草地贪夜蛾防治综合用药策略分析

2019年,草地贪夜蛾入侵我国云南并定殖,2020年预计将北迁进入江淮,黄淮地区,防控形势严峻。草地贪夜蛾宿主广泛,喜欢凉爽湿润的气候和伴随着越冬地区温暖潮湿的天气,南方的冬天更有利于草地贪夜蛾生存和繁殖,使其能逃脱天敌的压制,这也预示着必须抓住窗口期,在爆发源头的南方地区加强防控力度,力保北方疫情最小化。鉴于目前中国无防治该虫的登记农药,我们根据农业农村部推荐的25种应急用农药,浙江省农业科学院植物保护和微生物研究所对26种杀虫剂对不同龄期草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内毒力试验研究数据,进行做进一步用药分析,并提出草地贪夜蛾防治农药最佳制剂使用方案建议,供植保部门防治和新农药登记参考。     

16种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性

药剂防治是短期内控制草地贪夜蛾在我国暴发的主要措施之一.采用浸叶法测定16种不同类型药剂对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的室内活性.结果表明,40％辛硫磷EC、40％丙溴磷EC、25％喹硫磷EC、30％虫螨腈SC、5％多杀霉素SC、4％高氯·甲维盐ME、20％甲氰菊酯EC、11％甲维·氟铃脲WG、10％四氯虫酰胺SC、50g/L氟...     

3种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的室内毒力评价

为筛选出能有效控制草地贪夜蛾的杀虫剂,并为生产中合理使用杀虫剂提供指导.在室内采用浸卵法和浸叶法分别评价了目前生产上防治水稻害虫常用的2种复配杀虫剂和1种生物农药对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫的毒力.结果表明,10％甲维·甲虫肼SC质量浓度为1.33 mg/L时对草地贪夜蛾卵和幼虫均具有较好的毒杀效果,药后72 h平均卵校正孵化...     

氯氟氰虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性及田间防效

[目的]明确氯氟氰虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性以及田间防效。[方法]采用浸叶法和田间药效试验方法,测定了氯氟氰虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾的室内活性及田间防治效果。[结果]氯氟氰虫酰胺药后48 h对草地贪夜蛾的LC50值为0.2957 mg/L,田间试验结果表明:20%氯氟氰虫酰胺悬浮剂在剂量为15、30、45 g a.i./hm2时,药后1、3、7 d对草地贪夜蛾的防效分别为75.1%～89.4%、86.1%～97.5%、92.2%～99.0%。[结论]氯氟氰虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的防效,可以用于草地贪夜蛾的防治。     

几种玉米种子处理剂防治草地贪夜蛾药效试验

为压低前期虫口基数,筛选对草地贪夜蛾防效较好的种子处理剂,设计并开展此试验.试验结果表明,几种种衣剂对玉米生长安全,在玉米生长前期4个处理对草地贪夜蛾的防效均超过60％.防效最好的为40％溴酰·噻虫嗪FS 450 g/100 kg种子处理,平均保苗率为89.97％,播种后21 d虫口防效为91.21％;其次为50％氯虫...     

6种药剂对安徽省草地贪夜蛾的防治效果

[目的]筛选高效低毒药剂防治入侵安徽省的草地贪夜蛾。[方法]评价了6种药剂对入侵安徽草地贪夜蛾种群的室内杀虫活性和田间防效。[结果]5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂室内杀虫活性最高、田间防效最好,48 h的LC_(50)值为0.070 mg/L,7、14 d的大田防效分别达到91.90%和92.78%;其次是60 g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂和20亿PIB/mL甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒悬浮剂,而8000 IU/μL苏云金杆菌悬浮剂、80亿cfu/mL金龟子绿僵菌CQ-Ma421可分散油悬浮剂和100亿cfu/g白僵菌原粉粉剂对安徽草地贪夜蛾的室内杀虫活性和田间防效均较低。[结论]在安徽地区,可选用甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、乙基多杀菌素和甘蓝夜蛾核型多角体病毒对草地贪夜蛾进行防治。     

湖南不同地区草地贪夜蛾种群对四种类型杀虫剂的抗药性监测

为明确湖南草地贪夜蛾对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯和茚虫威等的抗药性程度,建立了田间玉米草地贪夜蛾种群的敏感基线。用浸叶法测定了四种类型杀虫剂对湖南省10个地级市的草地贪夜蛾种群3龄幼虫的LC₅₀,并以此为毒力基线。将10个种群所测数据进行合并计算毒力回归方程,得出混合种群的敏感基线。结果表明草地贪夜蛾不同田间种群对四种类型的敏感性均存在一定差异,其中对甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐抗性最低和抗性最高的种群分别为张家界(慈利县)种群和常德(鼎城区)种群,其抗性倍数分别为4.95和2.21,最高值与最低值之间的抗性差异达到2.24倍,10地种群对四种类型的抗性倍数在1～5之间。湖南不同地区草地贪夜蛾种群对四种类型杀虫剂虽未达到低抗性水平,但敏感性已降低。     

9种不同类型杀虫剂对玉米草地贪夜蛾的室内毒力测定

为了筛选防治玉米草地贪夜蛾的最佳药剂,本文采用浸叶法测定了9杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的毒力。 结果表明,4%高氯·甲维盐ME防治草地贪夜蛾效果最好,LC₅₀值为0.571 mg/L,其次为25%喹硫磷EC、30%虫螨腈EC、40%丙溴磷EC、40%辛硫磷EC、20%甲氰菊酯EC、16%虫肼·茚虫威EC,LC₅₀值分别为6.436、13.693、30.565、34.704、38.657和72.084 mg/L,而5%多杀霉素SC和5%氟啶脲EC对草地贪夜蛾的毒性较低,LC₅₀值分别为137.417和267.232 mg/L。 综上所述,4%高氯·甲维盐ME和25% 喹硫磷EC是9种杀虫剂中防治草地贪夜蛾的最佳药剂, 两者均对草地贪夜蛾具有显著的防效。 该试验结果可为草地贪夜蛾防治中合理使用杀虫剂提供科学的理论依据。     

低容量喷雾器械对草地贪夜蛾防治效果研究

为了降低农药使用量,提高防治效果,在省水、省药、省时方面,评价了低容量连杆多喷头喷雾组件电动喷雾器对草地贪夜蛾的防治效果。结果表明:和常规喷雾器械相比,低容量连杆多喷头喷雾组件能够节省用水64.9%,平均节省用药64.9%,缩短施药时间32.2%。低容量连杆多喷头喷雾组件具有高效、省药的特点,对防治草地贪夜蛾具有良好的防治效果。     

甲维盐与四氯虫酰胺复配对草地贪夜蛾的室内生物活性及田间防效

[目的]筛选对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda增效的甲维盐及四氯虫酰胺复配配比.[方法]采用浸叶法测定 了甲维盐、四氯虫酰胺单剂及复配剂对草地贪夜蛾的室内生物活性,并对复配增效较为明显的配比进行田间药效试验.[结果]甲维盐、四氯虫酰胺对草地贪夜蛾72 h的LC50值分别为0.017、0.409 mg...     

30种吗啉化合物对昆虫细胞Spodoptera frugiperda(Sf9)的毒力筛选

[目的]利用Spodoptera frugiperda(Sf9)细胞,测定30种吗啉化合物的毒力,研究化合物对细胞周期的影响。[方法]毒力测定采用MTT法,用流式细胞仪进行细胞周期测定。[结果]30种化合物中有27种化合物对Sf9细胞有抑制效果,其中吗啉丙烯酮类化合物A3、A4、A6的抑制率超过50%,分别为(69.5±1.54)%、(67.9±1.87)%与(53.6±0.98)%。用50μmol/L的化合物A3处理Sf9细胞后,有凋亡小体出现。同时,化合物A3能干扰细胞正常的增殖周期,使部分细胞被阻滞在DNA合成期(S期)。[结论]化合物A3、A4、A6对Sf9细胞有较强的抑制作用,化合物A3可以干扰正常的细胞周期,并引发细胞凋亡。     

微波辐射法提取桔皮中香精油的研究

采用微波辐射法提取桔皮中香精油,通过对提取条件的研究得出最佳工艺条件即30 g新鲜桔皮浸润在60 mL无水乙醇中,在微波功率为300 w,微波温度55℃,微波辐射时间2 min的条件下,香精油的得率为2.17%,香味自然,与其他方法相比,微波提取法有用时短、收率高、低费用和无污染等优点。     

Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) Reared on Different Host Plants

Spodoptera frugiperda is a highly polyphagous and invasive agricultural pest that can harm more than 300 plants and cause huge economic losses to crops. Symbiotic bacteria play an important role in the host biology and ecology of herbivores, and have a wide range of effects on host growth and adaptation. In this study, high-throughput sequencing technology was used to investigate the effects of different hosts (corn, wild oat, oilseed rape, pepper, and artificial diet) on gut microbial community structure and diversity. Corn is one of the most favored plants of S. frugiperda. We compared the gut microbiota on corn with and without a seed coating agent. The results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes dominated the gut microbial community. The microbial abundance on oilseed rape was the highest, the microbial diversity on wild oat was the lowest, and the microbial diversity on corn without a seed coating agent was significantly higher than that with such an agent. PCoA analysis showed that there were significant differences in the gut microbial community among different hosts. PICRUSt analysis showed that most of the functional prediction categories were related to metabolic and cellular processes. The results showed that the gut microbial community of S. frugiperda was affected not only by the host species, but also by different host treatments, which played an important role in host adaptation. It is important to deepen our understanding of the symbiotic relationships between invasive organisms and microorganisms. The study of the adaptability of host insects contributes to the development of more effective and environmentally friendly pest management strategies.     

超临界流体CO2萃取甜橙皮油的工艺研究

介绍了超临界流体技术的萃取原理和方法,以甜橙皮为研究对象,给出了实验温度、压力与皮油得率的关系,所得皮油经红外光谱分析,其谱图与蒸馏法制得皮油标准谱图相符合.     

甜橙皮精油提取及其主要化学成分分析

采用冷磨法提取甜橙皮精油,研究了浸泡液质量浓度、浸泡时间、果皮破碎度、破乳剂添加量等因素对甜橙皮精油提取率的影响。结果表明,当浸泡液石灰水的质量分数为3%,浸泡时间为2h,果皮破碎度为0.3cm,破乳剂NaCl添加量为1mg/mL时,甜橙精油提取率为0.57%,GC-MS分析甜橙皮精油主要化学成分为d-苧烯。     

锐孔-凝固浴法制备橙子油微胶囊的工艺研究

以壳聚糖、海藻酸钠为壁材,采用锐孔-凝固浴法对制备橙子油微胶囊的工艺进行了研究。通过单因素实验和正交实验,以包埋率、成型效果为主要评价指标,系统探讨了橙子油微胶囊制备的工艺条件。结果表明,海藻酸钠浓度为3.5%,壳聚糖浓度为1.5%,壁材与芯材的质量比为1∶3,橙子油微胶囊的包埋率为89.20%。对制备的橙子油微胶囊的缓释性进行了研究,结果表明橙子油微胶囊的缓释性良好。     

Behavioral and biological responses ofCotesia marginiventris to kairomones of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

Potential kairomone sources of the fall armyworm (FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), were bioassayed with females ofCotesia marginiventris (Cresson) in Petri dishes (10 cm diam). MatedC. marginiventris females, ranging in age from 1 to 3 days exhibited the most intense bioassay responses to potential sources of kairomone. Contacting a FAW-damaged corn leaf modified the pattern of movement inC. marginiventris from random to one exhibiting a significant increase in klinokinesis. No significant differences were present in kairomone responses of nonconditioned and conditioned parasitoids and parasitoid response to kairomones did not change throughout the photophase (0800–1800 hr). Removal of one, both, or the first eight antennal segments reduced or eliminated the response of the parasitoid to kairomones. Female parasitoids did not exhibit a preference for corn leaves damaged by a particular fall armyworm instar and parasitization rates were highest in larvae 48 hr old.Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville.