A hybrid method of analysis of low-speed linear induction motors

A current-excited low-speed solid-iron secondary single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM) with aluminum reaction rail is considered, A hybrid method of analysis consisting of field analysis in conjunction with the multilayer transfer-matrix concept with adjustment of secondary iron permeability to match the tangential magnetizing field in each layer is developed. It is shown that this method gives valuable information on permeability and flux penetration in secondary iron. Computed thrusts are in good agreement with test results.     

动态测试数据中坏点处理的一种新方法--绝对均值法及应用研究

本文简要介绍了剔除坏点数据的几种经典方法，并对动态测试中数字时序信号的坏点剔除方法进行了探讨。根据动态测试中数字时序信号的特点提出了一种剔除坏点的新方法——绝对均值法，并给出了绝对均值法中阀值形确定的范围。作者采用绝对均值法和莱因达（PaЙTa）法分别对三组实测数据进行坏点数据的剔除处理，对处理结果的分析对比表明运用绝对均值法剔除动态测试数据中的坏点数据比莱因达法效果更好。     

A new method to control electrolytes pH by circulation system in electrokinetic soil remediation

To simultaneously avoid a decrease of electro-osmotic flow by hydrogen ions and to increase heavy metal precipitation due to hydroxide ions, simulated electrokinetic remediation was conducted in saturated kaolinite specimens loaded with lead(II) using an electrolyte circulation method to control electrolyte pH. At an electrolyte circulation rate of 1.1 ml/min, it was possible to increase the anolyte pH from 2 to 4 and decrease the catholyte pH from 12 to 8. Using electrolyte circulation, it was observed that the rate of decrease of clay pH due to the change of electrolyte pH was reduced. As a result, the operable period was extended and the removal efficiency for lead(II) was also increased. It was observed that most of the effluent lead(II) from the cathode compartment was electroplated onto the cathode and that residual effluent lead(II) did not precipitate onto, or adsorb to, the clay at the anode compartment during circulation. Therefore, there was no need to treat the electrolyte because there was virtually no effluent from the cathode compartment in the circulation system. It was also found that the electrolyte volume required to sustain the electrolytic reaction was sufficient for the whole electrokinetic remediation process.     

An analytical method for the calculation of static characteristicsof linear step motors for control rod drives in nuclear reactors

An analytical method for calculating static characteristics of linear dc step motors (LSM) is described. These multiphase passive-armature motors are now being developed for control rod drives (CRD) in large nuclear reactors. The static characteristics of such LSM is defined by the variation of electromagnetic force with armature displacement and it determines motor performance in its standing and dynamic modes of operation. The proposed analytical technique for calculating this characteristic is based on the permeance analysis method applied to phase magnetic circuits of LSM. Reluctances of various parts of phase magnetic circuit is calculated analytically by assuming probable flux paths and by taking into account complex nature of magnetic field distribution in it. For given armature positions stator and armature iron saturations are taken into account by an efficient iterative algorithm which gives fast convergence. The method is validated by comparing theoretical results with experimental ones which shows satisfactory agreement for small stator currents and weak iron saturation     

Rotor position estimator for stator flux-oriented sensorless control of slip ring induction machine

A rotor position estimation scheme for stator flux-oriented speed sensorless control of slip ring induction machine (SRIM) is presented in this paper. Position of the rotor is estimated by integrating the rotor back-electromotive force. The problem of DC drift during integration is eliminated using an error-decaying mechanism in the estimator. This estimation scheme reduces the propagation of noise in the sensed current to the estimated rotor side unit vectors. This scheme also eliminates the need for differentiating the unit vectors for estimating slip frequency. The proposed scheme is simulated and experimentally verified.