通过易错PCR提高鼠伤寒沙门氏菌丙氨酸消旋酶催化活性

[目的] 通过易错PCR技术提高鼠伤寒沙门氏菌中丙氨酸消旋酶的催化活性。[方法] 利用易错PCR技术构建丙氨酸消旋酶基因alr_St的突变体文库,采用缺陷菌株UT5028筛选突变体基因,以D-氨基酸氧化酶偶联法检测各突变蛋白的活性,通过凝胶过滤层析法分析酶蛋白寡聚化状态,并采用HPLC检测酶蛋白的动力学参数。[结果] 经过易错PCR及定点突变技术最终获得了3个催化活性有所提高的突变体A3V、Y343H和A3VY343H,酶学特性分析发现,与野生型蛋白StAlr相比,突变体Y343H仅对底物L/D-丝氨酸的催化效率略有提高,k_cat/K_m值分别是StAlr的2.01和3.68倍;而突变体A3V则对底物L/D-丙氨酸或L/D-丝氨酸的K_m、k_cat和k_cat/K_m值均有较大幅度的改变,其k_cat/K_m值分别是StAlr的105.51、97.36、4.63和10.73倍。凝胶过滤层析结果显示,突变体A3V在蛋白含量极低时就呈现出单体和二聚体共存状态,且随着蛋白含量的增加,其向二聚体状态迁移的速率最为明显。[结论] 丙氨酸消旋酶StAlr的第3位点是影响其催化活性和低聚合状态的关键位点。     

灵芝多糖糖供体合成途径中关键酶的异源表达及其酶学性质

【背景】灵芝多糖(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide,GLP)是一种具有多种生物活性的大分子物质,已有研究者通过发酵调控优化或菌种改良使灵芝多糖产量得到一定的提高。但由于灵芝多糖糖供体合成途径并未完全明晰,其中关键酶特性解析也不完善,使得灵芝多糖产量的大幅度提高仍存在瓶颈。【目的】通过异源表达大量制备灵芝中含量较少的磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(Phosphoglucomutase,PGM)、UDP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(UDP-glucosepyrophosphorylase,UGPG)和磷酸甘露糖异构酶(Phosphomannose isomerase,PMI),并分别探究和比较其酶学性质,深入了解灵芝多糖的糖供体合成途径中关键酶的特性信息,为灵芝多糖合成发酵策略的高效制定提供依据。【方法】以灵芝菌株CGMCC5.26的c DNA为模板,克隆得到关键酶基因gl-pgm、gl-ugpg和gl-pmi,分别在E. coli BL21(DE3)中诱导表达,产物通过Co-NTA树脂纯化后进行酶学性质研究。【结果】纯化酶GLpgm、GLugpg和GLpmi均在E. coli中实现大量表达。GLpgm的最适反应pH为8.5,GLugpg和GLpmi的最适pH同为7.5;GLpgm、GLugpg和GLpmi最适反应温度依次为35、40和30°C;1mmol/L的Ag+和Cu2+对3种酶均具有强烈抑制作用,Mn2+、Mg2+对GLpgm和GLpmi均有激活作用,其中Mn2+对GLpgm的激活作用高达2.7倍。GLpgm、GLugpg和GLpmi的kcat/Km值分别为196.08、818.60和1 105.22 mmol/(L·s)。【结论】在最适反应pH、温度及金属离子作用方面,GLpgm、GLugpg和GLpmi与植物及真菌来源的这3种酶较为相似,对底物的催化效率相对其他来源的酶高,为基于灵芝多糖合成途径的调控提供了更完善的信息。     

过氧化氢酶-无机杂化纳米花的制备及催化特性

过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)是一种在食品、医疗、纺织等领域广泛应用的工业酶,具有催化效率高、专一性强、绿色环保等突出特点。工业中游离过氧化氢酶无法回收再利用,导致以其为核心的工业生物转化过程成本较高。开发一种简单、温和、低成本并且体现绿色化学理念的方法对过氧化氢酶进行固定化有望提高其利用率并且强化酶学性能,具有迫切的现实需求。本研究将源自枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)168的过氧化氢酶KatA在大肠杆菌中进行重组表达,之后将分离纯化得到的纯酶以酶-无机杂化纳米花形式制备成固定化酶并进行酶学性质研究。结果显示,利用乙醇沉淀、DEAE阴离子交换层析、疏水层析3步纯化,最终获得电泳纯的重组KatA,之后通过优化制备条件获得了一种新型KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花固定化酶。酶学性质研究结果显示,游离酶KatA的最适反应温度为35℃,KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花的最适反应温度为30−35℃,二者最适反应pH值均为11.0。游离酶KatA和KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花在pH4.0−11.0和25−50℃条件下均表现出较好的稳定性。KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花显示出比游离酶KatA更好的储存稳定性,在4℃储存14d后仍保留82%的酶活力,而游离酶仅具有50%的酶活力。此外,纳米花在进行5次催化反应后仍具有55%的酶活力,表明其具有较好的操作稳定性。动力学研究结果显示,游离酶KatA对底物过氧化氢的K_m为(8.80±0.42)mmol/L,k_cat/K_m为(13151.53±299.19)L/(mmol·s);而KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花的K_m为(32.75±2.96)mmol/L,k_cat/K_m为(4550.67±107.51)L/(mmol·s)。与游离酶KatA相比,KatA/Ca₃(PO₄)₂杂化纳米花对底物过氧化氢的亲和力下降,同时其催化效率也有所降低。综上所述,本研究以Ca²⁺作为自组装诱导剂,成功将KatA以酶-无机杂化纳米花形式制备成固定化酶,不仅对部分酶学性能实现了强化,而且为固定化过氧化氢酶的绿色制备和规模化应用奠定了基础。     

一株海洋来源铜绿假单胞菌Gxun-7角蛋白酶基因的克隆、表达及重组酶酶学性质

【背景】角蛋白酶是一类特异性降解角蛋白的水解酶,在动物饲料、生物肥料、医学、洗涤、制革及环境治理等方面具有重要的应用潜力。【目的】对前期从海洋环境筛选出的一株铜绿假单胞菌Gxun-7的角蛋白酶基因进行克隆、表达,并探究重组酶酶学性质,为角蛋白酶在工业生产中的应用奠定基础。【方法】以铜绿假单胞菌Gxun-7基因组推定的角蛋白酶基因为基础,设计引物克隆获得角蛋白酶基因kp2,构建重组表达质粒pET22b-kp2,并转化到E. coliRosettagamiB (DE3)中进行诱导表达,同时对重组表达菌株的表达条件进行优化。利用镍柱分离纯化重组角蛋白酶并研究其酶学性质。【结果】重组角蛋白酶的分子量约为33 kDa,最适温度和pH值分别为40 ℃和8.0,在温度30-60 ℃和pH 6.5-8.0具有较好的稳定性。金属离子Co²⁺、Cu²⁺和化学试剂十二烷基磺酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfonate,SDS)、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,EDTA)、苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride,PMSF)对酶活力有抑制作用,而Mg²⁺、K⁺、巯基乙醇和二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol,DTT)对酶活力有促进作用。重组角蛋白酶具有良好的耐盐性,在12.5%的NaCl作用下相对酶活为87.55%。以酪蛋白为底物时,酶的K_m值为60.92 mg/mL、V_max值为9.70 U/mL。【结论】海洋来源铜绿假单胞菌Gxun-7的重组角蛋白酶具有良好的温度、碱、盐稳定性,可应用于工业生产中。     

嗜热古菌Infirmifilum uzonense来源的双功能高温β-葡萄糖苷酶IuBgl3的原核表达及酶学性质分析

β-葡萄糖苷酶在食品、医药、生物质转化等领域具有重要的应用价值,因此发掘适应性强、性质优良的β-葡萄糖苷酶是国内外研究热点。本研究从嗜热古菌Infirmifilum uzonense中成功克隆出一个GH3家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,命名为Iubgl3。基因序列分析显示Iubgl3全长为2109bp,编码702个氨基酸,理论分子量为77.0kDa。将该基因在大肠杆菌中进行克隆表达并对纯化后的IuBgl3进行酶学性质研究。结果显示,重组酶IuBgl3最适pH5.0,最适温度85℃。该酶具有良好的热稳定性,80℃处理2h后仍能保持85%以上的酶活力。其具有优良的pH稳定性,在pH4.0−11.0范围内处理1h,仍维持85%以上的酶活力。通过底物特异性测定发现,该酶对对硝基苯-β-d-吡喃葡萄糖苷(p-nitrophenylβ-d-glucoside,pNPG)和对硝基苯-β-d-吡喃木糖苷(p-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside,pNPX)均有很高的水解能力,是典型的双功能酶。以pNPG为底物时的动力学参数K_m和V_max分别为0.38mmol和248.55μmol/(mg·min),催化效率k_cat/K_m=6149.20s⁻¹mmol⁻¹。大多数金属离子对IuBgl3的酶活力没有显著影响,SDS可导致酶完全失活,而EDTA却能提高30%的酶活力。本研究丰富了高温古菌GH3家族的β-葡萄糖苷酶基因,获得了一个稳定性优良的高温酸性双功能酶,具有良好的工业应用前景。     

聚乙二醇修饰对酶活性和稳定性的影响

经氰尿酰氯和对硝基苯碳酸酯活化过的甲氧基聚乙二醇分别用来对枯草杆菌蛋白酶进行化学修饰．修饰后的酶在水溶液和有机溶剂中均保持活性．酶在水溶液里的k_cat增加,K_m不变.酶对温度和pH的稳定性都显著升高,但最佳反应温度不变．     

纤维蛋白对尿激酶原激活纤溶酶原反应动力学的影响

反应体系中存在的纤维蛋白（fibrin）对尿激酶（UK）、scu-PA以及组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t-PA）激活纤溶酶原（plasminogen）的反应有不同的作用：UK、t-PA激活plasminogen的反应可被反应体系中存在的fibrin所加强;fibrin对scu-PA激活plasminogen反应的动力学常数无明显影响;但对小分子质量scu-PA与单链抗体的嵌合分子激活plasminogen的反应起明显的抑制作用.为确定反应体系中存在的fibrin对scu-PA的K区插入突变体-InB激活plasminogen反应的影响,测定了在反应体系中存在fibrin的情况下的InB激活plasminogen反应的K_m^fibrin以及k_cat^fibrin.K_m^fibrin＝4.2 μmol·L^-1,远远大于无fibrin时的K_m＝0.379 μmol·L^-1,说明有fibrin存在时突变体InB与天然底物plasminogen的亲和性降低了.k_cat^fibrin＝0.107 s^-1,也远远大于无fibrin时k_cat＝0.0165 s^-1,说明有fibrin存在时突变体InB对plasminogen的反应活性增强了.原因可能是：与fibrin结合的plasminogen的构象发生了有利于被纤溶酶原激活剂水解的变化.     

灵芝胞外多糖分批发酵动力学模型

利用分批发酵研究了灵芝（Ganoderma lucidum）胞外多糖的合成特性,结果表明Ganoderma lucidum多糖合成和菌体生长呈部分生长关联型。菌体干重、胞外多糖分别达到15.56g·L^-1<、3.02g·L^-1<,胞外多糖对细胞干重得率系数(Y_p/x）为0.19。根据分批发酵试验结果采用Logistic方程、Luedeking-Piret方程和类似Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述灵芝生长、胞外多糖以及葡萄糖底物消耗分批发酵动力学模型。同时在初始葡萄糖变化较大范围内,试验数据与模型预测值进行了比较拟合,平均相对误差小于5％,表现出很好的适用性。表明该动力学模型对指导灵芝胞外多糖的发酵生产具有实际意义。     

杀鱼假交替单胞菌C923几丁质酶基因PpchiC的克隆表达与酶学性质

【背景】某些假交替单胞菌可分泌几丁质酶,在降解利用几丁质为水产动物提供营养、免疫、抗病等方面有着重要潜力。【目的】克隆杀鱼假交替单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas piscicida)C923的一个几丁质酶基因,实现其在大肠杆菌中的异源表达,并对重组几丁质酶的酶学性质进行研究。【方法】从菌株C923测序的基因组中注释到一个几丁质酶家族基因PpchiC,设计引物克隆该基因后进行生物信息学分析;构建载体进行异源表达并从温度、时间与诱导剂浓度进行表达优化;对表达蛋白进行最适温度与pH等酶学性质研究,同时比较了重组菌破碎后上清与沉淀及纯化的酶蛋白对几丁质的降解效应。【结果】基因PpchiC长1350bp,编码450个氨基酸,PpchiC蛋白理论分子量为48.76kDa,等电点为4.78,不稳定系数为29.08。结构域分析发现该蛋白含有一个类型Ⅲ几丁质结合域和一个糖苷水解酶18家族(glycosyl hydrolase 18,GH18)的催化域;PpchiC蛋白含有GH18家族几丁质酶的保守催化基序DxxDxDxE、YxR和[E/D]xx[V/I]。16℃、0.25mmol/L IPTG、诱导12h为其最优化表达条件,PpchiC在50℃、pH8.0时表现出最大酶活性;以胶体几丁质为底物时,PpchiC的K_m值为2.58mg/mL、V_max值为5.04mg/(mL·min)。降解结果表明,菌体的沉淀与上清及从上清中纯化的酶蛋白均有着较好的几丁质降解效应。【结论】杀鱼假交替单胞菌C923基因PpchiC编码GH18家族的几丁质酶,能被大肠杆菌高效表达且降解几丁质效应明显,这为PpchiC及菌株C923的应用提供了参考依据。     

根霉12#发酵产生纤溶酶的酶学性质

溶栓疗法是血栓性疾病安全有效的治疗手段 ,开发新型纤溶酶具有实际应用意义。分离自南方小酒药的根霉 12^#以豆粕和麸皮为原料可产生纤溶酶。已采用盐析 ,疏水层析、离子交换层析和凝胶层析方法对纤溶酶分离提纯。提纯的纤溶酶比活力 2143u/mg(尿激酶单位 ) ,有直接溶解血栓和激活纤溶酶原的双重溶栓作用 ,降解纤维蛋白α、β和γ肽链速度快 ;最适作用温度 4 5℃ ,适宜作用pH范围 6.8～8.8;等电聚焦方法测定该酶等电点 8.5± 0.1;只分解生色底物N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA ,其米氏常数K_m 为 0.23mmol/L ,酶转换数K_cat为 16.36s^-1;Molish实验和甲苯胺蓝实验均证明该酶为糖蛋白 ,地衣酚_硫酸法测得该酶含糖量 470% ;EDTA、PMSF、PCMB对该纤溶酶有抑制作用 ,说明活性中心含有巯基、金属和丝氨酸 ;N端12个氨基酸序列为NH2-Ser-Val-Ser-Glu-Ile-Gln-Leu-Met-His-Asn-Leu-Gly,与其它生物来源的纤溶酶相比较没有同源性。根霉 12^#产生的纤溶酶为新型纤溶酶,有希望开发成溶栓药物。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.