基于递阶嵌套GA 的空-地武器靶场效能大规模总体优化

针对大规模优化问题，其大系统分解协调算法存在收敛速度慢、计算时间长、易导致组合爆炸等不足，以空-地制导武器大规模火力规划问题为背景，提出一种递阶嵌套GA．其基本思想是通过分层降低计算复杂性，从而有效解决大规模火力规划问题求解的可计算性问题．递阶嵌套GA由内外两层构成。内层GA实现对各子模型的求解，并将求解结果传送给外层GA；外层GA则通过遗传操作对内层GA发生干预．仿真算例验证了算法的有效性．     

无线传感器网络的改进GASA优化设计

无线传感器网络由大量传感器节点构成,因此对网络整体造价特别敏感．优化设计传感器网络构成,可以在满足监测精度的同时最小化网络造价．本文提出了一种GA和SA结合的改进GASA优化设计方法,解决由异类、多级传感器组成的无线传感器网络的优化设计问题．该方法采用特殊设计的排序组合算子提高GA的并行搜索能力．降低异类、多级传感器带来的复杂性;通过最优可行化处理加速搜索过程;利用SA的概率突跳特性避免陷入局部极小值,提高局部搜索能力．仿真实验表明,改进的GASA方法可以快速、有效地解决异类、多级传感器优化问题．     

基于混合策略的QoS选播流路由优化算法

分析了QoS选播流交错服务问题的产生过程及其对网络资源的浪费，提出了一种基于混合策略的全局路由优化解决方法．在构建路由优化问题模型的基础上，得出了选播流路由端到端时延、服务器负载、网络流量、路径调整等多个优化目标和QoS约束的表达式．给出了GA、SA、TS三种算法有机结合形成的一种混合优化算法，并说明了运用该算法求解的关键步骤和实现过程．实验结果表明，本算法能够在满足QoS约束的前提下实现选播路由的多目标组合优化，与基于GA或者SA的求解算法相比具有更强的稳定性和更高的精确度．     

基于素描的遗传算法

传统遗传算法容易陷入局部最优解，本文借鉴美术中“素描”的思想，对传统的遗传算法进行了改进，提出了基于素描的新型遗传算法．该算法模拟人的素描行为，构造参数控制下的选择算子，再通过参数的调节来选择个体，并依据最优个体对选择算子进行修正，以达到动态调整群体进化过程中的种群多样性和收敛速度之间的矛盾，从而有效地避免了传统遗传算法中早熟现象，显著地提高了GA对全局最优解的搜索能力和收敛速度．这将使GA在众多实际的优化问题上将具有更广泛的应用前景．仿真结果表明，该算法正确有效，且性能优于现有的其它方法．     

二维装箱问题的一种实现方法

遗传算法(GA)是基于自然淘汰地遗传机制的搜索算法，近年来利用遗传算法解决组合优化问题的研究十分普遍。二维装箱问题是典型的组合优化问题，也是时间复杂度非常高的NP问题之一，如何实现有效的算法流程一直是该类问题的难点，本文在BL算法的基础上，提出一种改进的算法结构和流程，并分析了用GA实现过程中编码的健全性和完备性以及多样性评价问题。     

广义粒子群优化模型

粒子群优化算法提出至今一直未能有效解决的离散及组合优化问题．针对这个问题,文中首先回顾了粒子群优化算法在整数规划问题的应用以及该算法的二进制离散优化模型,并分析了其缺陷．然后,基于传统算法的速度一位移更新操作,在分析粒子群优化机理的基础上提出了广义粒子群优化模型（GPSO）,使其适用于解决离散及组合优化问题．GPSO模型本质仍然符合粒子群优化机理,但是其粒子更新策略既可根据优化问题的特点设计,也可实现与已有方法的融合．该文以旅行商问题（TSP）为例,针对遗传算法（GA）解决该问题的成功经验,使用遗传操作作为GPSO模型中的更新算子,进一步提出基于遗传操作的粒子群优化模型,并以Inverover算子作为模型中具体的遗传操作设计了基于GPSO模型的TSP算法．与采用相同遗传操作的GA比较,基于GPSO模型的算法解的质量与收敛稳定性提高,同时计算费用显著降低．     

基于遗传算法混合编码的船舶艏摇/横摇模糊网络控制

针对利用遗传算法(GA)优化模糊神经网络(FNN)船舶艏摇/横摇控制器结构和参数时存在的“维数灾难”和“缺失整体性”问题,采用析取式标准形式模糊规则,并设计了一种新的GA编码方案——实数和符号混合编码,同时优化FNN的模糊规则和参数.最后,利用船舶三自由度(艏摇、横摇、横荡)数学模型,将该方法与一般GA-FNN方法进行仿真对比,结果表明,该方法不仅有效解决了上述问题,而且艏摇/横摇控制效果明显优于一般GA-FNN方法.     

基于遗传算法的大规模矩形件优化排样

大规模矩形件优化排样是一个典型的组合优化问题，属于NP-hard问题．实际工程中对一个排样方案一般有满足“一刀切”的工艺要求，“一刀切”要求增加了对排样的约束．提出的优化算法，将矩形匹配分割算法作为遗传算法染色体的解码器实现一个排样方案，用遗传算法进行排样方案的全局搜索．算例比较表明，该算法可以求得满足“一刀切”约束的最优解．     

遗传算法的C#实现及应用

用C#语言来实现遗传算法的通用代码GA类,然后调动GA类解决组合优化领域的经典问题TSP,并给出了实现程序.     

求解TSP的一种改进遗传算法

TSP问题是典型的NP-hard组合优化问题,GA是求解此类问题的一种方法。但它存在如何较快地找到最优解并防止“早熟”收敛的问题。文章针对上述问题并结合TSP问题的特点,提出了改进的遗传算法。它从相似性的思想出发,按适应值相似性将群体分级,在不同的级内采用不同的操作,产生数目不等的新解并利用加速算子使其更接近局部极小值。改进后的算法较好地解决了群体多样性与收敛性的矛盾。实验结果表明,该文算法的改进是有效的。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).