APEC海洋保护区管理能力建设探讨——基于2011年APEC海洋保护区培训班成果分析

为推动APEC经济体的海洋保护区管理能力建设、分享APEC经济体在海洋保护区建设与管理方面的成功经验,APEC海洋可持续发展中心于2011年在中国厦门举办了"APEC海洋保护区管理能力建设培训班".本文简要介绍了培训班概况,并基于培训研讨内容,总结归纳了目前业界对亚太区域海洋保护区管理能力建设共同关心的问题,包括海洋保护区网络建设、管理制度建设、社区共管机制建设、先进技术的应用、可持续财政机制建立等.文中指出开展APEC海洋保护区网络建设的重要性,并提出了今后需要加强海洋保护区管理计划的实施与管理成效评估、管理人员与技术人员的培训和经验分享、加强国际交流合作等方面的建议,以不断提高海洋保护区管理成效.     

海南省海洋保护区建设探讨

文章对海南省海洋保护区分布及主要典型热带海洋生态系统现状进行了调查,分析海南省海洋保护区保护与管理方面存在的主要问题,提出海洋保护区建设的几点建议,探讨海南省海洋保护区的进一步发展与管理模式。     

海南省海岸带海洋保护区现状和管理探讨研究

海岸带是人类活动最为集中的区域,沿海工程建设占据了大量的天然岸线,不合理的开发产生了资源、环境和社会经济发展的诸多矛盾,因此划定一定区域建立海洋保护区具有重要的现实意义。文章通过对海南省海岸带海洋保护区的调查研究,阐述了海南省海岸带海洋保护区的建设和发展历程及海洋保护区的现状,分析了制约海南海洋保护区的发展因素,并提出了海南海洋保护区的管理设想。     

北海区国家级海洋保护区发展存在的问题及对策研究

随着大规模海洋资源与空间开发利用的兴起,海洋生态系统承受的压力愈加增大,海洋环境污染、海洋生物多样性明显下降等问题严重损害海洋生态功能。海洋保护区成为我们保护海洋的最后一道防线,加强海洋保护区建设已被公认为是保护海洋生物多样性和防止海洋生态环境恶化的重要途径。文章通过对北海区国家级海洋保护区的调研研究,阐述了北海区国家级海洋保护区发展现状,分析了目前存在的问题,并提出今后北海区国家级海洋保护区的发展对策。     

美国海洋保护区国家管理体系及其对我国的启示

从美国海洋保护区的立法基础、管理机构和职能分工、纳入国家管理体系的资质要求和流程等方面探析美国海洋保护区的国家管理体系。结合我国海洋保护区管理工作中存在的问题,提出完善我国海洋保护区的法律法规、建立健全海洋保护区综合管理网络体系、完善海洋保护区监督协调机制等对策建议,以期进一步提升我国海洋保护区管理的系统性和规范性,完善我国海洋保护区的管理体系,从而更好地保护我国的海洋生态,实现海洋资源的更有效利用,推进我国海洋生态文明建设的发展。     

美国海洋保护区的建设和管理及中美交流合作研究

文章以美国海洋保护区的主要类别即海洋庇护区和海洋保护工作开展较为成功的加州为例,介绍美国海洋保护区在制度框架、选址规划和监测评估等方面的管理模式。基于我国海洋保护区的现实情况以及中美双方共同的利益和诉求,从建立全国性的制度框架、完善海洋保护区的科学选址和合理规划、完善海洋保护区的监测评估体系以及建立中美海洋保护区对话机制等方面,探讨中美在海洋保护区领域开展交流合作的潜在机会,从而促进我国海洋保护区建设和管理的发展。     

中国国家级海洋特别保护区建设现状及其干扰压力分析

为了滨海湿地的资源及环境可持续发展,沿海地区已经建立了众多的海洋特别保护区。本文通过GIS10.0、聚集度指数和景观发展指数等对中国国家级海洋特别保护区的建设、地理分布格局和干扰压力等进行了分析。结果表明, 2005-2017年是中国国家级海洋特别保护区的重要建设期。截止2017年底国家级海洋特别保护区已有67处,形成了以国家级海洋公园为主体的管理体系。国家级海洋特别保护区在中国沿海地区广泛建设布局,但主要分布在山东、浙江和辽宁;并在地理空间上高度聚集分布,聚集度指数为0.43。中国南方沿海省区海洋特别保护区建设数量较少,其对海岸线覆盖率较低。国家级海洋特别保护区及其周边灯光指数(2005—2013年)和景观发展指数(2005—2015年)持续增长,人为干扰压力增强。但海洋特别保护区的设立一定程度上减弱了其内部干扰压力的增强速度,可能加剧了其边缘的人类活动和景观发展压力。     

瑞安铜盘岛海洋特别保护区规划研究

文章在分析铜盘岛海洋特别保护区生态资源现状的基础上,根据保护区规划原则对保护区进行了规划,将保护区分为重点保护区、生态与资源恢复区、适度利用区和预留区,明确了个功能分区的主要任务和目标,为建设铜盘岛海洋特别保护区奠定了科学基础。     

浅议福建省海洋保护区建设与管理

福建省海洋保护区建设与管理经过20多年来的发展,取得了一定成效,但仍然存在一些问题,文章分析了该保护区的建设与管理现状,提出了福建海洋保护区在面积结构、总体布局规划、经费投入、管理体制、法律法规和科研工作存在的主要问题,并针对上述问题提出了建议。     

宁波市海洋保护区建设和管理现状及对策研究

在分析宁波市保护区建设情况和管理中存在的问题的基础上,提出了以下4个方面的对策与建议:①大力发展各种类型海洋保护区;②加强宣传教育,增强全民族海洋自然保护意识;③多方筹集资金,扩大融资渠道;④抓好海洋保护区的科研及科研管理。     

Global implementation of marine protected areas: Is the developing world being left behind?

While the global network of marine protected areas (MPAs) has recently been evaluated in the light of bio-geographic targets, there has been no attempt to evaluate the relative conservation efforts made by the different nations with regards to their level of socio-economic development. Using information mostly gathered from the world database on protected areas (WDPA), this paper gives a comparative assessment of MPA progress in countries from different economic categories, ranging from advanced economies to least developed countries (LDCs). Potentially explanatory socio-economic and environmental factors, such as fishing activity and existence of vulnerable marine ecosystems, for variability between nations in the level of MPA implementation are also explored. Existing MPA databases demonstrate a clear gap between developed and developing nations in MPA establishment, with advanced economies accounting for two thirds of the global MPA network. Patterns of MPA use, however, remain extremely heterogeneous between countries within each development group. International agreements on marine conservation, above and beyond the influence of country socio-economic and environmental profiles, are identified as a stimulating factor to MPA implementation. The level dependence on marine resource extraction appears to impede MPA implementation, though the relationship is not statistically significant due to large heterogeneity among countries. Leading developed nations increasingly use MPAs to designate integrated and adaptive management areas, and implementation of large “no-take” reserves in relatively-pristine overseas areas continues to accelerate. These analyses highlight certain limitations regarding our ability to assess the true conservation effectiveness of the existing global MPA network and the need for improved indicators of MPA restrictions and management efforts.     

The effect of contrasting threat mitigation objectives on spatial conservation priorities

The primary role of marine protected areas (MPAs) is marine conservation, however policy and practice around MPAs have not reflected this. The focus on cost-effectiveness by spatial conservation prioritization has led to a bias towards placing MPAs in areas that are least threatened. This study investigates how conservation priorities differ between two management strategies of either targeting or avoiding high threat areas for protection, using the case of the Sulu Sulawesi Seas in the Coral Triangle. For both strategies, the target of protecting 20% of habitat could not be achieved solely by protecting low threat areas. A high proportion of the region had large differences in conservation outcomes between the two strategies; majority of these areas were highly prioritized in the threat avoidance strategy but had low or zero importance in the threat selection strategy. Selecting for highly threatened areas required less habitat area to be protected to achieve the same conservation target and resulted in a more equitable distribution of priority sites per country and sub-region. This demonstrates the importance of deciding on the objectives of conservation and management policies up-front. The results suggest that, contrary to the common practice of avoiding threats in spatial planning, a threat selection strategy should be part of the management toolbox, particularly in transboundary planning for regions with high overall threat levels, where it may be important to achieve shared conservation targets equitably.     

Review of marine recreational fisheries regulations in Argentina

The effects of recreational fishing on marine stocks and ecosystems have raised global concern in recent years. In Argentina, Southwest Atlantic, angling, netting and spearfishing of coastal bony fishes, sharks, rays and chimaeras are very popular pastime activities with more than 50 years of history. Despite the perceived traditional and economic relevance of these activities in the country, marine recreational fisheries were largely unregulated, and no official fisheries monitoring programs at the national level have been ever put in place. Except for a few particular systems for which some catch-and-effort data were collected by research institutions and non-governmental organizations, no comprehensive surveys aimed at describing the ecological, social or economic aspects of these fisheries have been made. Here, an updated review of the regulations in place for marine recreational fisheries along the Argentine coastline is presented. Of the five coastal provinces encompassing ca. 8400 km and about 20 latitude degrees (~36°S to 55°S) of coastline, only Buenos Aires province has a thorough legislation for its whole territory, which includes 15 protected areas. In the remaining provinces, the regulations for marine recreational fisheries are limited to a few protected areas (seven out of 37 coastal areas under provincial, national or shared jurisdiction). This lack of legislation encourages alleged recreational fishers to develop small-scale commercial fishing operations that are neither controlled nor monitored as such, contributing to the overexploitation of some key coastal stocks.     

Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare?

This paper examines the potential relationships between the ecosystem services provided by the coastal and marine environment and the designation of marine protected areas. The hypothesis is that relationships exist between the provision of ecosystem services and the features protected by marine protected areas. It is considered that protection will maintain these features in good ecological condition and in some cases will restore ecological functioning with positive effects on the delivery of ecosystem services, as pressures upon the protected features are reduced. As the number of marine protected area designations grows, system-wide effects to communities from improvements in delivery of a range of ecosystem services may be realised. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the jurisdictional marine protected area policies proposed by the English, Welsh and Scottish Governments. It presents structured assessment matrices developed from the literature and expert opinion, of ecosystem service provision by marine protected habitats and species and applies the findings to a range of existing UK marine protected areas to demonstrate its relevance. The approach and case study findings are discussed within the wider context of marine ecosystem services and marine protected area management.     

Comparative analysis of factors influencing spatial distributions of marine protected areas and territorial use rights for fisheries in Japan

As increasingly large extents of the global oceans are being managed through spatial measures, it is important to identify area characteristics underlying network distributions. Studies discerning spatial patterns in marine management have disproportionately focused on global networks. This paper instead considers the single country context of Japan to illuminate within-country drivers of area-based conservation and fishery management. A dataset containing potentially relevant socioeconomic, environmental, and fisheries factors was assembled and used to model prefecture-level counts of marine protected areas (MPAs) and territorial use rights for fisheries (TURFs) throughout Japan's waters. Several factors were found to significantly influence the number of TURFs in a particular area, whereas MPA patterns of use remain largely unexplained. TURFs are frequently noted as more suitable for managing fisheries of low mobility species and our analysis finds greater use of TURFs in areas that rely heavily on benthic catch. The number of trading ports was also found to be positively related to TURF distributions, suggesting economic infrastructure may influence the use of this fisheries management tool. In-line with global analyses, MPA patterns of use were not found to be significantly related to any of the potential explanatory variables after correcting for the number of statistical comparisons that were carried out. Differences in our ability to model the use of TURFs and MPAs may arise due to the narrower objectives associated with the former (e.g., income, employment) in comparison to the often broad and varied goals that motivate use of the latter.     

我国海洋特别保护区制度变迁研究

贯穿我国海洋特别保护区制度建设过程的主题是基于保护的开发以及与开发相协调的保护，但实践中这一主题在保护与开发2个端点之间游移，未实现制度设计的初衷，又因体制机制改革而发生制度变迁。新时代海洋自然公园制度、海洋自然保护区制度替代海洋特别保护区制度，并与海洋生态保护红线制度等相关制度相互配合，协同推进海洋自然保护地的分类分区管控。     

基于CiteSpace的养殖活动对海洋保护地生态环境影响分析

为促进我国海水养殖和海洋生态环境保护的协调可持续发展,文章选取国内外权威数据库的中英文文献数据,基于CiteSpace工具系统梳理和分析海洋保护地养殖活动研究进展,并结合实际情况进行讨论。研究结果表明：海洋保护地养殖活动研究文献的发文量较少,但呈现逐渐增加的趋势,近期英文文献的发文量超过中文文献;中英文文献的高频关键词...     

Marine protected areas—substantiating their worth

With the UK Marine Bill promoting the creation of a network of marine protected areas and similar commitments in other countries there is a need for tools to assist in their design and management. Although physical science often drives designation, the implementation of marine protected areas also encompasses political and socio-economic issues. This paper focuses on one tool in the armoury of decision-makers: choice experiments. It illustrates its application to the quantification of aspects of socio-economic value not readily incorporated into the evaluation of the costs and benefits of marine protected areas utilising cold-water deep coral reefs off the Republic of Ireland.     

Protected areas and coastal and ocean management in México

No explicit “integrated coastal and ocean management” policy or program has been formally instituted to manage coastal and marine issues in México. Nevertheless two existing environmental policy tools: ecological zoning programs and coastal and marine protected areas, which have incorporated interagency and multi-stakeholder participation within their design, are currently being used in lieu of such strategy. Coastal and marine protected areas in México are the result of independent initiatives taken over the last 75 years and as a group cannot be characterized as the result of a systematic approach. Nevertheless México's 55 coastal and marine protected areas currently with a valid legal decree, occupy 11,791,824 ha which represents 69% of Mexico's total protected area surface. Only 46% of these include marine ecosystems with a total of 3,577,527 ha with the remaining 8,216,194 ha consisting of coastal ecosystems. (See In press update.)