催化剂载体对CVD法制备碳纳米管的影响

用DTA、TEM和XRD方法研究了碳氢化合物催化裂解制备碳纳米管(CNTs)反应中催化剂载体的影响。实验结果表明:当以金属Co作为活性组分时,对于催化剂Co/Al₂O₃,在最佳反应温度(650℃)条件下,碳纳米管粗产品的产率为457g/100g·cat,明显高于以Co/SiO₂作载体时的产率131g/100g·cat,且碳纳米管直径小,直径分布范围窄(10nm～20nm)。但在空气气氛中的DTA结果表明,在催化剂Co/SiO₂上生成的碳纳米管的抗氧化能力较在催化剂Co/Al₂O₃上生成的碳纳米管强。通过TEM和XRD方法进一步研究发现:反应过程中,催化剂Co/Al₂O₃中的Co微晶粒度随反应温度升高(从650℃到750℃)而增大(从15.8nm到16.7nm)的速率小于催化剂Co/SiO₂中的Co微晶粒度随反应温度升高而增大(从11.0nm到13.4nm)的速率;相应地,在催化剂Co/Al₂O₃上生成的碳纳米管的(外)直径随反应温度升高而增大的速率(从10～20nm到20～25nm)亦小于在催化剂Co/SiO₂上生成的碳纳米管的(外)直径随反应温度升高而增大的速率(从10～30nm到30～50nm)。     

氧化物直接转化法制备汞的硫属化合物纳米材料

以低毒性的HgO与S,Se,Te单质为原料,乙二胺为溶剂,在室温下合成了汞的硫属化合物纳米材料HgS,HgSe和HgTe,并通过XRD,TEM和XPS对产物进行了表征.结果表明,所合成的产物为六方相α-HgS和立方闪锌矿结构的HgSe和HgTe,且纯度高,粒度分布均匀.对反应的机理进行了初步探讨.     

固体单相催化剂CVD法制备成束或分散MWCNT

CVD法制备纳米碳管的催化剂多是以Al2O3、SiO2或MgO作载体,Fe、 Ni或Co等过渡族金属为活性组分[1-3].     

催化剂中Cu含量对CVD法制备碳纳米管的影响

本文以溶胶-凝胶法制备了以铜为助剂的Ni/MgO催化剂，X-射线衍射(XRD)表明，经400 ℃氢气处理，催化剂中只有部分镍被还原，原因是NiO和MgO间存在强相互作用，形成固溶体。XRD和程序升温还原(TPR)表明，加入铜促进了镍的还原。CO化学吸附得出，随着催化剂中铜含量的增加，还原后催化剂表面镍原子数目增多，因此，催化剂的活性和反应寿命增加，C₂H₄裂解生成碳纳米管(CNT)的产率随之增加；但是，铜含量过高会引起催化剂表面镍颗粒增大，导致产物中纳米碳纤维（CNF）量增多，CNT量减少。对于约50% Ni/MgO催化剂，铜的最佳含量为4%～6%，此时得到的CNT产率最高，达36 g·g^-1，质量较好(纯度高、管径均匀、石墨化程度高)。     

模板法制备钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂的研究进展

钙钛矿型复合氧化物由于其组成和结构的特殊性以及优秀的热稳定性、氧化还原性能、氧迁移率和电子离子导电性,近年来在催化剂领域引起人们的广泛关注.将纳米多孔设计策略应用于钙钛矿型氧化物,可以在各种应用中带来新的和优异的性能.制备多孔金属氧化物材料主要采用模板法,本文综述了钙钛矿型复合氧化物的结构特征以及使用硬模板法、软模板法...     

低维纳米材料CuI的制备

Low-dimensional CuI nanomaterials were synthesized in microemulsions containing cyclohexane， Triton X-100， n-pentanol and aqueous solution. The redox reaction took place in this system and the final products CuI were obtained. It′s found that the morphology of CuI could be influenced a great deal by the experimental param-eters such as w₀ (the molar ratio of water to surfactant)， reactant concentration and the aging time. Hexagonal or shuttle-like CuI flakes， nanoparticles and nanofibers could be prepared respectively under certain conditions.     

催化剂活性组分的负载方法对CVD法制备碳纳米管的影响

催化剂是影响CVD法制备碳纳米管的主要因素。本文报道了用配合浸渍法制备的催化剂在碳纳米管制备中的应用。XRD和TEM研究表明：与普通浸渍法制备的催化剂（B－Co/SiO2)相比,用配合浸渍法制备的催化剂（A－Co/SiO2)颗粒小,金属分散度高,生成碳纳米管的温度低。对于配合浸渍法制备的催化剂（A－Co/SiO2),低温（650－750℃）有利于生成直径小且管径均匀的碳纳米管;高温（800－900℃）容易生成直径大且层数多的碳纳米管或碳纳米棒。     

低熔点YBaCuO超导带材的制备

通过掺杂Ag和PbO的方法降低YBaCuO的区熔温度到945℃以下,从而能够在金属Ag基底上进行区域熔炼,获得有织构的超导带材.掺杂的O bO与YBaCuO反应,生成了BaPbO3.5wt%Ag 10wt%PbO的YBaCuO掺杂区熔样品所得结果较好,厚膜的Jc最大值为442A/cm2.     

Ni-Mo双金属氧化物催化剂CVD法大量制备成束多壁纳米碳管

采用溶胶凝胶法合成的Ni-Mo双金属氧化物催化剂,用CVD法催化裂解甲烷从而大量制备高质量高纯度的成束多壁纳米碳管.实验结果表明,该催化剂具有很高的活性和催化效率.反应2 h后,制备的多壁纳米碳管的量可达到初始催化剂量的80倍以上.碳管的直径较均匀,在10～20 nm之间.随着反应时间的延长,制备的纳米碳管石墨化程度增加,反应1 h后,粗产品中纳米碳管的含量就超过了97％. 简单放大后,单炉每克催化剂可以在0.5 h内制得40 g以上多壁纳米碳管.     

CVD法制备碳纳米管的TG-DTA研究--温度对CVD法制备碳纳米管的影响

基于碳纳米管粗产品中无定形碳和不同直径碳纳米管对氧的反应活性的差异,通过差热-热重(TG-DTA)方法,结合透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)的测试结果,研究了合成温度对以乙炔气体为碳源,用CVD法制备碳纳米管的石墨化程度、碳纳米管直径以及直径分布的影响.结果表明:反应中,由于催化剂Co/SiO2中活性组分(Co)微晶随合成温度的升高而增大,导致所制备的碳纳米管的直径增大,从20～30 nm(650℃)增加到30～50nm(750℃).碳纳米管的石墨化程度随着反应温度的升高而增加.XRD实验结果还表明,当合成温度从650℃增加到850℃时,2θ值从25.8°增加到26.8°,(002)晶面的层间距从3.45 A减小到3.32 A,即随着合成温度的升高,碳纳米管(002)晶面的层间距减小.通过DTA放热峰的峰温和半峰宽的分析得出,无定形碳的放热峰峰温Tp＜380℃,其含量随着温度的升高而减小.碳纳米管的DTA放热峰的峰温Tp随着碳纳米管的直径和石墨化的程度的增加而升高,半峰宽随着碳纳米管的直径的分布范围增大而增宽.低温(650℃)有利于生成直径小且均匀的多层碳纳米管(20～30nm),而高温(大于750℃)则有利于生成直径大的多层碳纳米管(大于30～50 nm).     

Low Melting Point and High Stability Polyoxomolybdate-based Ionic Liquids as Photocatalysts

The polyoxometalate-imidazole ionic liquids(POM-ILs) with low melting points at 94.5 and 95.5 °C, [Cnmim]4[Mo8O26](Cnmim=1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium, n=12,14), have been successfully synthesized and characterized by DSC, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and TGA, etc. The two POM-ILs have relatively high stability with decomposing temperature up to about 347 and 344 °C, respectively. Further photocatalytic performance was measured via the degradation of rhodamine B(RB) in aqueous solution. The experiments sh...     

SiO2担载的过渡金属催化剂上甲烷直接羰基化反应

用程序升温脉冲反应技术，较系统地考察了担载型过渡金属（Ｆｅ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ）催化剂上，甲烷直接羰基化制乙醛的反应，研究发现，通过采用总反应分解法操作后，能够克服甲烷直接羰基化反应的热力学限制，将总反应转化为两个可在较温和条件下发生的反应，首次实现了ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ＝ＣＨ３ＣＨＯ的反应，即首先进行甲烷的分解，然后引入ＣＯ使其与甲烷分解所产生的表面物种直接反应生成乙醛，还探讨了甲烷吸附条件、ＣＯ甲烷分解所产生     

基于浓硼扩散层的硅纳米线谐振子制备

纳机电系统(NMES)由于具有体积小、智能化、可靠性高等优点而被广泛研究。其中纳米线谐振子的本征频率能够达到MHz甚至GHz,可应用于各种高性能的质量传感器、谐振器、滤波器等。但是,要制备形貌规则可控的纳米线谐振子,对加工技术要求很高。目前急需一种工艺简单、重复性好、三维尺度可控的硅纳米线制备方法。本文重点研究了基于浓硼扩散层的可集成硅纳米线谐振子的制备方法。该方法采用电子束光刻定义可控尺度硅纳米线,并利用TMAH腐蚀自停止效应实现谐振子的释放。文中还采用SEM对所制备的纳米线谐振子进行了表征。实验结果表明,基于浓硼扩散层制备的硅纳米线谐振子形貌规则,结构可控可调。该方法能够实现可控制的大面积、高产率、低成本、可集成的硅纳米线谐振子制备。     

低温燃料电池贵金属催化剂的老化

催化剂的老化是导致燃料电池性能衰减的重要因素之一.对于低温燃料电池,贵金属催化剂的老化主要体现在粒径的增长、金属氧化态的改变、组分的迁移和流失以及碳载体的腐蚀四个方面.本文综述了低温燃料电池贵金属催化剂老化方面的最新研究进展,探讨了导致催化剂老化的主要原因.     

以介孔分子筛为金属催化剂载体制备纳米碳管

 以不同的介孔分子筛作为金属催化剂载体,对催化合成纳米碳管进行了系统的研究,讨论了反应条件对纳米碳管纯度和产量的影响. 结果表明,不同的介孔分子筛对金属活性中心的形成、碳组分的扩散、纳米碳管的管径及形态均有明显的影响. 此外,金属的种类、状态和含量也影响纳米碳管的合成. 探索了合成高产量纳米碳管的条件,并对介孔分子筛上生长纳米碳管的特点进行了讨论.     

Melting Point and Composition Distribution of Polyolefins by Fractionation

The fractionation technique described in this paper was used to characterize the melting-point, monomer, and blocking distributions for polymers and copolymers. It is different from the molecular-weight fractionation technique in that the fractions are obtained by using a single solvent to extract the solid polymer below its melting point at stepwise-increasing temperatures. The reproducibility of this technique is excellent, and the technique is sufficient to distinguish pellet-to-pellet variation in a commercially available polypropylene. It was used to show the influence of preparation variables on the melting-point distributions of polyethylene and polypropylene and on the monomer and blocking distribution of copolymers, and to distinguish copolymers from blends.     

Highly Dispersed and Stable Supported Metal Catalysts Prepared by Solid Phase Crystallization Method

Starting from the precursors containing active metal species in the crystal structure, highly dispersed supported metal catalysts have been prepared by the calcination-reduction treatment. This method is named as solid phase crystallization (spc) method and was compared with the conventional impregnation (imp) method. As the precursors, both perovskite-type and hydrotalcite-type oxides have been utilized for preparing various supported metal catalysts, which were successfully applied for the reforming of CH₄ and the decomposition of methanol. Especially spc-Ni/Mg–Al catalyst prepared from the hydrotalcite-type precursors showed high activity as well as high sustainability for the hydrogen production from methane.     

Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube-Supported Precious Metal Catalysts by Coverage with Metal Oxide Layers

Precious metals such as Pd, Pt, and Rh have been utilized as the active components of many catalysts. Owing to the high cost of these metals, their loadings in catalysts must be reduced. However, reducing loadings without compromising catalytic performance is difficult. Precious metal catalysts are inevitably deactivated by severe reaction conditions (e.g., high temperature and pressure), which tend to increase of the size of the precious metal particles. Here, we review our recent work on the functionalization of supported precious metal catalysts by coverage with layers of metal oxides such as silica. Coverage with silica layers a few nanometers thick prevents aggregation of the metal particles as well as their detachment from the supports under severe reaction conditions. For example, coverage of supported Pt and Pd electrocatalysts in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with silica layers effectively improves catalyst durability by inhibiting not only particle aggregation but also the diffusion of dissolved metal species out of the catalysts. Coverage of supported precious metal photocatalysts with titania layers also enhances catalytic activity.     

金属Cu低指数表面熔化行为的分子动力学模

采用Mishin镶嵌原子势, 通过分子动力学方法模拟了金属Cu的低指数表面在不同温度的表面熔化行为, 分析了熔化过程中系统结构组态的变化以及固-液界面迁移情况. 金属Cu的(100)和(110)表面在低于熔点发生预熔化, 而(111)表面存在明显的过热现象. 准液体层的厚度随温度升高而增加, 热稳定性与表面的密排顺序一致, 按(111)、(100)、(110)顺序增大. 当温度高于热力学熔点时, 固液界面的移动速度与温度成正比, 外推得到热力学熔点约为1360～1380 K, 与实验结果1358 K吻合良好. 动力学系数定义为界面移动速度与过热程度的比值, 表现为明显的各向异性: k100=39 cm•s−1•K−1, k110=29 cm•s−1•K−1, k111=20 cm•s−1•K−1. k100与k110之间的比例符合collision-limited理论, (111)密排面有与其它低指数表面不同的熔化方式.     

Hydrothermal CO2 Reduction by Glucose as Reducing Agent and Metals and Metal Oxides as Catalysts

High-temperature water reactions to reduce carbon dioxide were carried out by using an organic reductant and a series of metals and metal oxides as catalysts, as well as activated carbon (C). As CO₂ source, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium carbamate were used. Glucose was the reductant. Cu, Ni, Pd/C 5%, Ru/C 5%, C, Fe₂O₃ and Fe₃O₄ were the catalysts tested. The products of CO₂ reduction were formic acid and other subproducts from sugar hydrolysis such as acetic acid and lactic acid. Reactions with sodium bicarbonate reached higher yields of formic acid in comparison to ammonium carbamate reactions. Higher yields of formic acid (53% and 52%) were obtained by using C and Fe₃O₄ as catalysts and sodium bicarbonate as carbon source. Reactions with ammonium carbamate achieved a yield of formic acid up to 25% by using Fe₃O₄ as catalyst. The origin of the carbon that forms formic acid was investigated by using NaH¹³CO₃ as carbon source. Depending on the catalyst, the fraction of formic acid coming from the reduction of the isotope of sodium bicarbonate varied from 32 to 81%. This fraction decreased in the following order: Pd/C 5% > Ru/C 5% > Ni > Cu > C ≈ Fe₂O₃ > Fe₃O₄.