Das kranke Kind in der Literatur der Neuzeit

The relationship between literature and medicine consists of many dimensions and has a long tradition – from antiquity up to the present, medicine itself has a literary or artistic nature, is both “art” (ars) and “science” (scientia), combines natural sciences and humanities.The whole world of medicine has been represented in literary texts. Literature has often taken the disease and therapy of children as their subject. These representations can be classified in eight dimensions: 1. pathophenomenology, 2. etiology, 3. subjectivity of the patient, 4. image of the physician, 5. diagnostics and therapy, 6. medical institution, 7. social reactions, 8. symbolism. Sickness and health of the child, in their natural and cultural breadth, remind medicine of its fundamentally scientific and humanistic nature. Health and disease are concerned with life and death, and are closely connected to the physical, social, psychic, and spiritual nature of humans.      

CA3O – Eine neue Methode der Klebeschichtoptimierung nach dem Vorbild der Natur

CA³O – A New Method of Adhesive Optimization Modeled on Nature For millions of years, nature has optimized its constructions such that a maximum degree of material utilization is reached with a minimum expenditure. These optimizations of living tissue are by no means completed. Constantly, natural constructions are adapted to newly generated loads. To learn from nature therefore means to transfer the optimization knowledge from natural constructions to technical components. Reproduction of exact biologic processes mostly does not lead to the goal. Instead, it is crucial to search for the directives of growth. The CAO method (computer‐aided optimization) [1] is a very successful method of component optimization that mimics the growth of trees based on a simple rule and, thus, optimizes technical components. The growth rule is summarized by an axiom: The axiom of constant stress [1]. The CAO method represents the starting point of the new method of adhesive optimization. The method of optimizing adhesive layers and the underlying growth rules shall be described below.adhesive layer, assembly component, optimization, axiom of constant stress, bionics     

Edge induced band bending in van der Waals heterojunctions: A first principle study

Nano Research - The dangling bond free nature of two-dimensional (2D) material surface/interface makes van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure attractive for novel electronic and optoelectronic...     

The generic enhancement of photochromic dye switching speeds in a rigid polymer matrix

The switching or isomerization speed of photochromic dyes in a rigid polymeric matrix (such as an ophthalmic lens) is generally significantly slower than that observed in the mobile environment of a solution. Here we describe that the attachment of flexible oligomers having a low glass-transition temperature-such as poly(dimethylsiloxane)-to photochromic dyes greatly increases their switching speeds in a rigid polymer matrix. The greatest impact was observed in the thermal fade parameters T(1/2) and T(3/4)-the times it takes for the optical density to reduce by half and three quarters of the initial optical density of the coloured state-which were reduced by 40-95% and 60-99% respectively for spirooxazines, chromenes and an azo dye in a host polymer with a glass-transition temperature of 120 degrees C. The method does not alter the electronic nature of the dyes but simply protects them from the host matrix and provides greater molecular mobility for the switching process. In addition to ophthalmic lenses, the generic nature of the method may find further utility in data recording or optical switching.     

Gibt es eine Universalkerbkontur nach dem Vorbild der Natur?

Notch stresses are bending stresses due to the deformation of the notch contour line which are superimposed to the nominal stresses. This dual nature of the overall stresses allows to generate an uniform stress state along the notch contour by increasing the superimposed bending stress in the same way as the nominal stress decreases. This was possible till now by CAO (Computer Aided Optimization) [1,2] which simulates tree growth. However a FEM‐program and CAO‐software were necessary. By this deeper understanding of the nature of notch stresses a simple pocket calculator can do the job. Even a pair of compasses and a 45° angle can help. The optimized notch shapes are very similar, so it seems that a universal notch shape might exist under certain circumstances. Fatigue tests by swelling bending proof the success by drastic increase of the number of load cycles until failure.     

Zur Frage der drucklosen Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von pulverförmigen Werkstoffen

Contribution to the Problem of Pressure-less Measurements of the Electric Conductivity of Powder Materials Two authors (1, 2) proposed to use the electric conductivity of a loosely packed powder bed as the electric characteristics of the power material. The authors got reproducible and intercomparable results applying their method on various oxide powders, e.g. reduced MnO₂ and mixed oxides. This is in contradiction to the common experience that in the range of small pressure, reliable results hardly can be obtained. Obviously, some special conditions have made the good results possible. Here below, the pressure-less method has been applied to four different powders: a species of MnO₂, copper, Cd(OH)₂ and PbO₂. As the principal result, it has to be stated that the pressure-less method delivers reliable results only in the case of such powders, whose grain core resistance doesn't have to be neglected against the contact resistance between the grains. This condition is fulfilled here only in the case of manganese dioxide. Probably, the oxide powders under study in (1, 2) also have been in the correct range. In spite of this, the pressure-less method may not be applied on metal powders or on the metal-likek PbO₂ powder. Also in the case of Cd(OH)₂ masses, severe objections exist.     

Anwendung der Hohlkatodenplasmaquelle in der Vakuumtechnik

Various effective and simple constructed plasma sources can be developed by using the hollow cathode effect. The improve of the plasma efficiency is caused by the penetration of two or more glow regions of different parts of the cathode. The equatation p × d ∽ 1 mbar cm is a rule of thumb for the appearance of the hollow cathode effect. The hollow cathode arc discharge is caused by an additional thermal electron emission besides the effectes of the hollow cathode glow discharge. All this effects are the reason for the higher degree of ionization for a hollow cathode source in comparison with the most other plasma sources. Application of the hollow cathode glow discharge for surface finish are technics like plasmacleaning, electron beam ablation or gas flow sputtering. Latters are new technics which allow the development of new sources for the coating technology. The application of the hollow cathode are discharge is possible by using the thermal energy generated by the electron beam (electron beam heating, electron beam melting, and electron beam evaporation) and by using the different possibilities of coating technologies whith the hollow cathode arc source (plasma enhanced evaporation, plasma enhanced reactive PVD and plasma CVD).     

Nondestructive varnish identification by ultraviolet fluorescence spectroscopy

The identification of the chemical nature of varnish is essential for art restorers in order to choose a suitable solvent during its removal. Until today, such identification has been performed using chemical analysis after sampling. An innovative technique is presented here, using ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence spectroscopy. The method is nondestructive, workable in situ, and leads to results in real time. It is based on the comparison between the emission spectrum of an unknown varnish with those of fresh, artificially aged, or old reference resins and varnishes, for different monochromatic excitation wavelengths. The resin and the nature of the varnish as spirit, oil, or mixed can thus be identified. Various examples are presented on home-made samples applied on fluorescent backgrounds and on real works of art.     

Van der Waals Radii of Elements

The available data on the van der Waals radii of atoms in molecules and crystals are summarized. The nature of the continuous variation in interatomic distances from van der Waals to covalent values and the mechanisms of transformations between these types of chemical bonding are discussed.     

A study of measuring methods for the number of personnel required in an office based on input and output relations analysis

The present study, covering practical investigations of the nature of office activities and capabilities of clerical workers, is designed (1) to clarify how any type of office is organized according to one or more of the six basic office models, (2) to present a basic theory for determining the manpower required from expectations of the input-time and output-time intervals of movements of clerical units (i.e. forms and reports) to and from an office and (3) to present a new method for determining adequate requirements for clerical manpower, a method characterized by a combination of the deterministic and probability methods.     

Spectroscopic investigation confirms retaining the pristine nature of single-walled carbon nanotubes on dissolution in aniline

Carbon nanotubes in all forms are very much insoluble in both organic and inorganic solvents due to its high agglomeration and entangled morphology. General methods for dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are mostly associated with complexation or polymerization or addition of macromolecules which change the physical or chemical properties of SWNTs and the pristine nature of SWNTs is lost. Dissolution of SWNTs in a solvent like aniline is practiced here which is a very simple reaction method. Here aniline is capable to form a SWNT-aniline charge transfer complex without attachment of macromolecules or polymer which is also soluble in other organic solvents. Solvation of SWNTs by this method is also capable of maintaining the similarity between the structure of SWNTs before and after the dissolution, which means that the pristine nature of SWNTs is preserved. Formation of charge transfer complex in this reaction has been proven by UV-Vis/NIR absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy (FESEM and TEM) are the evidences for protection of the pristine nature of SWNTs even after high-temperature complexation reaction with aniline and also after solubilization in organic solvents.     

Van der Waals coefficients and cohesive energies of lead chalcogenides

The cohesive energies of PbS PbSe and PbTe, having NaCl type of crystal structure, are calculated using the generalized Huggins-Mayer form (GHM) for the Born repulsion energy. The van der Waals interactions (VDW) are estimated from the London and Mayer formulae and compared with those estimated from the Slater-Kirkwood variational method. The cohesive energies calculated adopting the VDW coefficients calculated from the later method are in good agreement with the experimental values. The difference between the experimental cohesive energies and the calculated, assuming variational method, are 2·26, 2·97 and 3·75 eV respectively for PbS, PbSe and PbTe which are in good agreement with the reported values for the covalent bonding correction using Heitler-London-Lowdin method (HLL) which are respectively 2·1, 2·9 and 3·3 eV (Tanaka and Morita 1979).     

Die Geschichte der Vakuumtechnik

History of vacuum technology With the article “history of vacuum technology” the author presents insights from the philosophical picture of the world 2500 years ago and the thesis of the existence of vacuum through the for 1900 years believed antithesis by Aristoteles, that nature does not allow the existence of vacuum and finally the experimental proof by von Guericke, the founder of vacuum technology, that vacuum exists. The article also highlights some genius scientist's, engineer's and inventor's achievements and milestones. Their scientific models, equations of kinetic gas theories and dynamics as well as experimental results and inventions led to the well appreciated conveniences of mobility, communication, medicine and research of today.     

Convergence analysis and detection of singularities within a boundary meshless method based on Taylor series

We study a meshless method based on Taylor series approximation. This method solves quasi-exactly the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) in the domain. The boundary conditions are applied by using a least square method as proposed by Zhang et al. (2001 [3]), for stabilising collocation method. After showing accuracy and efficiency of the technique, we analyse the convergence of the series. In this aim, we introduce techniques as Domb Sykes plot, Hadamard criterion or Darboux criterion. This analysis leads to the radius of convergence and to the location and the nature of the singularities of the sought solution.     

Über den einfluβ der ionenimplantation auf die geschwindigkeit der anodischen siliziumoxydation

In the present work we investigated the influence of implanted ions (dose = 10¹⁶?10¹⁷ cm^-2, energy = 7.5?50 keV) of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th main groups of the periodic table on the anodic oxidation rate of 〈111〉- oriented p-type silicon as a function of the vertical distance x from the surface. By means of a comparison of the distance x?_m, which corresponds to the maximum or minimum of the anodic oxidation rate, with the mean projected range R_p of implanted ions and by means of a comparison of unannealed with annealed samples the effect of implanted ions could be separated from the effect of radiation damage.An increase in the anodic oxidation rate of silicon was found after implantation of H⁺, C⁺, N⁺, Cl⁺, Ar⁺ and Xe⁺ ions. With the exception of silicon implanted with Ar⁺ and Xe⁺, this effect is caused mainly by the implanted ions and is almost uninfluenced by radiation damage.A decrease in the anodic oxidation rate of silicon was observed after implantation of Al⁺, Ga⁺ and Sb⁺ ions. This is probably caused by radiation damage.Therefore radiation damage can decrease or increase (Ar⁺- and Xe⁺-implanted silicon) the anodic oxidation rate. This effect depends on the nature of the implanted ions which generated the radiation damage and may be caused by the different electrical properties of radiation damage caused by various ions.     

动载荷激励下板壳结构加筋自适应成长方法

自适应成长法是基于自然界分支系统形态形成机理的一种高效结构拓扑优化设计方法。通过引入等效静态载荷法理论,运用自适应成长法解决板壳加筋结构在承受动载荷激励下的动态响应拓扑优化设计问题。根据板壳结构所受的动载荷边界条件,构建以动柔度为目标的优化数学模型,推导迭代公式,使板壳结构的加强筋从"种子"开始,沿着使结构最佳力学性能方向成长,从而形成最优加强筋分布形态。研究在简谐载荷和冲击载荷作用下的板壳结构加强筋设计例,并与静态载荷作用下的设计结果进行比较。研究结果表明,板壳结构在动态载荷作用下,其主加强筋布局形态和在静态载荷作用下相同,但在靠近载荷作用点附近出现与主加强筋平行的截面积较小的加强筋,以增加抵抗动态载荷的作用;而冲击载荷作用下的加强筋与一般简谐载荷作用下的加强筋相比,多出一层较复杂的框型筋板抵抗瞬时冲击力。     

Perspektiven der Plasmamedizin

Prospects of plasma medicine: Applications of Tissue Tolerable Plasmas (TTP) Based on the current knowledge on the physical properties and biological effects of tissue tolerable plasma (ttp) potential perspectives of plasma medicine are discussed. Currently, the foundations for the following medical applications of ttp are developed by an interdisciplinary research team: Prevention and/or treatment of diseases such as chronic wounds, skin and mucosal infectious diseases, localized tumors, promotion of angiogenesis, and tissue ablation Inhibition and/or elimination of biofilms by prevention of biofilm development due to surface treatment and/or plasma steered application of antimicrobial active layers with drug delivery function on foreign objects implanted into humans (implantable prosthesis, contact lenses, stents etc.) as well as elimination of biofilms by direct action of ttp on surfaces and tissues (chronic wounds, tooth surface, prosthesis) promotion of the incorporation of implants into viable tissue by changing the surface of materials (hydrophobicity) Promotion of penetration of topically applied drugs with therapeutic results Assessment of veterinary indications Improved cleaning performance in reprocessing of medical devices by surface modification.     

Combined particle swarm optimization and heuristic fuzzy inference systems for a smart home one-step-ahead load forecasting

This article presents a hybrid approach that combines particle swarm optimization (PSO) and heuristic fuzzy inference system (HFIS) for smart home one-step-ahead load forecasting. Smart home load forecasting is an important issue in the development of smart grids. Generally, the electricity consumption of a household is inherently nonlinear and dynamic and heavily dependent on the habitual nature of power demand, activities of daily living and on holidays or weekends, so it is often difficult to construct an adequate forecasting model for this type of load. To address this problem, a hybrid model, consisting of two phases, is proposed in this article. In the first phase, the popular PSO algorithm is used to determine the locations of fuzzy membership functions. Then, the proposed HFIS technique is used to develop the one-step-ahead load forecasting model in the second phase. Because of the robust nature of the proposed HFIS technique, which does not need to retrain or re-estimate model parameters, it is very suitable for smart home load forecasting. The proposed method was verified using two different households’ load data. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method produces better forecasting accuracy than existing methods.     

Oberflächentastschnitte als Hilfsmittel der Werkstoffprüfung

Material Testing by Means of a Stylus-Type Roughness Tracing Instrument . Our experiments and a literature of survey show the various possibilities and limits of surface roughness measurements by means of the stylus-type roughness tracing method. Through direct or, by applying an imprint technology, through indirect surface tracing on materials such as metals, plastics including coatings and lacquers (duromers, plastomers, elastomers), wood, paper, asbestos sheets, textiles and coal a connection with the properties of the materials with respect to wear, sealing and contact, roughness of fracture surfaces, material testing, surface roughness of an injection mould, process and machining, corrosion, damage analysis, optical aspect, writing pressure curves, cracking etc. has been illustrated. Two examples from the medicine (dermal and dental medicine) underline the broad range of application possibilities. In many cases the stylus-type roughness tracing method is a secondary, however, generally very informative indirect testing method. Only in some cases it is in direct connection with a certain property of material such as the surface gas tightness of asbestos sheets. The limits of the stylus-type roughness tracing method are further determined by the method of measurement (stylus pressure, radius of stylus, curvature, stylus system).     

PECVD mit der Bandhohlkathode

Plasma‐enhanced High Rate Surface Treatment of Steel Sheet by Means of the Strip Hollow Cathode Method Low pressure glow discharges are of strong interest for the development of new technologies for steel strip surface treatment for different applications. The challenge of the integration of plasma processes into existing continuous steel sheet coating processes consists in the requirements of a very high deposition rate combined with minimal loss due to parasitic oatings. Regarding these requirements a novel strip hollow cathode process (SHC) for surface treatment based on the hollow cathode effect between two flat and parallel cathodes has been developed. This method has significant potential for surface treatment of large area metal strips in continuous technological processes.