FRM用先进陶瓷纤维及其拉伸强度

陶瓷,其耐热性、耐腐蚀性、功能性等引起人们重视,作为一种新材料而得到开发,其有用性得到了公认。所谓新材料,或明显提高原料纯度,或使其形状极端微细化、微粉化或者薄膜化,或使原料组合、制成合金,从而使材料性能得到空前的发挥。碳化硅(SiC)、硼(B)、氧化铝(Al₂O₃)等陶瓷也可使其形状变成又细又长的纤维状,从而使拉伸强度提高,使陶瓷的使用变得容易起来。本稿将就最近开发的轻质高强陶瓷纤维的性能加以介绍。      

有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对缺口层合板强度预测的影响

本文采用有限元方法对正交各向异性材料含有不同椭圆孔形状的有限宽度板作了分析,给出了有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对应力集中因子K₁和孔边应力分布σ_y(x,0)的影响公式。数值结果表明:正交各向异性板的有限宽度和椭圆孔形状对K_r和σ_y(x,0)的影响均与各向同性材料不同,所以有限宽度和椭圆孔形状将对缺口层合板强度的预测产生影响。      

复合材料加筋板的动力分析

本文构造了九自由度三角形拟协调罚函数复合材料板单元与六自由度复合材料梁单元,考虑了剪切变形与转动惯量的影响。用这两种单元对复合材料加筋板的自由振动、阻尼特性和瞬态响应问题进行了研究,给出一些有益结果。      

让七十多年前的影片《迷途的羔羊》重返银幕

中国电影资料馆珍藏着大量早期影片,其中许多具有珍贵的保存价值.1936年由蔡楚生编导、任光谱曲的<迷途的羔羊>是我国第一部以流浪儿童为题材的影片,也是我国儿童影片中的第一部有声片.此片在思想和艺术上都取得了突破,尤其是以童谣形式演唱的主题歌<月光光歌>感人至深,充分发挥了音乐的魅力,增强了整部影片的感染力.影片公映后,深受广大观众的欢迎和电影工作者的赞扬.七十多年过去了,当我们准备再次让它同观众见面时,却发现能够最真实、最原始记录影音效果的原底、声底片却出现了许多问题,给复制工作带来了空前的难度,这是我们从事资料影片复制工作三十多年来从未遇到过的难题.主要有以下几方面问题:     

热力公司锅炉附属仪表使用及检定情况

目前在新疆的供热公司大多存在着麻痹思想,对锅炉的附属仪表均不够重视,因此导致的安全隐患几乎都没有意识到.     

地震吓不倒档案人

2008年5月12日下午,一场史无前例的特大地震突袭四川,造成了巨大的生命财产损失.东方电气集团东方电机有限公司位于德阳市旌阳区,离震中的直线距离不到80公里,地震烈度达到7度,许多房屋损坏,属于重灾区.灾害发生后,由于组织及时,措施得力,档案部门全体职工在几分钟内有序地撤离到安全地带,无一伤亡.     

加拿大国家档案馆珍藏概览(5)——镜头中的加拿大

1989年是照片诞生后的第150周年.自从第一次将光影与化学结合起来用于从大自然中获得永恒的图片后,自然风光摄影就倍受争议.不管怎样,无论艺术还是科学,技艺还是职业,摄影都是产生于客观性与选择性之间,创造性与现实性之上的一种档案媒介.在最新的一次统计后,国家档案馆现今保存有1500万以上的照片档案.不管是百年前拍摄的还是上个星期刚刚拍摄的,照片所要传递出的要素通常是些非常独特的信息.无论照片、底片和幻灯片,是黑白的还是彩色的,无论旧与新,不管是退色了的还是色彩艳丽的,单独的还是成集合的,最为关键的是它们都见证了加拿大历史与社会的发展与兴衰.     

世界著名帐篷露营地

<正>住在帐篷露营地被认为是最经济实惠的旅行住宿方式,特别是在欧美国家,帐篷营地的费用通常比附近价格最为低廉的旅店还要便宜。如今,帐篷营地已经成为一项产业并且发展得非常成熟,大多数都配有能够满足生活需要的基础设施,比如厕所、淋浴间、洗衣房等,很多还配有丰富的活动场所和设备。除此之外,     

DCI为什么要求数字影院放映系统的分辨率为4K或2K

上世纪90年代初,美国电影电视工程师学会"数字影像层级结构"特别工作小组对成像系统的空间分辨率要求进行了研究.该小组从分辨率的角度将显示器分为低分辨率、常规分辨率、高分辨率和超高分辨率等四个层级.该小组基于以下几个基本概念,提出了空间分辨率层级的设计理念:--基于常用的数字处理和存储体系结构的一种层级整数递进;--支持基于影像贴片(image tile)的各种宽高比和空间分辨率;--能够利用适宜分辨率的贴片,针对任何应用要求来构建显示器.通过使用贴片和仅仅四个分辨率层级,便有可能构建出适用于任何用途的新显示器,而且这种显示器还可以用于显示来自任何其它层级的影像.美国数字电影倡导组织(DCI)要求数字影院放映系统的分辨率为4K或2K,属超高分辨率或高分辨率的级别.     

Mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterojunction-enhanced Raman scattering

Van der Waals heterojunctions(vdWHs)provide an excellent material system for the research of heterojunction-enhanced Raman scattering(HERS)due to their complexity and diversity.However,the traditional two-dimensional vdWHs are not conducive to the full utilization of near-field light due to the limitation of single dimension.Herein,we fabricate T-shaped mixed-dimensional SnSe₂/ReS₂ vdWHs via chemical vapor deposition and wetting transfer method,and demonstrate that the mixed-dimensional vdWHs can be used as ultrasensitive HERS chips based on the effective photo-induced charge transfer.Besides,the radiative energy transfer effect enhanced by near-field light further magnifies the HERS signals,improving the detection limit of rhodamine 6G(R6G)to femtomolar level.Furthermore,we demonstrate that the ultrasensitive screening of crystal violet in multicomponent solutions adsorbed on SnSe₂/ReS₂ vdWHs can be achieved by adjusting the laser wavelength,which has not been achieved by noble metal materials.This work provides new insights into the mixed-dimensional vdWHs and demonstrates the great application potential of T-shaped heterojunctions.     

灵捷虚拟企业盟主问题的研究

分析了盟主的角色，引入了盟主就是虚拟企业家的概念，提出了盟主所承担的五大职能。在此基础上，探讨了个人／或企业作为盟主的必备条件，认为在知识拥有方面具有比较优势的个人或企业更适合作盟主。揭示了虚拟企业知识驾驭资本的委托权结构，并阐明了知识驾驭资本的含义。     

Modelling scale failure in tension (fracture and spallation)

Abstract

The paper addresses some important issues that relate to the prediction of through-thickness cracking and spallation that can occur in oxide layers subject to local tensile stresses that arise during cooling following periods in service where the oxide layers form and thicken. The issues are addressed in the context of steam corrosion of ferrous substrates that leads to the formation of three corrosion layers, namely, spinel, magnetite and haematite (on the outer exposed surface). For this system, the magnetite layer develops tensile stresses that lead to through-thickness cracking in this layer. The first issue concerns the failure criteria that should be used when predicting the formation of through-thickness cracking. A popular approach is to assume that an oxide layer develops through-thickness cracks when a critical tensile stress (the oxide strength) or strain (the oxide strain to failure) is encountered. Another approach applies fracture mechanics principles to defects that are assumed to exist in the oxide layer, although there is great uncertainty regarding the relevant defect size distributions that control behaviour. A third lower bound (and conservative) approach, that is discussed in some detail, is to consider the energetics of steady state through-thickness cracking that avoids the fracture energy issue of needing to know the defect size that initiates through-thickness cracking. The applicability of the three approaches is discussed with regard to predicting the progressive growth of through-thickness cracking in the magnetite layer, and the importance of residual stresses. Example predictions are made using a proven analytical stress transfer model that enables simulations to be made of progressive through-thickness cracking in the magnetite layer.

The second issue that is discussed concerns the development of interface cracking from through-thickness cracks that can lead to the spallation of oxide layers. One key factor is the influence of the spacing of through-thickness cracks that can determine the size of oxide fragments that might be released during spallation. Another key factor is the determination of conditions for steady-state debond growth that is a critical factor when considering conditions for spallation of oxide layers.

Issues that are considered to require further investigation are highlighted.     

Analysis of long flow lines with quality and operational failures

This paper presents approximation methods for the performance analysis of long manufacturing lines, i.e. lines with more than two machines and one buffer, that have both quality and operational failures. We describe three different versions of long flow lines that differ in the locations of the inspection stations and in the sets of machines that each inspection station monitors. We explain a transformation method that approximates long manufacturing lines that have quality and operational failures with long lines that only have operational failures. Such lines can be evaluated by decomposition methods. We introduce other approximations to quantify the effects of the separation of inspections from operations. Comparison with simulation shows that the solution methods provide reliable performance estimates.     

隔震高层结构的悬臂梁模型的地震反应研究

对底部隔震悬臂梁的地震等效作用和效应进行了研究。水平力作用下具有弯曲型侧移曲线的悬臂梁在动力特征上与高层结构接近,隔震悬臂梁可作为隔震高层结构的一种等效的简化模型。采用伯努利-欧拉梁理论推导出底部隔震悬臂梁的周期和振型,利用振型反应分解谱法分析隔震悬臂梁的地震效应,研究隔震前后各振型的等效地震作用的变化。研究发现隔震高层减振的主要原因在于调整了各振型对内力的贡献比例,延长了高阶振型的周期,从而降低高阶振型的影响,实现减振的目的;隔震对结构上部和底部作用也不同,且对剪力影响大于弯矩;隔震层刚度越弱,对高阶振型的抑制作用越明显,隔震后与隔震前1 阶振型的周期比大于1.4 可取得较好的隔震效果,规则的隔震高层结构可只采用2 个振型计算。     

Effect of shot peening on fatigue limit of surface flawed samples

The effects of shot peening on the fatigue limit of specimens having a semicircular notch of varied surface length, 2a , are investigated. In the case of un-peened specimens, the fatigue limit of specimens having a notch of a = 0.05 mm was equal to that of the un-notched specimens. However, the fatigue limit of a = 0.3 mm was 46% smaller than that of the un-notched specimens. On the contrary, in the case of peened specimens, the fatigue limit of a = 0.2 mm was equal to that of the un-notched specimens and furthermore, that of a = 0.3 mm was only 5% smaller than that of the un-notched specimens. Multiple non-propagating cracks were observed in peened specimens after fatigue testing. The stress intensity factor of the maximum non-propagating crack size corresponded to that of a = 0.2 mm notch. These results indicate that shot peening increases fatigue limit and decreases the likelihood that a surface flaw will result in failure.     

Power computations in time series analyses for traffic safety interventions

The evaluation of traffic safety interventions or other policies that can affect road safety often requires the collection of administrative time series data, such as monthly motor vehicle collision data that may be difficult and/or expensive to collect. Furthermore, since policy decisions may be based on the results found from the intervention analysis of the policy, it is important to ensure that the statistical tests have enough power, that is, that we have collected enough time series data both before and after the intervention so that a meaningful change in the series will likely be detected. In this short paper, we present a simple methodology for doing this. It is expected that the methodology presented will be useful for sample size determination in a wide variety of traffic safety intervention analysis applications. Our method is illustrated with a proposed traffic safety study that was funded by NIH.     

n型苝/p型无金属酞菁异质复合多层膜的紫外-可见吸收谱研究

利用真空蒸发技术生长了层厚为纳米数量级的n型导电系衍生物 (全氟取代酰亚胺 ) /p型导电无金属酞菁异质复合多层膜 ,并测试了样品的紫外 -可见吸收光谱。UV -Vis吸收谱实验结果表明 ,对应酞菁Q带吸收的主峰消失 ,次峰发生蓝移 ;全氟取代酰亚胺的吸收峰也发生蓝移 ,吸收带宽度扩展。结果表明 ,复合多层结构中与酞菁之间的电荷转移及纳米层厚导致的量子尺寸效应使分子中电子跃迁发生变化 ,导致吸收谱改变     

Effect of different modes of viral spread on the dynamics of multiply infected cells in human immunodeficiency virus infection

Infection of individual cells with more than one HIV particle is an important feature of HIV replication, which may contribute to HIV pathogenesis via the occurrence of recombination, viral complementation and other outcomes that influence HIV replication and evolutionary dynamics. A previous mathematical model of co-infection has shown that the number of cells infected with i viruses correlates with the ith power of the singly infected cell population, and this has partly been observed in experiments. This model, however, assumed that virus spread from cell to cell occurs only via free virus particles, and that viruses and cells mix perfectly. Here, we introduce a cellular automaton model that takes into account different modes of virus spread among cells, including cell to cell transmission via the virological synapse, and spatially constrained virus spread. In these scenarios, it is found that the number of multiply infected cells correlates linearly with the number of singly infected cells, meaning that co-infection plays a greater role at lower virus loads. The model further indicates that current experimental systems that are used to study co-infection dynamics fail to reflect the true dynamics of multiply infected cells under these specific assumptions, and that new experimental techniques need to be designed to distinguish between the different assumptions.     

Simulation of high-speed packaging lines

Simulation is a problem-solving technique that requires the creation of a mathematical model for a real-life system. This allows experimentation on that model such that answers to ‘what if’ questions can be provided. The mathematical relationships and constraints that define the behaviour of a packaging line are relatively easy to derive but difficult to optimize. This results from the stochastic behaviour of most packaging lines and means that simulation becomes the preferred problem-solving technique. This paper shows a specification of requirements that was prepared to develop software that overcomes the limitations found in currently available programs. It also shows the development of new software designed specifically for high-speed packaging lines. This software has been created and used to simulate a wide variety of packaging lines. It was found capable of delivering efficiency gains of up to 15%.     

Biohybrid Design Gets Personal: New Materials for Patient-Specific Therapy

Precision medicine requires materials and devices that can sense and adapt to dynamic physiological and pathological conditions. This motivates the design and manufacture of biohybrid materials that mimic the responsive behaviors demonstrated by natural biological systems. Two parallel approaches to biohybrid design are presented—biomimetics and biointegration. Biohybrid hydrogels that mimic the form and function of natural materials, or that integrate living cells or bioactive moieties, can respond to a range of environmental stimuli in parallel, including heat, light, pH, hydration, enzymes, and electric, mechanical, and magnetic forces. A range of examples that illustrate the tremendous potential of this nascent discipline are presented, and ongoing technical challenges related to manufacturing, storage, transport, and external noninvasive control of these materials that will need to be overcome in the coming years are outlined. The ethical, educational, and regulatory challenges that will govern translation of biohybrid design into medical applications are also discussed. Personalized medical therapies that target the precise needs of patients are a critically needed and expanding market. Biohybrid design offers the unique ability to manufacture materials and devices that match the dynamic and patient-specific in vivo environment, promising to generate more effective and safe therapies that enable personalized care.