大鼠灌胃给予维血宁颗粒后虎杖苷血药浓度测定及药动学研究

目的:建立大鼠血浆中虎杖苷浓度的反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)测定方法。方法:色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(20∶80,V/V),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为35℃,检测波长为303nm。大鼠ig维血宁颗粒后,测定不同时间血药浓度。采用DAS2.0药动学软件对血药浓度-时间数据进行拟合,计算相应药动学参数。结果:大鼠灌胃给予维血宁颗粒后,虎杖苷在大鼠体内药动学主要参数为:tmax=(0.403±0.063)h,Cmax=(1.715±0.097)mg·L-1,Ka=(6.894±3.275)h-1,t1/2α=(0.202±0.142)h,t1/2β=(2.484±1.624)h,CL/F=(32.229±22.027)L·h-1·kg-1,V1/F=(14.447±12.013)L·kg-1,AUC(0～t)=(1.511±0.550)mg·h·L-1,AUC(0～∞)=(1.955±0.765)mg·h·L-1。结论:虎杖苷在大鼠体内的药动学过程符合二室模型,进入体内分布迅速,代谢消除速度也较快。     

The pharmacokinetic study of the active metabolite of HX0507 in healthy volunteer

目的 研究单次iv给予HX0507后,在健康受试者体内活性代谢物丙泊酚的药动学特征.方法 30名健康受试者分组(10、20、30 mg·kg-1),分别接受单次iv HX0507,以GC - MS法测定丙泊酚的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0药动学软件以非房室模型计算其药动学参数.结果 受试者单次iv低、中、高浓度HX0507后的主要药动学参数为:t1/2分别为150.72±42.63、133.35±33.76、145.77±51.76 min、Cmax分别为1.96±0.47、4.27±1.54、9.71±4.78 mg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为174.80±33.49、397.34±62.19、642.28±90.69 mg· min· L-1.结论 HX0507的活性代谢物丙泊酚在10 ～30 mg·kg-1给药剂量范围内,Cmax和AUC与给药剂量呈线性相关,在体内呈现线性药动学特性.     

茴拉西坦在老年痴呆患者体内的药动学

目的:研究茴拉西坦在老年痴呆患者体内的药动学.方法:8名老年痴呆患者单剂量口服400 mg茴拉西坦胶囊,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中茴拉西坦的主要活性代谢产物对甲氧基苯甲酰氨基丁酸(ABA)的血药浓度,用药理学计算软件DAS Ver 1.0计算药动学参数.结果:老年痴呆患者口服茴拉西坦胶囊后血药浓度-时间曲线符合一室模型,主要药动学参数t1/2ke,Tmax,Cmax,AUC0-∞,AUC0-t分别为(76.6±51.0)min,(62.6±30.1)min,(16.4±6.4)mg·L-1,(2 054.2±951.0)mg·L-1·min,(1 815.7±881.3)mg·L-1·min.结论:茴拉西坦在老年痴呆患者体内比健康志愿者代谢变慢,且存在较大的个体差异,临床用药应适当调整剂量.     

静脉全麻药HX0507体内活性代谢物丙泊酚的药动学研究

目的研究单次iv给予HX0507后,在健康受试者体内活性代谢物丙泊酚的药动学特征。方法 30名健康受试者分组(10、20、30 mg·kg-1),分别接受单次iv HX0507,以GC-MS法测定丙泊酚的血药浓度,用DAS 2.0药动学软件以非房室模型计算其药动学参数。结果受试者单次iv低、中、高浓度HX0507后的主要药动学参数为:t1/2分别为150.72±42.63、133.35±33.76、145.77±51.76 min、Cmax分别为1.96±0.47、4.27±1.54、9.71±4.78 mg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为174.80±33.49、397.34±62.19、642.28±90.69 mg·min·L-1。结论 HX0507的活性代谢物丙泊酚在10～30 mg·kg-1给药剂量范围内,Cmax和AUC与给药剂量呈线性相关,在体内呈现线性药动学特性。     

氯法拉滨大鼠血药浓度检测及药动学研究

目的:建立氯法拉滨血药浓度HPLC检测法,研究其在大鼠体内的血浆药动学。方法:色谱条件为Agilent ODS Hypersil C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温30℃,紫外检测波长263 nm,流动相为乙腈-水(16∶84),乙酸调pH=4.0,流速1.2 mL/min;氯法拉滨30 mg/kg静脉注射,于给药后0.17、0.33、0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0、8.0 h取血,测血药浓度。结果:氯法拉滨与血浆组分分离完全,在0.05～20.0μg/mL浓度范围内线性关系良好(线性方程y=21.758x-0.9155,r=0.999910)。氯法拉滨高、中、低三个浓度的回收率为95%～105%,日内、日间精密度均小于10%。氯法拉滨大鼠体内药动学符合二室模型,主要药动学参数为A=14.20±2.45,B=1.81±0.51,CL=(2.91±0.47)L.h-1.kg-1,AUC(0-t)=(10.22±1.88)mg.L-1.h,t1/2β=(2.03±0.16)h。结论:HPLC紫外法简便、可靠,能够满足氯法拉滨血药浓度监测及药动学研究需要;氯法拉滨在大鼠体内药动学符合二室模型,消除半衰期约为2 h。     

葛根提取物在正常及心肌缺血大鼠体内药物代谢动力学研究

目的对葛根提取物在正常和心肌缺血2种不同情况下大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学过程进行研究。方法正常大鼠及心肌缺血大鼠灌胃给予葛根提取物后(相当于葛根素600 mg·kg-1)在不同时间点眼眶采血,色谱甲醇沉淀蛋白,反相高效液相法测定各时间点葛根素在大鼠体内的的血药浓度,利用药动学软件DAS2.1.1拟合药动学参数。结果正常大鼠和心肌缺血大鼠血液中葛根素浓度药动学均符合二室模型,比较2组主要药动学参数,葛根素在正常及血肌缺血大鼠体内的AUC0~∞、AUC0~t分别为(990.764±42.3254)、(1236.914±1125.3)mg·min·L-1,(739.503±99.232)、(1210.016±111.12)mg·min·L-1,Cmax分别为(8.987±2.890)、(24.75±2.666)mg·L-1。结论与正常组大鼠相比,葛根素在心肌缺血大鼠体内血药浓度高,吸收速度快。反映了葛根对症治疗心肌缺血证疾病的临床合理性,体现了方与证相对应的中医思想。     

大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学研究

目的研究急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿接受大剂量甲氨蝶呤(HDMTX)静脉滴注联合甲酰四氢叶酸钙解救方案治疗时甲氨蝶呤的药动学。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定16例ALL患儿使用甲氨蝶呤后不同时间点血清药物浓度,所得血药浓度-时间数据经DAS软件拟合,优化药动学房室模型,计算其药动学参数。结果大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的经时过程符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数分别为:t1/2α=(1.61±0.43)h,t1/2β=(11.05±3.54)h,V1=(18.552±5.902)L·m-2,Cl=(4.525±1.181)L.h-1.m-2,k10=(0.254±0.053)h-1,k12=(0.194±0.043)h-1,k21=(0.074±0.025)h-1,AUC(0-t)=(1064.0±258.6)μmol.h.L-1,AUC(0-∞)=(1433.6±485.2)μmol·h·L-1,tmax=24h,Cmax=(40.1±10.3)μmol·L-1。结论大剂量甲氨蝶呤在急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿体内的药动学符合二房室模型,主要药动学参数有较明显的个体差异。     

注射用头孢拉定对双黄连粉针药动学的影响

目的测定双黄连粉针中绿原酸在大鼠体内的药动学参数。方法利用建立的高效液相色谱法测定大鼠单独静脉注射双黄连粉针及与头孢拉定合用后绿原酸在大鼠体内的血药浓度,采用药动学程序Topfit2.0进行统计处理,计算非室模型药动学参数。结果单用双黄连粉针后绿原酸的药动学参数:t210.5h,ke1.37h-1,AUC0-t6.98μg.h.mL-1,MRT0.43h,Cltot111.0mL.min-1.kg-1,Vz5.01L.min-1.kj-1;合用头孢拉定后绿原酸的药动学参数:t210.53h,ke1.33h-1,AUC0-t8.07μg.h.mL-1,MRT0.45h,Cltot99.3mL.mL-1.kg-1,Vz4.50L.min-1.kg-1。结论头孢拉定不影响大鼠体内绿原酸的药动学过程。     

西尼地平健康犬体内药动学

目的研究西尼地平在健康犬体内的药动学.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定12只健康犬灌服西尼地平0.13,0.26,0.52 mg·kg-13个剂量组的血药浓度.结果3个剂量下的AUC分别为(2.04±0.16),(3.88±0.11),(8.5±0.6)mg·L-1·min,Cmax分别为(0.38±0.04),(0.70±0.06),(1.59±0.24)mg·L-1,t1/2分别为(5.88±0.25),(6.0±0.4),(5.2±0.4)h,Vd 分别为(0.542±0.035),(0.578±0.029),(0.459±0.007)L,CL分别为(1.06士0.08),(1.12±0.03),(1.02±0.07)mL·min-1.结论西尼地平在健康犬体内血药浓度呈线性吸收.     

替米沙坦与那格列奈在比格犬体内的药动学相互作用

目的:研究那格列奈与替米沙坦联用在犬体内的药动学相互作用。方法:采用自身对照随机交叉的试验方法,将比格犬分为3组,每组3只,分别按试验周期服用替米沙坦、那格列奈、替米沙坦加那格列奈。高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定不同时间点的血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:替米沙坦单用与联用相比,其tmax(h)(1.7±0.4)vs(3.1±0.8)(P<0.05),其余药动学参数变化不大;那格列奈单用与联用相比,其AUC(0-t)(mg.h.L-1)(24.7±3.5)vs(15.2±1.7),AUC(0-∞)(mg.h.L-1)(29.8±4.3)vs(18.1±2.1),Cmax(mg.L-1)(4.4±0.6)vs(3.1±0.4),CL/F(L.kg-1.h-1)(0.43±0.21)vs(0.06±0.02)and V/F(L.kg-1)(2.7±0.9)vs(0.33±0.16)(P<0.05)。结论:替米沙坦与那格列奈联合用药时彼此影响其药动学参数。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.