超低碳贝氏体焊缝金属组织性能的研究进展

介绍了超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)焊缝金属产生的背景以及影响ULCB焊缝金属性能的主要因素。虽然ULCB焊缝金属有着优异的性能,但是焊缝化学成分、焊接方法的选取和保护气氛的不同对焊缝性能有着很大的影响。要使ULCB焊缝金属优异的性能最大化地发挥出来,必须要控制焊缝中夹杂物的尺寸和消除柱状晶来进一步改善焊缝的韧性。     

ULCB钢的研究开发现状与发展前景探讨

ULCB钢被国际上誉为21世纪最有前景的新一代绿色环保钢铁材料,具有广阔的应用前景。本文总结了超低碳贝氏体钢中主要添加的合金元素及其作用;综述了超低碳贝氏体钢的国内外研究现状,指出超低碳贝氏体钢具有高强度、高韧性、焊接性能优良等特点且成本低廉;分析了超低碳贝氏体钢的独特优点,并提出了今后的发展方向。     

焊接热输入对ULCB钢焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用自动埋弧焊机对超低碳贝氏体钢(ULCB钢)进行直缝双面焊双面成型焊接试验,分析了焊接热输入对其焊接接头组织及性能的影响。结果表明:焊缝显微组织主要是针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体,这两种相组成和相比例,极大地影响了接头的强韧性。随着焊接热输入增大,焊缝区针状铁素体含量先减少后增加,粒状贝氏体含量先增大后减少,热影响区晶粒变得粗大,ULCB钢接头强韧性呈现一定规律的变化。在较小的焊接线能量(24.81 k J/cm)下,焊接接头具有优良的强韧性,抗拉强度达到803.63 MPa,为母材抗拉强度的94.3%,焊缝和热影响区冲击韧性分别为193、232 J。     

超低碳贝氏体钢中合金元素的作用及其对焊接性的影响

综述了超低碳贝氏体钢及其焊接性的国内外研究现状,总结了各种合金元素对超低碳贝氏体钢相变作用和工艺制备方法,并就其对焊接性的影响进行了分析。对超低碳贝氏体钢焊接材料的选取和新型焊接材料的开发所面临的问题进行了讨论。     

ULCB熔敷金属组织与碳、氧含量对力学性能的影响

不同保护气氛下焊接得到的超低碳贝氏体（ULCB）熔敷金属的组织由贝氏体板条和少量针状铁素体组成，贝氏体主要在原始奥氏体晶界及先形成的贝氏体条侧面形核，形成相互交叉的分布形态．Ar＋1．5％O2保护熔敷金属性能最好；Ar＋4％CO2保护时由于焊缝增碳，组织中生成了碳化物，熔敷金属强度升高，韧性降低；Ar＋4％O2保护时由于组织中生成大量氧化物夹杂，韧性急剧降低．     

不同线能量下低碳贝氏体钢焊接接头的组织及韧性

研究不同线能量下低碳贝氏体钢焊接接头的组织及冲击性能。试验结果表明:低碳贝氏体钢对接直缝焊接后,焊缝组织为针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体,HAZ的组织为贝氏体铁素体和粒状贝氏体,焊缝区和HAZ的晶粒都随着焊接线能量的减小而减小;焊缝的断裂形式多为韧性断裂,冲击性能均较好,当焊接线能量从24.8kJ/cm向28.2 kJ/cm增加,焊接接头的焊缝区和HAZ的冲击功呈先减小后增大的趋势。     

准贝氏体钢闪光对焊的组织及性能

研究了新型准贝氏体钢制造的矿用圆环链闪光对焊焊缝的组织与性能。结果表明,闪光对焊后中频感应淬火、回火热处理后,准贝氏体钢焊缝组织为低碳马氏体和准贝氏体组织,焊缝强度损失小、韧性高,准贝氏体钢具有良好的闪光焊接性能。     

先进钢铁材料焊接性研究进展

进入21世纪以来,随着各工程领域对高性能钢铁材料需求的多样性和要求的提高,新一代先进钢铁材料研发随之展开。其相应的焊接材料和焊接技术成为材料应用的关键。本文重点介绍了超细晶粒钢、低碳贝氏体钢、高氮奥氏体不锈钢、高强汽车钢等先进钢铁材料的焊接工艺与接头组织性能的研究现状与进展。就焊接接头的微观组织演化、焊接接头性能、夹杂物和马氏体-奥氏体(M-A)组元的形成与影响、合金元素和热输入对焊缝组织性能的影响等进行了详细评述。研究表明,焊接热影响区是影响焊接接头性能的主要区域,同时要采用适当的焊材及工艺才能获得性能匹配的焊缝。并对焊接接头的强韧化机理、疲劳裂纹扩展机理、焊接热过程对钢材组织和性能的影响等方面的研究进行了评述。最后,对焊接材料和工艺的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

焊接热输入对ADB610钢焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用三种焊接热输入对新开发的低碳贝氏体ADB610钢进行焊接,对其焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行了试验研究.结果表明,焊接接头的母材区、焊缝区和热影响区组织均为铁素体和贝氏体,在铁素体和贝氏体上还弥散分布着渗碳体;焊接热输入对焊缝区组织和冲击性能影响显著,过大的焊接热输入会使焊缝区贝氏体含量减少,铁素体含量增大,晶粒变粗大,冲击韧性明显降低.     

焊接线能量对低碳贝氏体钢焊接接头性能的影响

根据低碳贝氏体钢焊接接头强韧性要求,选择所设计的一种烧结焊剂,采用不同的焊接线能量,对低碳贝氏体钢进行埋弧焊。通过金相分析和力学性能测试等方法,对其焊接接头的组织和性能进行了研究。结果表明:焊接线能量为26.86 kJ/cm时,焊接接头HAZ冲击韧性优异,达254 J,但焊缝区冲击韧性差,仅为86 J。而焊接线能量为29.45kJ/cm时,焊接接头的性能相对优异,焊缝区和HAZ的冲击功分别达167和159 J。在此焊接线能量下,焊缝区组织为粒状贝氏体,并且有弥散分布的夹杂物颗粒析出,单丝埋弧焊焊接线能量为29.45 k J/cm左右时最为适宜。     

The influence of PTFE used as basic covered electrode binder on weld metal acicular ferrite formation

Weld metals obtained from covered electrodes agglomerated with polytetrafluorethylene presented ultra-low diffusible hydrogen content and appreciable quantities of acicular ferrite. This article investigates the polymer influence on its constituent formation. The microstructure produced by consumables containing this component presented acicular ferrite quantities higher than expected in the literature for weld metals with the same carbon, silicon and manganese content. This difference could not be related to welding parameters employed. The residual chemical element evaluation indicated nitrogen as being mainly responsible for the microstructural variances observed. The operational characteristics of classic E7018 and polymer-agglomerated electrodes showed the lesser weld metal nitrogen absorption must be associated with two main factors. The dissolved nitrogen of the metallic drops collected during the polymer-agglomerated electrode welding showed most effective shielding atmosphere. The carbon content of the polymer-agglomerated electrode indicated an atmosphere rich in this element. This is in accordance with a best shielding process hypothesis. The metallic drops’ average size, dissolved nitrogen content as a function of size and voltage oscillograms indicated metallic transfer mode changes.     

奥-贝球铁焊接研究进展

介绍了近１０年来奥－贝球铁焊接研究进展,重要介绍了奥－贝球铁焊接冶金,获得奥－贝球铁焊缝金属的等温热处理工艺和焊接工艺特点,焊态直接获得奥－贝球铁焊缝的途径及奥－贝球铁焊接新材料。奥－贝球铁焊缝金属可以通过等温热处理获得,也可以在焊态下直接获得。对于前者,研究工作主要集中在合金元素对球铁焊缝白口倾向的影响,球铁焊缝金属等温转变及组织结构特点,等温热处理工艺对奥－贝球铁焊缝组织与力学性能的影响。而对于后者的研究则更多地集中于焊缝化学成分和冷却速度对焊态奥－贝球铁焊缝组织与力学性能的影响。研制成功的奥－贝球铁焊接新材料,其焊缝的组织与力学性能满足奥－贝球铁的要求。     

基于工程应用的9%Ni钢焊接材料选用原则探讨

探讨了工程应用中9%Ni钢焊接材料的选用原则。结果表明,在工程条件下,9%Ni钢所使用的焊接材料为"异质焊缝"型,接头的韧强比远高于母材金属,达到了"等韧性"匹配水平。选用优质、合适的焊接材料和合理的焊接工艺,是控制和改善该钢焊接性的重要技术手段。所谓异质焊缝"等韧性匹配"原则,即科学、合理控制焊缝化学成分,以镍基奥氏体焊缝保证接头获得最佳的力学性能(含低温韧性)和焊接性。该钢焊接材料的种类多达5种,典型焊接材料的综合性能指标优势明显。     

Coating composition,weld parameter and consumable conditioning effects on weld metal composition in shielded metal arc welding

Abstract

Pipeline construction has been moving towards the use of higher strength low carbon steels as these become available. In order to achieve the required high strength and toughness to match those of the parent pipe, girth weld metals have to rely mostly on their composition. The aim of the present study was to characterise the influence of the consumable chemistry and moisture content, and the welding parameters on the composition of weld metals produced by E8010 and E9010 shielded metal arc (SMA) cellulosic consumables. The alloying compounds in the consumable coating were isolated using a caustic soda solution, analysed with electron backscattered diffraction and identified as a variety of oxides. Making use of a mechanised SMA welding machine, the effect on weld metal alloying element contents of the welding conditions was evaluated. Smaller welding arc voltages and lower consumable coating moisture content produced weld metals with richer chemistry. The element transfer mechanisms from the consumable coating to the weld metal are also discussed.     

双相不锈复合钢板埋弧自动焊

研究了Ｈ１１／Ｘ２ＣｒＮｉＭｏＮ２２．５双相不锈复合钢板埋弧自动焊工艺，焊接材料的选择及其焊接性。结果表明，复层焊缝的δ铁素体含量在３５％～４５％内，其焊接性优良。过渡层的焊接采用较弱焊接规范和单道焊工艺，以控制较小的稀释率和良好的焊缝成形，防止在与基层焊缝的熔合线附近产生大量马氏体组织和其它硬化相。Ｈ１１／Ｘ２ＣｒＮｉＭｏＮ２２．５双相不锈复合钢板埋弧自动焊焊接接头具有良好的力学性能，复层焊缝具有极为优良的抗晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀的能力。本研究为煤气工程中汽化炉的制造选定了合适的焊接材料并制定了最佳埋弧自动焊工艺。     

永磁电机转子圆盘异种钢焊接技术

针对异种钢焊接特点和产品的技术要求，采用合适的焊接方法和工艺措施，选择合理的焊接材料，严格控制层间温度和焊后热处理工艺参数，保证了焊缝金属的磁导率和焊接接头的力学性能，达到了产品的技术要求。     

400 MPa级超级钢专用焊条

焊缝金属的强韧化是超级钢焊接中的一个技术难题,要实现焊缝的强韧化,并避免冷裂纹,需开发与母材性能相匹配的焊接材料.对400 MPa级超级钢主要通过合金化控制焊缝组织使其获得针状铁素体即可获得理想的强韧性.通过大量工艺试验研究,结合400 MPa级超级钢的组织性能特点,研制开发了一种400 MPa级超级钢专用焊条.检测结果表明,该种焊条形成的焊缝金属组织为细小针状铁素体,焊缝金属屈服强度为435 MPa,抗拉强度为612 MPa,冲击吸收功为148 J,其组织和性能同400 MPa级超级钢能很好的相匹配,达到了预期目的.     

20Cr2MoV钢焊缝金属微观分析

２０Ｃｒ２ＭｏＶ高强度热强钢用埋弧自动焊进行多道多层焊,经调质热处理后,焊缝金属的冲击性值急剧下降,不能满足使用要求。用扫描电镜分析的结果表明：焊缝金属中有较多的非金属夹杂物,特别是夹杂物附近存在微裂纹及晶界碳化物析出是造成焊缝金属低温冲击韧性值低的主要原因。     

Effect of grain boundary ferrite on susceptibility to cold cracking in high-strength weld metal

Due to the practical limitations of lowering the diffusible hydrogen content of flux-containing welding consumables, it is now felt that modification of the weld microstructure would alleviate the risk of weld metal cracking in multi-pass weld deposits. Thus, this study aimed to identify and evaluate the effect of the weld microstructure on the cold cracking susceptibility of FCAW weld metals and then to provide a basic guideline for designing new welding consumables from a microstructural point of view. In order to identify the parameter(s) that can quantify the microstructural susceptibility of multi-pass weld deposit, two sets of FCAW wires with tensile strength of about 600 MPa were prepared by controlling the Ni content to allow sufficient variation in the weld microstructure, but with little change in weld metal strength. The cold crack susceptibility of those two chemistries was evaluated by a multi-pass weld metal cracking test at various levels of diffusible hydrogen content. All of the cold cracks developed were Chevron-type, and the occurrence of such cracks depended upon the proportion of grain boundary ferrite (%GF) as well as the diffusible hydrogen (HD) content. In fact, at the same level of HD, higher Ni (1.5%Ni) wire showed better resistance to cold cracking than lower Ni (0%Ni) wire even though the latter was stronger and also higher in carbon equivalent. This result could be explained solely by the difference in grain boundary ferrite content between those two welds since Chevron cracking preferentially initiates at and propagates along grain boundary ferrite. Therefore, we propose the use of a value of %GF as a parameter to quantify the microstructural susceptibility of ferritic multipass weld deposit with a strength level of about 600 MPa. It was further suggested that, in addition to the hydrogen control approach, microstructural modification in the form of reducing the %GF can be pursued to develop welding consumables with improved resistance to cold cracking.     

高效率焊接条件下船体焊接接头的韧化

就高效率焊接条件下的船体焊接接头的韧化问题,结合国内外经验与常年大热输入量下的焊接HAZ的冶金韧化和焊缝金属的冶金韧化方面的工作阐述本文的观点.组织细化与净化是达到焊接接头韧化的主要冶金手段.如能实现在细化组织的同时使其净化,这将使高效率焊接条件下的船体焊接接头获得韧化.