广西德保县通怀锰矿地质灾害危险性评价及防治对策研究

德保县通怀锰矿矿山建设开采可能引发的地质灾害有崩塌、滑坡地质灾害,危险性小-中等;地下平硐采矿引发采空区地面塌陷,并引发地面崩塌、滑坡、地裂缝产生的可能性大,危险性中-大等;地下平硐采矿,遭受井巷冒顶及井壁片邦,危险性中等;03线以西生活区遭受采空区地面塌陷地质灾害,危险性大.在基本查明矿山可能引发、加剧和遭受的地质灾...     

陕南玉皇山磷矿地质灾害危险性评估及防治措施

汉中市玉皇山磷矿矿山现状评估发现的地质灾害有崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及地面塌陷等地质灾害,危险性小--大。矿山建设和采矿工程引发、加剧崩塌、滑坡、泥石流及地面塌陷的可能性小--中等,危害程度小--中等,危险性小—大。在预测评估矿山可能引发、加剧和遭受的地质灾害基础上,对矿山进行综合分区评估,提出对不同地段分别采取避让、清除或镶补危岩体、裂缝填埋、建挡墙加固、留足够保安矿柱、加强截排水、种植植物及灾害监测等措施进行防治。     

广西恭城福安页岩矿矿山地质灾害评估及其防治措施

通过了解矿山气象气候、地形地貌、地质特征、水文特征和岩土工程特征的基础上,结合矿山实际情况,从矿山现状和预测等方面进行了矿山地质灾害评估。现状评估表明,该矿山主要发育有滑坡;预测评估表明,该矿山可能引发的地质灾害主要为崩塌和滑坡,加剧的地质灾害为滑坡,可能遭受的地质灾害主要为崩塌、滑坡和地（路）不均匀沉降。根据评估结果,提出了挡护工程、排水工程和植被恢复工程等防治措施,对该矿山地质灾害作出有效的防治工作。     

西北地区矿山地质灾害的现状及其时空分布特征

西北地区矿产资源丰富,但大部分地区生态环境脆弱。矿业开发引发和加剧的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝等地质灾害,严重威胁着矿山的正常生产和人民的生命财产安全。为了给西北地区矿山地质灾害监测和预警提供基础资料,依据2005年西北5省区矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,系统分析和总结了西北地区矿山的地质灾害现状、危害程度及时空分布特征。结果表明,地面塌陷、地裂缝灾害数量最多、影响面积最大,泥石流灾害造成的人员死亡和经济损失最严重。秦岭山地是金属矿山泥石流灾害的高发区,黄土高原和其他山地则是煤矿山地面塌陷、地裂缝灾害的多发区。20世纪90年代以来,矿山5种地质灾害的数量是以前的8倍,地质灾害数量呈加剧的趋势。矿山地质灾害的监测、防治工作任重而道远。     

山东省矿山地面塌陷地质灾害现状、趋势分析及其防治

山东是我国矿业大省,采矿历史悠久,矿业在全省国民经济和社会发展中发挥着重要的基础性作用。随着矿业经济的发展,矿产资源开发规模和开发强度的增大,矿山地面塌（沉）陷问题越发突出,已成为主要的矿山地质灾害。本文中通过对煤、金、铁、石膏、滑石等矿山开采引发的地面塌（沉）陷地质灾害的现状分析,结合矿产开发规划对其发展趋势进行了分析,提出了充填、“自下往上”异向开采、帷幕注浆堵水和矿坑水预先疏干排供结合的防治措施。     

广东丰顺县某矿山地质灾害危险性分析及防治对策

由于大规模地开发矿产资源,使矿产地成为地质灾害易发区,引起的地质灾害分布范围广,危害程度大。本文结合矿区实际,对矿山开采可能引发、加剧及矿山建设中可能遭受的地质灾害的危险性进行分析评价,并提出相应的防治对策,为今后矿山的设计和地质灾害防治工作提供一定科学依据。     

辽宁省营口后仙峪硼矿山主要地质灾害特征及防治对策探讨

辽宁省营口后仙峪硼矿山现状地质灾害有采空区地面塌陷、巷道坍塌、露采场边坡局部岩石崩塌。矿山脆弱的地质环境条件和高强度不科学的矿业开发活动是引发矿山地质灾害的主要因素。针对矿山的地质灾害特征提出了矿山生产过程中要加强边坡观测、剥离堆积场一定要先筑坝后堆放等9条防治对策。     

北京市地质灾害的危害及防治对策

本文概述了北京地质灾害发育具有灾种多、活动频繁、群发性强的特征，主要灾害种类有泥石流、滑坡、崩（滑）塌、矿山地面塌陷、地面沉陷、水土流失及采矿污染等。进行了地质灾害发育区及治理区的划分，并提出了灾害治理及防治的原则、规划与措施。     

河北唐山开滦赵各庄煤矿采空区地质灾害特征及防治措施

赵各庄煤矿多年采矿活动导致的地质灾害十分发育。本文介绍了矿山自然及地质环境、矿山开采历史及现状、矿体(层)地质特征等矿山基本情况,重点阐述了采空沉陷区地质灾害发育特征和成灾机制,根据"区内相似,区际相异"和各阶段评估取其重的原则,对矿区进行了地质灾害危险性分区,给出了地质灾害防治措施。     

辽宁某菱镁矿山主要地质灾害及防治对策

辽宁省某菱镁矿山是辽南镁质耐火材料原料主要基地之一。由于分散开采,造成采矿坑道多重叠交叉,地表井口星布,矿山生态环境破坏严重。诱发的矿山地质灾害较为普遍,多处大面积出现岩石崩塌、采空区地面塌陷和地裂缝灾害,致使矿区停采。对资源开发利用的安全构成了极大的威胁,在很大程度上严重制约了镁质耐火材料原料基地的生产和发展,限制了该地区工、农业的可持续发展。矿山脆弱的地质环境条件和高强度、不科学的矿业开发活动是诱发矿山地质灾害的主要因素。文章针对矿山的地质灾害特征进行分析并提出了相应的防治对策,指出了防治矿山地质灾害应贯彻执行的方针政策。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.