SXRF分析恐龙脊椎头化石微量元素

利用同步辐射X射线荧光成像方法(SXRF)检测了二件不同地区的脊椎头恐龙化石,在每件化石截面上的二个不同区域分别获取了8种元素的分布图及其荧光光谱。在两件样品靠外层的骨密质部位,发现有较密集的稀土元素Y(钇)。在姜驿恐龙化石中Y的富集,来自于化石的成岩过程,在元素分布图中与稀土元素Y共生的含Ca化合物是氟磷酸钙。武定田心恐龙脊椎头化石中,在稀土元素钇的富集的区域,其它元素包括Ca的含量均特别少。此种稀土元素的富集可能是由于化石中含有分解不完全的有机物的吸附所致。在姜驿恐龙脊椎头化石中,微量元素Mn、Fe和Al属于共生矿物;As、Sr、Y元素集中分布在化石的外边缘处,也是三者共生。在田心恐龙脊椎头化石中,微量元素Mn、Fe和Al属于共生矿物,Sr、Y元素共生,Cu元素的分布相对集中。研究表明,恐龙化石中矿物的元素含量及其分布与骨骼所属的部位无关,只与源地有关。恐龙化石中稀土钇富集的地方,呈现白色。同步辐射X射线荧光探测法,能原位、快速、无损地检测出化石样品各种元素的荧光光谱,给出恐龙化石元素分布的二维信息,对于分析恐龙化石所蕴含的侏罗纪时期的古地质特征和古生物信息,给出了重要的依据。     

楚雄盆地恐龙化石和围岩的XRF全元素分析

采用X射线荧光光谱分析方法(XRF),对楚雄盆地不同地区的恐龙化石和围岩的元素成分进行对比研究。实验结果表明,恐龙化石中的主元素含量的排序均是Ca、C、Si,而围岩中则均为Si、C、Ca;在恐龙化石中有元素F和As,在围岩中不含F和As;在化石和围岩中Pb元素的含量均较低。其次,通过对禄丰恐龙山的两组化石和围岩元素含量的对比分析,推知恐龙山所处地层可能发生过断裂和错位的地壳变动。实验还发现,武定、牟定和元谋的化石中的微量元素含量具有共同的特点,即元素砷(As)含量略高,钡(Ba)的含量高异常和锌(Zn)含量低异常,有可能是导致这三个地方恐龙动物群的死亡原因之一。     

同步辐射X射线荧光微探针技术测定熔融包裹体中的微量元素

采用同步辐射X射线荧光微探针无损分析技术,对吉林龙岗火山群地幔捕掳体中的斜方辉石矿物及其熔融包裹体进行了测试,并用美国玻璃标样(NIST 612)标定出K,Sc,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,Sr,Y等13种元素的含量.其中,斜方辉石中的Cr?,Mn?,Fe?,Ni等元素含量与波长色散电子探针分析结果相对误差分别为15%,5%,7%,8%.包裹体中过渡族元素球粒陨石标准化曲线型式与中子活化全岩分析结果相似,反映原始岩浆在上升过程中经历了部分熔融或分离作用     

铅锌矿区居民头发中Pb，As，Cd等有害元素含量、微区分布及元素形态特征研究

头发是人体元素的排泄器官之一,头发中元素含量能反映出一段时间内矿区毒性元素在人体内的吸收和代谢情况。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)对某铅锌矿区居民头发中Pb,As,Cd,Ca,Mg,Fe,Zn,Cu,Mn和Sr进行了定量分析,应用微区X射线荧光(Micro-XRF)和X射线吸收近边结构谱(XANES)测定了头发中的Pb和As等元素微区分布和Pb形态。研究发现(1)当地部分居民已经受到矿区中Pb,Cd,Cu和Mn等重金属污染的危害。(2)不同性别群体的生理特征和生活习惯是决定其分布特征的主要因素,其中女性头发中Pb,Cd,Ca,Mg,Zn,Cu和Sr的平均含量都显著高于男性,男性头发中的Fe显著高于女性;(3)由于各元素性质、来源和吸收机制等原因,矿区居民头发中Ca-Mg-Sr-Zn,Pb-Cd-Cu-Mn,Fe-Mn具有相关性;(4)矿区典型头发样本中Pb和As主要沿头发中轴分布,从发根至发梢含量有逐渐增多的趋势;(5)头发样品中Pb由4.7%Pb₃(PO₄)₂,36.8%Pb-GSH和8.4%PbS组成;(6)头发中不溶性磷酸铅、铅-半胱氨酸巯基结合态是发铅的主要存在形态,揭示了其为人体铅代谢的主要途径之一。     

利用多重示踪技术研究正常鼠和肿瘤鼠的微量元素代谢(英文)

利用25 MeV/u 40Ar+Se中能重离子核反应, 制备包含24种元素在内的多重示踪剂, 通过对元素γ谱的分析, 研究了正常鼠和肿瘤鼠体内微量元素的分布及代谢。Mg, Sr, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mo, Co, Fe, Y, Zr, Nb和Ru等元素在肿瘤鼠的粪便和尿液中的排泄时间与正常鼠不同。 肿瘤鼠与正常鼠相比, Na, Mn, Fe和Co的排泄变化较大, 肿瘤鼠的排泄率较正常鼠高; 而Ca, Y, Zr和Mo的排泄率肿瘤鼠则较正常鼠低; 在正常鼠脏器、 组织和血液样品中测出了Na, Rb, Ga, Sc, As, Zn, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe、Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag和In等17种元素, 肿瘤鼠检测出了除Zn和As之外的其它15种元素。 几乎所有的元素在正常鼠中的吸收均比肿瘤鼠高。 大部分元素分布在肝、 肾和毛皮以及实体瘤中, 而Fe和Na在肿瘤组织则没有检测到。 A radioactive multitracer solution of the 24 elements, e.g. Be, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Y, Zr, Mo, Nb, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, was obtained from the nuclear reaction of 25 MeV/u 40Ar+Se with a series of chemical process. The multitracer solution was orally administered to normal and muscular tumour bearing mice of male Balb/c mice. Urine and faeces samples of mice were collected. The two group mice were sacrificed after 96 h. The uptake of 17 elements, Na, Rb, Ga, As, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Zn, Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, were simultaneously detected in normal mice while 15 elements, Na, Rb, Ga, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Fe, Y, Zr, Tc, Ru, Ag and In, were simultaneously detected in tumour bearing mice. Our results indicate that the majority of the detected elements were distributed in liver, kidney, pelt, tumour while a small fraction of the biotrace elements were distributed in heart and spleen (tumour bearing mice) in the two groups of mice. The higher concentrations of Fe, Na, Mn were detected in heart or kidney of normal mice. Na, Mn, Fe and Co showed better absorption in most tissues in the normal mice, except for Na and Mn in heart.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定煤灰中18个痕量元素

本文研究X射线荧光光谱法直接测定煤灰中Nb、Zr、Y、Sr、Rb、Th、Pb、Mn、Zn、As、Ga、Cu、Ti、Ba、V、Cr、P和La18个痕量元素的方法。采用国家一级地球化学标准参考样GSD1－12，GSS1－8等作为标准，使用低压聚乙烯镶边垫底的粉末压片法制样，用3080E2型X射线荧光光谱仪对煤灰样品中多种痕量元素进行测量。方法灵敏、准确、快速、简便。     

微区X射线荧光成像技术在岩心分析中的应用

微区X射线荧光（Micro-XRF）分析技术是通过微小的X射线光束照射样品，对样品进行原位成分观测的无损分析手段之一，具有灵敏度高、速度快和准确性高的特点。采用微区X射线荧光光谱仪（M6 JETSTREAM）对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿床四段岩心样品进行面扫描，分析不同矿层共17种元素区域分布特征、空间分布规律及组合关系等，结果表明：（1）Cu和Fe两种成矿元素高值空间分布区域基本不重叠，S与Fe分布范围高度重叠，关系密切，微量元素Ni，Bi，Pb，Zn，Si，Na与Cu密切相关，而Ti，Al，K与Fe具有弱相关性；（2）垂向上，Fe元素含量随深度增加逐步增大，而Cu元素含量呈降低趋势，其他元素也随深度呈下降趋势；（3）元素分布受石炭纪中期海底喷流沉积成矿作用和岩浆热液成矿作用叠加改造作用明显；（4）该钻孔矿石矿物以磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿和黄铁矿为主，垂向上组合规律明显，脉石矿物以石英、石榴子石和透辉石为主。该技术通过分析元素空间分布规律、相关性以及矿物组合和分配关系等可对元素富集和运移以及对矿床的成矿机制、成因模式等地质环境和地质过程提供新认识和新证据。结合矿床地球化学特征的分布模式，微量元素可作为寻找主矿种的指示元素，为深部找矿提供依据。此外，该技术能作为预分析技术快速筛选出感兴趣的信息和位置，为后期各种更高精度的微区分析提供不同尺度、不同层次的元素分布信息。     

微区X射线荧光光谱仪研制及元素生物地球化学动态分布过程研究

微区无损分析可提供物质组成元素的原位分布信息,以揭示物质形成条件、元素动态分布过程与相互作用机理、生物代谢作用等。文章报道了实验室型微区X射线荧光(μXRF)光谱仪的研发和元素生物地球化学动态分布过程研究结果。μXRF光谱仪采用15 μm光斑的聚束毛细管X射线透镜为激发源,选用分辨率为135 eV的硅漂移探测器(SDD),样品和探测器间角度可调,使之可进行异型样品如地质样品的原位分析,利用五轴自控实现样品时空四维元素分布测定。利用该μXRF光谱仪测定了矿物-生物膜间的元素迁移和玉米种发芽过程中的元素分布,发现(1)生物膜可吸附、富集毒性元素铅,是重金属的重要汇集地,最大富集系数1.7。(2)生物膜是金属从固态矿物相经水相进入生态系统的重要途径。(3)在玉米种子中,可检测到K,Ca,Mn,Fe,Cu,Zn和Pb。Zn主要在胚乳中分布,胚中有少量Zn存在;在胚乳和胚中存在微量Fe;胚乳中存在微量Pb,胚中未观测到Pb。(4)经含Pb溶液浸泡发芽后,K在玉米种中胚和胚乳中部分富集,Fe分布在种皮和胚乳中,Cu和Zn主要在胚乳中分布;Pb主要在胚根、胚轴和胚芽中分布,且Pb在新生根中高度富集。研究表明,在种子萌发阶段,Pb等毒性元素可被植物滞留于根部,制约了其向地上部的转移,从而揭示了植物对毒性元素的耐受机制。     

偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法在土壤环境监测中的应用

以土壤和水系沉积物标准物质为校准样品,采用粉末样品压片制样.建立了偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪测定土壤中As、Ba、Cu、Co、Cd、Cr、Mo、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sr、Ti、V、Zn、Rb、Sc、Bi、Si、Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、Na、K 24种元素的方法.该方法采用Al、CaF2、Fe、Zn、KBr、Al2O3、...     

X射线荧光法测定土壤中的金属含量

本文叙述了用波长色散X射线荧光光谱测定环境土壤样品中Pb、Zr、Sr、Rb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Fe、Mn、Ti元素的条件，用GSD参考标样建立的元素含量与X射线强度间的函数式线性良好，方法的可靠性用GSD参考标样检验，各元素测定结果的相对标准偏差均在4.85%以下。文中还讨论了用非线性方法研究样品稀释比与X射线强度间的线性关系。同一样品中各元素稀释比与X射线强度间的非线性关系，可用线性的经验方程表示。     

Study of fossil bones by synchrotron radiation micro‐spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy

Earlymost Villafranchian fossil bones of an artiodactyl and a perissodactyl from the Milia excavation site in Grevena, Greece, were studied in order to evaluate diagenetic effects. Optical microscopy revealed the different bone types (fibro‐lamellar and Haversian, respectively) of the two fragments and their good preservation state. The spatial distribution of bone apatite and soil‐originating elements was studied using micro‐X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐XRF) mapping and scanning electron microscopy. The approximate value of the Ca/P ratio was 2.2, as determined from scanning electron microscopy measurements. Bacterial boring was detected close to the periosteal region and Fe bearing oxides were found to fill bone cavities, e.g. Haversian canals and osteocyte lacunae. In the perissodactyl bone considerable amounts of Mn were detected close to cracks (the Mn/Fe weight ratio takes values up to 3.5). Goethite and pyrite were detected in both samples by means of metallographic microscopy. The local Ca/P ratio determined with µ‐XRF varied significantly in metal‐poor spots indicating spatial inhomogeneities in the ionic substitutions. XRF line scans that span the bone cross sections revealed that Fe and Mn contaminate the bones from both the periosteum and medullar cavity and aggregate around local maxima. The formation of goethite, irrespective of the local Fe concentration, was verified by the Fe K‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra. Finally, Sr K‐edge extended XAFS (EXAFS) revealed that Sr substitutes for Ca in bone apatite without obvious preference to the Ca₁ or Ca₂ unit‐cell site occupation.     

Elemental composition of marine sponges from the Berlengas natural park,western Portuguese coast

Analytical studies of sponges have recently become a matter of interest, since these organisms have been reported to accumulate high levels of some elements, including heavy metals, which may have an anthropogenic origin, allowing their application as environmental pollution indicators. In the present work, 35 sponges collected in August 1998 at the Berlengas Natural Park were classified and analysed by secondary target energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Some major, minor and trace elements could be determined: Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, I and Pb. To assess some local influences on the sponge composition, two sediment samples were also taken from the area and analysed. Besides these elements, sponges are constituted by fairly high percentages of elements that do not emit characteristic x‐ray lines. Therefore, absorption corrections for quantitative calculations were carried out taking into account the ratio between the inelastic and elastic scattered incident radiation from a silver secondary target to calculate the mean atomic number of the light matrix. Calibration was performed using chemical compounds and standard reference materials. Precision, accuracy and detection limits for the range of elements determined by the method are particularly suitable for the chemical analysis of these organisms. Results for the sediment chemical composition indicated the existence of high Ca and low Si levels and confirmed the absence of any trace metal contamination in the region. The sponge composition showed low Si contents, even in siliceous specimens. Certain high elemental contents determined in some species indicated a clear selective bioaccumulation of particular trace elements, such as Ni, Zn and As, which is not dependent on local influences. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用ICP-MS研究甲哌鎓对转Bt基因抗虫棉棉籽中无机元素含量的影响

应用ICP-MS系统检测了甲哌鎓处理对转Bt基因抗虫棉棉籽中各种无机元素含量的影响,结果表明：ICP-MS可以迅速、有效地检测出棉籽中54种无机元素的含量。其中K,P,Mg,Ca,Na五种人体必需宏量元素,含量范围为138.3～13 835.1 μg·g-1;14种人体必需微量元素含量范围为14.2 ng·g-1～81.7 μg·g-1,从高到低依次为Si,B,Mn,Sr,Zn,Ni,Cu,Mo,Fe,Co,Se,V,I,Sn;五种重金属元素含量范围为0.1～455.3 ng·g-1,从高到低依次为Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg;甲哌鎓处理显著降低了人体必需宏量元素Ca、微量元素Fe,Si,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,I含量;重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量分别降低68%,67%和54%,均达显著水平, 对其他宏量、微量元素无显著影响。对于棉籽中的其他30种元素,甲哌鎓处理显著提高了La等八种元素、降低了W等七种元素含量。这些结果表明,甲哌鎓处理一定程度上增加了棉籽作为食油用的安全性。     

利用三维荧光结合平行因子算法研究金属离子对溶解性有机物的猝灭和校正

溶解性有机物的荧光组份由于受到金属离子的影响其荧光强度受到变化,从而为溶解性有机物的定量分析带来挑战。利用三维荧光结合平行因子分析方法研究了Cu(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ), Ni(Ⅱ), Sr(Ⅱ), Hg(Ⅱ), K(Ⅰ), Mg(Ⅱ) 和Mn(Ⅱ)八个金属离子对典型溶解性有机物荧光组分的荧光猝灭作用,五个水样来源各不相同。实验表明水样被平行因子成功分解为三个荧光组分(色氨酸、腐殖酸、富里酸),这三个荧光组份的荧光得分随着Fe(Ⅲ), Cu(Ⅱ), Hg (Ⅱ)和 Ni(Ⅱ)浓度的增加呈线性或指数下降。在这四种离子中,Fe(Ⅲ)和Cu(Ⅱ)对腐殖酸和富里酸的荧光猝灭作用明显大于Hg (Ⅱ)和 Ni(Ⅱ)。Sr(Ⅱ), K(Ⅰ), Mg(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)基本没有影响。其中Fe(Ⅲ)对于三个荧光组分的荧光猝灭都有较好的分析。由于只考虑Fe(Ⅲ) 和Cu(Ⅱ)的影响,对于含有金属离子的饮用水的荧光强度的校正曲线也被建立。不同来源的饮用水中荧光组份的荧光得分的衰减规律也是不一样的,因此水样的来源也是测量时需要考虑的因素。实验证实了金属离子对溶解性有机物的荧光猝灭作用以及其他因素比如Fe(Ⅲ) 和Cu(Ⅱ)和溶解性有机物本身的多样性都是我们荧光测量典型荧光组份时需要考虑的。表明三维荧光结合平行因子分析方法是一个有效的准确测量溶解性有机物荧光组份的工具。     

青岛海藻重元素富集特性的SR-XRF分析及对海洋环境监测的应用

利用同步辐射X射线荧光 (SR XRF)定性和定量地分析了采自中国青岛海滨的 9种海藻 1 4个样品重元素的富集特性 ,发现不同种海藻重元素的富集特性有很大的差异。海蒿子对As和Sr,鸭毛藻对Br,海带对Ⅰ具有超富集能力。Mn/Fe峰强比的变化 ,是元素间拮抗的结果 ,与海水环境相关。测量了标样植物南极苔藓的检出限。定量地分析和比较了在青岛同一海滨分别于 1 985年和 1 999年采集的 5种海藻样品的XRF谱。1 999年采集的海藻的Fe ,Zn ,As,Br和Pb等元素含量明显上升 ,特别是海蒿子中的As和刺石松中的Pb分别增加了 1 55 %和 1 2 0 % ,结果说明了 1 4年来青岛海洋环境污染加重的趋势。     

Levels and sources of heavy metal contamination in road dust in selected major highways of Accra,Ghana

Environmental studies have revealed significant contributions of vehicular exhaust emissions to high pollution levels in urban dwellings. The levels and sources of heavy metal contaminations of some major roads in Accra have been investigated in this work. Street dust samples collected from four major roads in Accra (Mallam Junction‐Weija road, John Teye‐Pokuase road, Tema Motorway and Tetteh Quarshie Interchange in Accra) were analysed for their elemental concentrations using energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. Twenty elements were identified: K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb. Significant concentration levels were obtained for K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and Pb in all the samples and were used for the source identification. Enrichment factors and principal component analysis were used to verify the anthropogenic contribution to road dust. Results obtained for the enrichment factors showed moderate enrichment for V, Cr and Cu, while Zn, Br, Zr and Pb were significantly enriched. Principal component analysis identified four sources and their contributions to the elemental contents in the road dust. Natural crust, brake wear, tyre wear and vehicle exhaust emission were the four sources identified. The contribution of vehicular non‐exhaust emissions to heavy metal contamination in the road dust was found to be greater than that of exhaust emissions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.